Organic Structure-directing Agents Research Articles

Novel sol-gel derived layered double oxides and layered double oxide/γ-Al2O3 with tunable selectivity as promising adsorbents for L-lactate uptake from the myoblast culture medium

Cultured meat production, a biotechnological solution for global protein demand and sustainability, faces economic challenges due to the high demand for cell culture medium. Contamination with cell metabolites, particularly L-lactate, impedes myoblast proliferation in high-density suspension culture. Eliminating L-lactate is crucial for reusing the medium and overcoming economic barriers in mass myoblast culture. Retaining essential nutrients like D-glucose, amino acids, and vitamins after L-lactate removal is imperative for sustained myoblast growth. This study proposes a sustainable and economically feasible adsorption technique utilizing novel sol-gel derived Mg-Al layered double oxides and Mg-Al layered double oxide/γ-Al2O3 with tunable selectivity as a promising tool for L-lactate uptake from the myoblast medium. In an aqueous solution, L-lactate uptake and selectivity over D-glucose were enhanced with the decrease in total Mg/Al ratio and crystallinity, increase in Al2O3 dispersion in adsorbent, specific surface area, and porosity. The latter was achieved successfully by metal alkoxide sol-gel method employing an organic structure-directing agent, where LDO/amorphous alumina nanohybrid with Mg/Al = 1.23 was successfully prepared in mixed methanol-ethanol solution in a relatively short time. A simple mixture of Mg-Al LDO with Mg/Al = 2 and nano-γ-Al2O3 prepared by a sustainable and economically feasible co-precipitation method was found to have comparable efficiency and selectivity to a costly sol-gel derived material. In myoblast medium, lower total Mg/Al was associated with higher cytocompatibility, pH-stability, and selectivity, while surface properties of materials did not play a significant role. Nano-γ-Al2O3 was identified as the most promising material for selective L-lactate uptake from the myoblast culture medium. Thus, further optimization of the medium treatment process with nano-γ-Al2O3 can realize cost-effective high-density myoblast culture with circular use of the medium – a novel sustainable process in the biotechnology field.

Synthesis and Structure Determination by 3D Electron Diffraction of the Extra-large Pore Zeolite ITQ-70.

In this study, we present the synthesis, characterization, and structural analysis of a novel zeolite, ITQ-70, using 3D electron diffraction tomography. This unique material was synthesized under alkaline conditions, employing tetrakis(diethylamino)phosphonium as organic structure-directing agent, leading to the formation of a pure silica zeolite. ITQ-70 is distinguished by its extra-large pore apertures, which extend along all three axes and intersect one to each other. A notable feature of this zeolite is the presence of structurally ordered defects in very high concentration (38% of the silicon atoms). As a result, ITQ-70 exhibits the lowest framework density (10.0 T/1000Å3) ever reported for any zeolite except RWY (7.6 T/1000Å3), which contains sulfur instead of oxygen connecting T-atoms.

Seeds Combining Pyrrolidine Control the Framework Al Distribution of FER Zeolite to Enhance Its Performance in the Skeletal Isomerization of n-Butene

FER zeolites have a unique framework structure and acid distribution, and are widely studied as a catalyst for reactions such as n-butene skeletal isomerization and dimethyl ether carbonylation. The Brönsted acid site (BAS) located in the 10-member ring (10-MR) of FER zeolites serves as the active site for the isomerization reaction of skeletal n-butene to produce isobutene. This study prepared five types of FER zeolites using different methods: using pyrrolidine (PY) alone as a template; using Na-form FER as seeds (SN) or H-form FER as seeds without organic structure directing agents (OSDAs); and combining the seeds of SN or SH with PY as OSDAs. The differences in the structure and acid distribution of the five zeolites were investigated, as well as their catalytic performance for the skeletal isomerization of n-butene. Experiments and characterization results showed that under hydrothermal synthesis conditions, the FER-PY+SH zeolites synthesized by using both H-form zeolites seeds and pyridine exhibited the highest aluminum concentrations at T1 and T3 sites, along with the greatest BAS located in the 10-MR. This unique composition contributed to the highest selectivity of isobutene. The FER-PY+SH catalyst was continuously used for 720 h at 350 °C, 0.1 MPa, and an n-butene mass space velocity of 2.0 h−1 for three cycles of 2160 h. During this period, the conversion of n-butene was over 39%, while the selectivity of isobutene exceeded 95%. The FER-PY+SH catalyst exhibited excellent stability and activity.

Facile synthesis of SSZ-16 nanoaggregates with excellent performance in NH3-SCR reaction

d6r units were proved to be crucial for the synthesis of SSZ-16 zeolite with AFX topology, and FAU zeolite owning plenty of d6r units was chosen as the essential raw material for constructing AFX frameworks. In this work, SSZ-16 zeolite was directly synthesized using colloidal silica and sodium aluminate as the raw materials in short crystallization time of 5 h. The corresponding crystallization process were carefully investigated by various characterizations, demonstrating that the key to this success was the formation of d6r units built up by a large amount of s4r units which were formed with the assistance of the appropriate organic structure directing agent (OSDA) and seeds in the synthetic media. Interestingly, the products of C-SSZ-16 zeolites presented spherical shapes consisted of relatively small particles with size range from 30 to 50 nm. Moreover, after ion-exchanged with Cu ions, the Cu-C-SSZ-16 products showed excellent performance in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) and better hydrothermal stability than conventional Cu-SSZ-16-con samples due to slightly higher Si/Al ratio of the Cu-C-SSZ-16. Therefore, remarkable catalytic performance and the use of low-cost raw materials as well as short period of synthesis time make AFX zeolites as potential applicants in NH3-SCR field, from an industrial viewpoint.

Structure determination of as-made zeolite ITQ-52 by three-dimensional electron diffraction

The complete crystal structures of two as-made zeolites with the ITQ-52 structure (IFW framework type), where an alkylphosphonium and an aminophosphonium dications have been used as their respective organic structure-directing agents, have been solved by three-dimensional electron diffraction. Both organic cations have also been located within the 10-ring that connects the cavities of the IFW framework using the diffraction data

Capturing Different Intermediate Phases during Zeolite Synthesis.

Despite extensive efforts over the past several decades, the current mechanistic understanding of zeolite crystallization is still far from satisfactory, thus precluding the synthesis of designer zeolites. Here we show that the nucleation and in situ transformation pathways during the synthesis of medium-pore zeolite TNU-9 can be altered by controlling the extent of cooperative structure direction between Na+ and Cs+ ions in the presence of 1,4-bis(N-methylpyrrolidinium)butane cations as an organic structure-directing agent. The intermediate phase selectivity was found to change from bikitaite to analcime to layered MCM-22 precursor when the gel Na/Cs ratio was adjusted to 7, 15, and 20, respectively. We also show that the transformation of bikitaite into TNU-9 begins at the surface of intermediate crystals, unlike that of analcime and MCM-22 precursor by a dissolution-recrystallization process. The force field simulation results suggest that the nucleation of different intermediate phases is not thermodynamically but kinetically controlled. This study provides a new basis for advancing the fundamental understanding of zeolite crystallization pathways.

Strength of London Dispersion Forces in Organic Structure Directing Agent-Zeolite Assemblies.

Herein, we study the London dispersion forces between organic structure directing agents (OSDAs)-here tetraalkyl-ammonium or -phosphonium molecules-and silica zeolite frameworks (FWs). We demonstrate that the interaction energy for these dispersion forces is correlated to the number of H atoms in OSDAs, irrespective of the structures of OSDAs or FWs, and of variations in charges and thermal motions. All calculations considered-DFT-D3 and BOMD undertaken by us, and molecular mechanics from an accessible database-led to the same trend. The mean energy of these dispersion forces is ca. -2 kcal.mol-1 per H for efficient H-O contacts.

Evaluation of Zeolite Composites by IR and NMR Spectroscopy.

In this study, we assessed the quantity, strength, and acidity of zeolite composites comprising Silicalite-1 grown on ZSM-5 crystals using a combination of infrared (IR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The composites were created through the direct growth of Silicalite-1 crystals on ZSM-5 (P_ZSM-5), either with or without the organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) introduced into the ZSM-5 channels (samples: H_ZSM-5_Sil1 and TPA_ZSM-5_Sil1). The results revealed that Silicalite-1 grew differently when the ZSM-5 core was in the H+ form (empty pores) compared to when the OSDA was still present in the sample. This distinction was evident in the textural properties, with a decrease in the micropore surface area and an increase in the external surface area in the H_ZSM-5_Sil1 compared to the parent sample. The TPA_ZSM-5_Sil1 composite exhibited characteristics similar to the parent zeolite. These findings were further supported by 29Si NMR, which revealed a comparable local order for the parent (P_ZSM-5) and TPA_ZSM-5_Sil1 samples, along with a broadening of the Q4 peak for the H_ZSM-5_Sil1 composite. Additionally, the acid sites were preserved in the TPA_ZSM-5_Sil1 composite, while in the H+-form core, the concentration of Brønsted acid sites significantly decreased. This reduction in isolated Brønsted acid sites was further corroborated by 1H NMR.

Rational Design of Organic Structure-Directing Agents for AFX Zeolite Synthesis from Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics

Rational Design of Organic Structure-Directing Agents for AFX Zeolite Synthesis from Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics

Realizing the Direct Synthesis of High Silica IWS Zeolite with Improved Hydrothermal Stability.

Direct synthesis of germanosilicate zeolites with low Ge content and improved hydrothermal stability is a great challenge. Herein, we successfully achieve the direct synthesis of IWS zeolite with a Si/Ge ratio higher than 4 for the first time. High silica IWS zeolites can be prepared in a wide range of Si/Ge ratios (4-16) by utilizing bulky 1,3-bis(1-adamantyl)-imidazolium (BAdaI+) as an efficient organic structure-directing agent from the concentrated synthesis gel under fluoride conditions. It is proven by a series of characterizations that Ge atoms preferentially occupy the double-four-ring (D4R) units. Theoretical calculations reveal the preferential interactions of guest organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) and host IWS zeolites with different Si/Ge ratios. The introduction of more Ge atoms cannot improve the host-guest interaction when the BAdaI+ molecule is accommodated within the nanopores of IWS zeolite compared to other OSDAs. The obtained IWS zeolite shows an extremely high specific surface area (905 m2/g) and pore volume (1.31 cm3/g). Due to the low Ge content, IWS zeolite exhibits outstanding hydrothermal stability and experiences high temperature steam heating with no loss of crystallinity and only a slight loss of microporosity.

Tuning the size and spatial distribution of Pt in bifunctional Pt-zeolite catalysts for direct coupling of ethane and benzene

Controlling the dispersion and position of metal active sites in bifunctional metal–acid zeolite catalysts is essential for achieving synergy between the metal and acid sites in tandem catalytic processes, but still challenging nowadays. Herein, we propose an approach to modulate the dispersion and position of Pt particles in ZSM-5 zeolite by employing various types of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) in the one-pot synthesis procedure. Systematic characterizations show that the OSDAs mainly influence the encapsulation of the Pt precursor into the ZSM-5 zeolite crystallites during the hydrothermal crystallization process, resulting in discrepancies in the dispersion and spatial distribution of Pt sites in the final Pt-zeolite catalysts. Comparative studies on different Pt-zeolite catalysts show that the formation of subnanometer Pt clusters and the close spatial proximity of Pt and Brønsted acid sites in the zeolite efficiently promote the tandem dehydrogenation-alkylation process and enhance the production rate of ethylbenzene in the direct ethane-benzene coupling reaction. This study offers insights into the design and synthesis of bifunctional metal-zeolite catalysts for tandem catalysis.

Synthesis of CHA zeolite in phenoxide media for CO2 capture

Synthesis of small-pore chabazite (CHA) zeolites in the absence of organic structure-directing agents (OSDA) has been proven difficult. A judicious mixed cation approach recently reported could expand the design space of CHA formation. In a seemingly opposite direction, we herein report an anion tuning approach for controlling the zeolite polymorphism in an OSDA-free system that effectively promotes hierarchical CHA formation in a competitive growth with MER. Phenoxide media, utilizing mild in-situ nucleophilic etching in cooperation with zeolite framework growth, allow beneficial kinetic control to facilitate CHA nucleation. Operando analyses reveal the crucial role of stabilized dimeric aluminate species as a key intermediate for CHA phase selection. The phenol-mediated CHA zeolites exhibit almost perfect 9 molecules per unit cell CO2 uptake capacity and no CH4 adsorption. This work offers an anion tuning strategy for controlling zeolite polymorphism as a supplement to the current phase-selection toolbox that utilizes mixed inorganic cations.

Correction to: Remarkably facilitated crystallization of MSE-type zeolite by using an efficient organic structure-directing agent

Correction to: Remarkably facilitated crystallization of MSE-type zeolite by using an efficient organic structure-directing agent

Low-silica zeolite MTT: Synthesis and efficient catalysis in methanol dehydration

Zeolite MTT features a one-dimensional (1D) 10-membered ring (10 MR) straight channel system. This unique structure provides superior catalytic performance in petrochemical processes such as isomerization, dewaxing, and olefin oligomerization. The conventional synthesis of zeolite MTT typically requires large amounts of organic structure directing agents (OSDA), and the resulting zeolite MTT usually has a Si/Al ratio greater than 20. Herein, we present a facile strategy for synthesizing zeolite MTT possessing a low Si/Al ratio of 12.5 and a greatly improved specific surface area of 308.0 m2/g with the assistance of MTT seeds. This low-silica zeolite MTT demonstrates a higher methanol conversion (84 %) at a low temperature (170 °C) in the methanol dehydration reaction compared to conventionally synthesized zeolite MTT, which achieves less than 70 % conversion.

Synthesis of Chabazite Zeolite via Faujasite Conversion Using 1‐(1‐Methylpropyl)‐4‐aza‐1‐azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Hydroxide as Cost‐Effective Structure‐Directing Agent

Cu‐exchanged chabazite zeolite is the state‐of‐the‐art used on‐board catalyst for NOx selective reduction by ammonium (NH3‐SCR), and the zeolite is currently generated in the presence of N,N,N‐trimethyl‐1‐adamantylammonium hydroxide, serving as organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA). The expensiveness of this OSDA increases the catalyst production cost, while its low degradability brings about environmental concerns in post treatment of waste water. Here, a new type OSDA, 1‐(1‐methylpropyl)‐4‐aza‐1‐azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroxide, is proposed to direct Faujasite‐to‐Chabazite inter‐zeolite conversion and generate chabazite with Si/Al ratio up to 7.2. The obtained zeolite possesses high hydrothermal stability for the high crystallinity, siliceous framework and low concentrations of Si(2Si, 2Al) sites. The Cu‐form catalyst exhibits better catalytic performance in standard NH3‐SCR process for the tiny crystallite size (35‐258 nm) and formation of highly dispersed copper sites. The synthesis offers a new type of OSDA to fabricate zeolites and expands the toolkit to regulate their physicochemical properties.

Double Unit-Cell Silicogermanate Nanosheets Developed by Salting-Out Mechanism for Biomass Conversion.

Zeolite nanosheets with an extremely thin thickness featuring both unique pore systems and low diffusion resistance have the potential to achieve enhanced catalytic performance in the conversion of bulky molecular biomass. The preparation of unit-cell level nanosheets generally requires complex and costly multifunctional surfactants or an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). Commercially available and environmentally friendly ionic liquids can also direct the structure of zeolite nanosheets by π-π stacking when these kinds of OSDA are used in large amount. Herein, we first report unit-cell-sized silicogermanate nanosheets of NS-IM-20 (UWY topology), 5 nm in thickness, which were synthesized at a relatively low ionic liquid concentration with the assistance of halide ion (Cl-). The Pd-loaded NS-IM-20 nanosheets with a hierarchical porosity and moderate acidity act as promising bifunctional catalysts for selective biomass conversion.

Nanocrystalline sodium mordenite as an efficient low-concentration CO2 adsorbent

Systematic control of the crystal size and morphology of zeolites to enhance their CO2 adsorption performance is of great importance from both environmental and economic perspectives. Here we report the seeded synthesis of sodium mordenite (Na-MOR) with a Si/Al ratio of 4.9 and an average crystal length and width of 70 and 40 nm, respectively, using γ-aminobutyric acid as a crystal growth inhibitor in the absence of any organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). This nanozeolite shows an unprecedented CO2 capacity of 1.58 mmol g−1 under dynamic direct air capture (DAC) conditions at 25 °C, which is approximately 40 % greater than the value (1.15 mmol g−1) of the best zeolite adsorbent (an unidentified OSDA-directed Na-MOR (Si/Al = 5.0) zeolite with Na+ enrichment in 8-ring side pockets), mainly due to its nanocrystalline nature. It has also been characterized by much faster CO2 adsorption kinetics (ca. 5 vs. 50 min equilibration time) compared to a commercial Na-MOR zeolite with Si/Al = 5.0. Our study paves the way for developing a more efficient zeolite-based DAC adsorbent.

Embryonic zeolite-directed synthesis of ZSM-34 and SSZ-13 zeolites

The use of an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) makes zeolite synthesis expensive and environmentally non-friendly. Seeded zeolite synthesis offers an environmentally benign alternative that avoids using an OSDA while providing a high purity, crystallinity, and yield in the product. In this study, we report using embryonic zeolites (EZs) as efficient seeds to obtain industrially important zeolites such as ZSM-34 and SSZ-13 in an OSDA-free synthesis system. Our results showed that zeolites ZSM-34, SSZ-13 and LTL could be obtained depending on the Al/Si ratio in the synthesis system. The synthesis time was considerably shorter than other ZSM-34 and SSZ-13 syntheses methods reported in the literature, achieving more than 90% crystallinity. The physicochemical analysis showed that highly crystalline zeolites with characteristics similar to the OSDA synthesized counterparts were obtained. Furthermore, the EZs seeding approach is facile, low cost, and environmentally friendly, provided the synthesis is OSDA-free. In addition, the EZs seeds can be obtained under hydrothermal synthesis conditions. The method can be potentially applied to the synthesis of other zeolite types.

Coupling Different Periodic Building Units for Intergrowth Zeolites.

Multiple-phase disordered zeolites, i.e., intergrowth zeolites, are important industrial catalysts, like single-phase ordered zeolites, but little is known about their rational synthesis and phase competition, mainly due to current poor understanding of the zeolite crystallization mechanism. Here, we theoretically demonstrated that sodalite and cancrinite cage layers, the periodic building units (PerBUs) of FAU/EMT and SBT/SBS structures, respectively, could be nondefectively connected to each other across double rings of 6 tetrahedral atoms when inverted and mirrored. We then synthesized an unprecedented family of FAU/SBT/SBS intergrowths with controllable FAU portions (named as the PST-34 family of intergrowth zeolites) using a multiple inorganic cation approach, providing clear experimental evidence for the layer-by-layer crystal growth mechanism of zeolites. This study shows that control of interactive cooperation extent between different inorganic structure-directing agents in the presence of an unselective organic structure-directing agent may enable repeated stacking of different but structurally related PerBUs in intergrowth zeolite synthesis.

Remarkably facilitated crystallization of MSE-type zeolite by using an efficient organic structure-directing agent

Abstract A very powerful organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) for the synthesis of MSE-type zeolite was designed and successfully prepared. When using conventional OSDA, more than 10 d of crystallization time was necessary, whereas the use of the new type of OSDA gave a highly crystalline MSE-type zeolite using only 32 h of crystallization time.