Organic Waste Materials Research Articles

Pembuatan Kompos dari Sampah Organik dengan Pemanfaatan Effective Microorganisme (EM4) di Kelurahan Kiniar Kecamatan Tondano Timur

The main weakness faced by the people of Kiniar Village, East Tondano District, is the lack of knowledge and skills of the community in managing organic waste as a compost base and the use of fermenter technology which can accelerate composting so that it can overcome the amount of organic waste. In order to overcome the weaknesses / problems of the people of Kiniar Village, East Tondano District in making compost from organic waste material and the application of fermenter technology that can help speed up composting, socialization and training were carried out in the Community Partnership Program (PKM) activity, namely making compost from organic waste by utilizing Effective Microorganisms ( EM4). From the pretest value after the measurement, the results showed that the highest understanding of the material was found in the value interval 31-40 with 13 participants (34.21%), while those with the lowest understanding were 7 participants in the 0-10 value interval (18.43%). Based on the results of the post-test analysis, it was found that at the 71-80 value interval, 13 participants received the highest score with a percentage of 34.22% and the lowest was at the 41-50 value interval with 2 participants (5.27%). Seeing the mean value of the percentage of post-test measurements, it can be seen that a significant increase from the pretest score, there are 5 participants who are in the 91-100 value interval (13.15%). The results obtained from the recapitulation of the evaluation of learning topics during the activity showed that there were 18 participants who had a very good understanding of the material which was also marked by very good motivation from the participants.

A Study of Hot Climate Low-Cost Low-Energy Eco-Friendly Building Envelope with Embedded Phase Change Material

The generation and use of energy are significant contributors to CO2 emissions. Globally, approximately 30% to 40% of all energy consumption can be directly or indirectly linked to buildings. Nearly half of energy usage in buildings is linked to maintaining the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. Therefore, finding solutions that are not only technically but also economically feasible is of utmost importance. Though much research has been conducted to address this issue, most solutions are still costly for developing countries to implement practically. This study endeavors to find a less expensive yet straightforward methodology to achieve thermal comfort while conserving energy. This study takes a broader view of multiple habitat-related CO2 emission issues in developing regions and describes a hybrid solution to address them. New technologies and innovative concepts are being globally examined to benefit from the considerable potential of PCMs and their role in thermal energy storage (TES) applications for buildings. The current study numerically investigates the thermal response of a hybrid building envelope consisting of PCM and local organic waste materials for low-cost low-energy buildings. The local organic waste materials used are those whose disposal is usually done by burning, resulting in an immense amount of greenhouse gases. In the first phase, different waste materials are characterized to determine their thermophysical properties. In the second phase, a low-cost, commonly available PCM calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl2·6H2O, is integrated with a brick and corn husk wall to enhance the thermal storage in the building envelope to minimize energy consumption. Temperature distribution plots are primarily used for analysis. The results show a marked improvement in thermal comfort by maintaining a maximum indoor temperature of 27 °C when construction is performed with a 6% corn husk composite material embedded with the PCM, while under similar conditions, the standard brick construction maintained a 31 °C indoor temperature. It is concluded that the integration of the PCM layer with the corn husk wall provides an adequate solution for low-cost and low-energy buildings.

Breaking new grounds for coffee

Breaking new grounds for coffee

Appropriate Technology of Organic Waste Composting with Activator Bioinokulen Rumen Cow Em4 and Em4

Intruduction:The waste problem in Indonesia is the large amount of garbage waste, the lack of landfills andwaste processing facilities, resulting in a source of pollution and endangering health. In Ponorogo Regencyin the last three years, garbage has accumulated reaching 149 m3 / day with a percentage of the amountof organic waste amounting to 44.76%. Methods: This type of research is True Experimental, Posttest-Only Control design. The study used 80 ml cattle rumen activator, 80 ml EM4 activator, compost mixtureactivator with 60 ml EM4 + 20 ml livestock rumen activator mixture and 20 ml EM4 + 60 ml cattle rumenactivator, and without activator (control) assessed the level of compost maturity and for tested the NPKlevels and the C / N ratio. The raw material is 3 kg of organic waste with 5 times replication, so that 25fruit samples are needed and 75 kg of organic waste material. Results: The results showed that the compostconcentration was the same as the activator cattle rumen 80 ml, 80 ml EM4, and 60 ml EM4 + 20 ml cattlerumen ripened faster with an average time of 17 days. The results of the measurement of chemical qualitycompost have the best chemical content of SNI 19-7030-2004 compost activator 60 ml + 20 ml EM4 cattlerumen. Conclusions: The conclusion of research on the composting process of waste to be more effectiverequires an activator material. In addition to the activator material, it is necessary to pay attention to thequality of the activator material.

Influence of Nitrogen Sources on D-Lactic Acid Biosynthesis by Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus DSM 442 Strain

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of replacing an expensive yeast extract contained in the fermentation medium for D-lactic acid (D-LA, R-lactic acid) biosynthesis with an alternative nitrogen source. The screening studies were conducted under stationary conditions and showed that pea seed hydrolysate was the most beneficial substrate in the process of D-LA biosynthesis by the strain Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus DSM 442 among the used inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, waste materials, food and agricultural products. After 96 h, 75.5 g/L D-LA was obtained in batch cultures in a medium containing pea seed hydrolysate, with an average productivity of 0.79 g/L/h, yield of 75.5%, and optical purity of 99.4%. In batch cultures fed once, in a medium with an analogous composition, 122.6 g/L D-LA was obtained after 120 h, and the average yield, productivity and optical purity were 87.6%, 1.021 g/L/h, and 99.6%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of D-LA obtained in the fermentation medium enriched with the above-mentioned cheap agricultural product was similar to the amounts obtained in the medium containing yeast extract in both stationary and bioreactor cultures. Our research shows that hydrolyzed pea seeds, which belong to the legume family, may be a promising nitrogen source for the production of D-LA on an industrial scale.

Catalytic biohydrogen production from organic waste materials: A literature review and bibliometric analysis

Global population growth and accelerated urbanisation have resulted in massive amounts of fossil fuel use and waste production. Because of its high energy content, pure nature, and fuel quality, hydrogen fuel is a viable option to fossil fuels. Biohydrogen from agricultural waste, in particular, piques concern because it generates hydrogen while still disposing of waste. This review conducted a bibliometric analysis of biohydrogen production from organic waste to trace the research trends and hotspots based on the literature in the Web of Science (WOS) database from 1970 to 2020. The present review article also focuses on highlighting various processes for converting organic waste into hydrogen, raw materials for biohydrogen production, and catalysts that could distil the latest perceptions that could shed light on a route advancing for successful catalyst design. It also seems that some intentions have been paid on studying waste materials such as pure polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides. Among all the catalysts used, non-noble and low-cost active metals over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support can significantly affect the activity of fermentative hydrogen production from organic waste materials. However, researches focusing on developing anaerobic membrane bioreactors for these technologies are still needed.

Tuning of Reciprocal Carbon-Electrode Properties for an Optimized Hydrogen Evolution.

Closing the material cycle for harmful and rare resources is a key criterion for sustainable and green energy systems. The concept of using scalable biomass‐derived carbon electrodes to produce hydrogen from water was proposed here, satisfying the need for sustainability in the field of chemical energy conversion. The carbon electrodes exhibited not only water oxidation activity but also a strong self‐oxidation when being used as anode for water splitting. The carbon oxidation, which is more energy‐favorable, was intentionally allowed to occur for an improvement of the total current, thus enhancing the hydrogen production on the cathode side. By introducing different earth‐abundant metals, the electrode could be well adjusted to achieve an optimized water/carbon oxidation ratio and an appreciable reactivity for practical applications. This promising methodology may become a very large driver for carbon chemistry when waste organic materials or biomass can be converted using its intrinsic energy content of carbon. Such a process could open a safe path for sub‐zero CO2 emission control. The concept of how and which parameter of a carbon‐based electrode can be optimized was presented and discussed in this paper.

Physical and Biological Treatment Technologies of Slaughterhouse Wastewater: A Review

Physical and biological treatment technology are considered a highly feasible and economic way to treat slaughterhouse wastewater. To achieve the desired effluent quality for disposal or reuse, various technological options were reviewed. However, most practical operations are accompanied by several advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, due to the presence of biodegradable organic matter in slaughterhouse waste, anaerobic digestion technology is commonly applied for economic gain. In this paper, the common technologies used for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and their suitability were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different processes were evaluated. Physical treatments (dissolved air floatation (DAF), coagulation–flocculation and sedimentation, electrocoagulation process and membrane technology) were found to be more effective but required a large space to operate and intensive capital investment. However, some biological treatments such as anaerobic, facultative lagoons, activated sludge process and trickling filters were also effective but required longer start-up periods. This review further explores the various strategies being used in the treatment of other wastewater for the production of valuable by-products through anaerobic digestion.

A novel synthesis of sulfurized magnetic biochar for aqueous Hg(II) capture as a potential method for environmental remediation in water

Due to public health threats resulting from mercury (Hg) and its distribution in the food chain, global restrictions have been placed on Hg use and emissions. Biochar is a porous, carbonaceous adsorbent typically derived from waste biomass or organic matter, making it an eco-friendly material for aqueous mercury (Hg(II)) control. Functionalization of biochar can improve performance in pollution control applications. In this work, carbonization, magnetization, and sulfurization of biochar were combined into a single heating step to prepare sulfurized magnetic biochar (SMBC) for Hg(II) removal from water. Results indicate that SMBC prepared at 600 °C adsorbed 8.93 mg/g Hg(II), more than materials prepared at 400, 500, 700, 800, and 900 °C. Additionally, Hg(II) adsorption onto SMBC was 53.0% and 11.5% greater than onto magnetic biochar (MBC) and biochar (BC), respectively. Hg(II) adsorption is shown to be favorable in acidic conditions (pH 3.5–5), thermodynamically spontaneous, and endothermic. Adsorption results fit the pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.990 and the sum of squared error (SSE) = 5.382) and external mass transfer (R2 = 0.971 and SSE = 9.422) models. The partitioning coefficients were 4.964 mg/g/μM in freshwater, 0.176 mg/g/μM in estuary water, and 0.275 mg/g/μM in seawater, highlighting the importance of salinity in environmental remediation applications. In summary, SMBC can be readily prepared with minimal processing steps. The product is a robust adsorbent for Hg(II), and it can potentially be applied to remediate contaminated water/sediment/soil in the future.

Preparation and characterization of vermicompost made from different sources of materials

The study was conducted during 2020, at Fedis district of East Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State; Ethiopia. Composting is a process where waste organic materials derived from plants and/or animals are decomposed by microbial action under aeration to produce a friable homogenous product that is added to soil.

The Possibility of Biogas production in Nigeria from Organic Waste Material: A Review

Biogas waste initiative is one big solution to Nigeria’s growing solid waste problem. This study explores the potential biogas processing of organic waste materials and their benefits to the areas where the excess of such organic waste is located. Based on this review, researchers were noted to be proposing lots of distinctive ways to contain generating solid waste and discoveries have been highlighted to show the importance of converting these organic wastes to biogas. Processing is a well-established technology mainly for sustainable energy use generation in addition to the valorization of organic residues. Through this analysis, these wastes were described as enormous sources of biogas that can assist to solve some of the electricity problems in the country.

A comparative study to estimate the ability of three waste organic materials to remove methylene blue and Congo red Dyes from aqueous solutions

The current study was done in order to find the efficiency of (spent tea leaves, orange peels, pomegranate peels) as adsorbents to remove industrial dyes; Congo red and methylene blue dyes. the results show that the three proposed adsorbents have a low to moderate ability to remove the dyes. The results show that depleted the tea leaves have a higher ability than orange peels and the pomegranate peels being the lowest in removing the methylene blue dye, while for the Congo red dye removal the orange peels were the highest followed by pomegranate peels and the lowest was the depleted tea leaves.

The Effectiveness of Filopaludina javanica and Sulcospira testudinaria in Reducing Organic Matter in Catfish (Clarias sp.) Aquaculture Wastewater

HighlightCatfish aquaculture wastewater contains organic matter that exceeds the quality standard of 68.75 mg / L and 72.48 mg / L.Tutut Jawa snail (F. javanica) can reduce organic matter in waste by up to 92%.Susuh Kura snail (S. testudinaria) can reduce organic matter in waste by up to 87%.Catfish aquaculture wastewater treatment with snails only takes 8 hours. Abstract The residual or wastewater from the cultivation process that is discharged directly into common waters can reduce the quality of the waters because it contains a lot of organic material from organism feces and feed residue, so it needs management first. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of Javanese snails and freshwater gastropods to reduce total organic matter in catfish culture waste. The research method used was the experiment with 2 factor Factorial completely randomized design, namely the measurement time (4, 8, 12, and 16 hours) and the abundance of the Tutut Java snail and freshwater gastropods (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and control) with 5 repetitions. Tutut Java snails were taken from the pond at UPR Sumbermina Dau and brought to the laboratory. The results obtained in the treatment with the addition of Tutut Java snail, the total organic matter content decreased at 75% snail density by 90% (from 68.75 mg / L to 5.31 mg / L) at the 12th hour. The treatment with the addition of Freshwater Gastropods at a density of 25%, the total organic matter content decreased by 87% (from 72.48 to 9.35 mg / L) at the 8th hour. Water quality during the study was in a condition that could tolerate the Tutut Java snails and freshwater gastropods. The conclusion is that the addition of Tutut Java snail and / or freshwater gastropods can reduce the total organic matter content to the water quality standard.

Biodiesel production from the black soldier fly larvae grown on food waste and its fuel property characterization as a potential transportation fuel

Insects have a great potential to be used as feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their intrinsic high lipid contents. In particular, biodiesel production from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is promising because of its advantages in engineering aspects such as a rapid proliferation, more lipid storage due to long-development time in larva stage, self-separation from organic waste. In this study, biodiesel was synthesized through (trans)esterification of BSFL grown on food waste to achieve both biofuel production from organic waste materials. In addition, all fuel properties of the biodiesel were examined to evaluate its feasibility as a potential transportation fuel in Korea. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained in this study was 86.51%. All the parameters of biodiesel produced from BSFL satisfied the Korea fuel standard (KS M 2965) except oxidation stability. The quality criterion of oxidation stability met the fuel standard with an addition of small quantity of <i>tert</i>-butylhydroquinone.

Higher photochemical production of bromophenol by quinone-like substances extracted from humic substances using a new emodin-imprinted polymer

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in waters, soils, sediments, and organic waste is considered to have major role in the photochemical generation of emerging organobromine contaminants, yet mechanisms are unclear. Here we fractionated soil humic acids into bound quinone-like substances and an effluent fraction, using a new emodin-imprinted polymer. We tested the effect of these fractions on the photobromination of phenol with bromide. Results show that quinone-like substances induce three times more bromophenols than the effluent fraction. Our findings reveal a new method to separate reactive compounds from DOM and imply that formation of organobromine contaminants may be controlled by the composition of organic matter.

Mathematically modelling pyrolytic polygeneration processes using artificial intelligence

Pyrolytic polygeneration has been gaining interest in industry and academia as an organic waste treatment and valorisation endeavour that is capable of producing valuable carbon aerogels, pyrolysis gas and bio-oils. The outputs of pyrolysis exercises are highly dependent on feedstock composition and pyrolysis conditions. Due to the variable nature of organic waste material and due to limitations in variable pyrolytic conditions being actively implemented in process systems, it is difficult to understand and anticipate the outputs that would be produced from a given class of materials, using a set of pyrolytic conditions. In this work, we present a series of mathematical models that allows pyrolytic polygeneration processes to be practically calibrated, fine-tuned and predicted in an industrial context. By utilising pyrolysis experimental data from the literature, we model pyrolytic processes and generate governing expressions that apply to numerous pyrolytic polygeneration processes for cellulose-rich streams. We furnish this work with three case studies which demonstrate the utility and merit of our modelling approach. In these case studies, we predict the different conditions required to produce desired yields of biochar, pyrolysis gas and bio-oils and desired carbon aerogel properties.

Comprehensive review on agricultural waste utilization and high-temperature fermentation and composting

Due to the high demand for food and meat for the world's growing population, the agricultural sector is expanding every year. Timely and effective treatment is of utmost importance to utilize organic matter in agricultural waste and avoid environmental pollution. Composting or aerobic fermentation is an effective way to treat agricultural waste and produce organic fertilizer. Improving the application rate of organic fertilizer in soil needs time to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers. This review article presented the current status and traditional agricultural waste (livestock manure and crop straws) utilization methods, the art of aerobic fermentation process including ultrahigh temperature fermentation and composting. The selection of livestock manure and crop straws as agricultural waste for this review article is due to high nutrients contents and massive generation of them worldwide. This article also included the development of aerobic fermentation technology and listed the high-temperature fermentation tanks. Based on high-temperature aerobic fermentation process performance and quality compost production, recently, some researchers have started working on hyperthermophile pretreatment-assisted high temperature composting, also discussed. Finally, this article gave brief knowledge about compost maturity, which is very important to measure before its application as an organic fertilizer. This art of literature could provide comprehensive knowledge about agricultural waste utilization and high-temperature composting to researchers.

Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Vermicompost Prepared from Different Types of Organic Wastes using Eisenia fetida

Background: Vermicomposting is the agricultural technique of conversion of organic wastes to a fertile product, which can result in better crop growth and production. However, even though earthworms are the main organisms participating in the process, the microbes associated with it also have an important role to play. These microbes degrade the waste products biochemically and are responsible of the conversion processes. Few studies are carried out on microbial diversity and related enzymes activities in the vermicompost prepared from different organic waste materials. Methods: In this paper, we isolated both bacteria and fungi from seven different types of vermicompost, using different selective media. We also studied the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with the isolated microbes.Result: It was observed that bacteria like Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Actinomycetes, Pigment producing Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Azotobactor and fungi like Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus sp., Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus sp., Mucor hiemalis, Myrothecium verrucaria etc. were present in our vermicompost preparations. The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and PGPR indicated the good fertilizer value of the vermicompost samples. It was also observed that the diversity of microbes present supported significant levels of CMCase Exoglucanase, Xylanase, β-Glucosidase, Phosphatase and Urease activities.

Pineapple Leaves Juice Characterization for Microbial Growth Inhibition

Since pineapple leaves are one of the lavishly organic waste materials which contain phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties, it was desired to gain deeper knowledge on its potential as microbial growth inhibitor (MGI). In this research, the pineapple leaves were extracted using an electrical sugarcane pressing machine to acquire the pineapple leaves juice (PLJ). The PLJ was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectroscopy (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis was used to examined the existence of different bioactive components in PLJ. Based on the molecular mass and its fragmentation pattern, the identification of the phenolic compounds was confirmed. From the characterization of PLJ using UPLC-QTOF-MS, seven types of the phenolic compound has been identified namely Octahydrocurcumin, Meliadanoside A, Kukoamine A, Stilbostemin D, Agrimol C, Feralolide and Methyl-5-O-caffeoylquinate. The effect of microbial inhibition time on the colony forming unit (CFU) between the mixtures of PLJ and microbe was studied. CFU/mL decreased with increasing microbial inhibition time from 0 to 1.50 h. Meanwhile, CFU/mL was increased again after increasing the microbial inhibition period from 1.50 to 3 h. This suggests that 1.50 h was necessary for the process of microbial growth inhibition. This research shows that pineapple leaves could be manipulated and used as an MGI agent as useful sources of natural products. Furthermore, it can become one of the cheaper and greener MGI alternatives compared to available synthetic antimicrobial agent.

Geo-electrical modeling of leachate contamination at a major waste disposal site in south-eastern Nigeria

The contamination of aquifers due to the leaching of organic and inorganic waste materials deposited in landfills and open dumpsites leads to serious degradation of the environment. To determine the extent of leaching and to assess the migration of the leachate into the surrounding aquifer, vertical electrical sounding (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were carried out along a heavily contaminated waste disposal site in South-eastern Nigeria. The results obtained from the vertical electrical soundings show that the area comprises three subsurface layers, and that the aquifer lies between the second and third layer. Computation of longitudinal conductance values shows that the overall protective capacity of the aquifer is weak; hence, the capacity for leachate contamination within the aquifer is higher. Models obtained from the electrical resistivity tomography surveys indicate the direction of the leachate plumes and also show the extent of leachate percolation into the aquifer. On the electrical resistivity tomography models, the locations of anomalous low resistivity zones indicate the presence of leachate. The results show that the leachate is moving rapidly towards the aquifer and this will create serious environmental degradation to valuable water resources in the area, thereby affecting health of humans and livestock within this heavily populated zone. Further, the results from the resistivity surveys confirm that the resistivity technique is a powerful tool for delineating the presence of leachate plumes and for indicating to what extent the leachate has infiltrated into the surrounding aquifer.