Organic Solvent Extraction Research Articles

Recyclable 2-Fluoropyridine Derivative as a Storage for Highly Electrophilic 1,1-Bis(triflyl)ethylene.

As an easy-to-handle reagent for the in situ generation of outstandingly electrophilic Tf2C=CH2 (Tf=CF3SO2), we have designed and synthesised a novel 4-substituted 2-fluoropyridinium zwitterion, in which a partially fluorinated alkyl group is attached to the pyridinium 4-position. Its zwitterionic nature has been well characterised by quantum chemical bonding analysis. By using this reagent, a wide variety of organic compounds, including commercial bioactive agents, were successfully decorated by the strongly acidic or ionic functionality. Remarkably, the 4-substituted 2-fluoropyridine derivative, which results from the zwitterion with the generation of Tf2C=CH2, can be rapidly separated and recovered from the reaction mixture appropriately using distillation, organic solvent extraction, or fluorous solid phase extraction techniques. Such multi-optionality for the purification methods favours in the isolation of the strongly acidic and/or ionic products.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Fish Roe

Abstract Seafood is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the good emulsifying properties of phospholipids make them suitable for use in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This study attempted to evaluate different fish species obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide without and with and ethanol as co-solvent extraction and organic solvent (ethanol) extraction. Supercritical CO2 extraction was performed at 30–50 °C and at different pressures (17.7–33.0 MPa), maintaining a CO2 flow rate of 0.6 mL/min for 3 hours. Gas chromatography and Bligh & Dyer methods were used to analyze the extracts. The results showed that only one species of fish roe (rainbow trout) produced oil, but it was concluded that improvements were needed to be able to extract oil from African catfish roe using supercritical CO2 extraction. Rainbow trout roe contains the most monounsaturated fatty acids (44 %).

Unraveling the mystery: Extraction and component analysis of irrecoverable foulants of end-of-life membrane from large-scale MBR

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are increasingly employed in municipal wastewater treatment, with membranes inevitably reaching their end-of-life (EOL) primarily due to the accumulation of irrecoverable fouling. Nevertheless, the composition and properties of irrecoverable fouling remain ambiguous due to the lack of appropriate extraction and analytical methods. Herein, we developed a temperature-regulated organic solvent extraction method to extract and analyze irrecoverable foulants in EOL ultrafiltration membranes at various locations within a large-scale MBR for municipal wastewater treatment. The irrecoverable foulants encompassed a high molecular weight fraction not observed in the influent, potentially induced by aggregation from organic-inorganic foulant interaction. The terrestrial humic acid (HA)-like substance dominated the organic components of irrecoverable foulants, and the chelating cation Ca emerged as a dominant inorganic compound. Unexpectedly, we noticed the enrichment of Al, Fe, and Si in the irrecoverable fouling, despite their relatively low rejections by the EOL membrane. The potential complex interactions among HA-like substances, Ca, Al, Fe, and Si were revealed by correlation and cluster analysis. The strong bridging potentials of [Al(OH)4]-, Fe(OH)3 at neutral pH, coupled with the colloidal property of Si, may facilitate the aggregation of organic and inorganic compounds, forming complex irrecoverable foulants with strong affinity for the membrane matrix. Besides, the irrecoverable fouling exhibited an increasing trend along the water flow direction. The mystery of irrecoverable fouling of EOL membrane was, for the first time, systematically unraveled, establishing a foundation for the development of effective membrane cleaning and regeneration technology.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Preliminary Study on Hypoglycemic Activity of Fructus Swietenia Macrophylla Extract

This project studies the method of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction to extract hypoglycemic components from Fructus Swietenia Macrophylla. It explores the effects of different solvents, ultrasonic time, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic frequency on the extraction rate of FSM extract. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments are used to optimize the extraction process, and the extract yield is used as an indicator to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the process. With the α-Amylase and β-The inhibition rate of amylase is used as an indicator to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the above-mentioned FSM extract. The results showed that using ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent, ultrasonic time of 30 mins, solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 (m/V), ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz, and ultrasonic temperature of 50℃ were the optimal extraction process for FSM extract. When adding 10 mg of FSM extract α-The inhibition rate of amylase can reach 78.74% ± 1.8%, which is beneficial for β-The inhibition rate of amylase can reach 85.12% ± 2.38%, indicating a good inhibitory effect, indicating that FSM extract has certain hypoglycemic activity.

Green regeneration and high-value utilization technology of the electrolyte from spent lithium-ion batteries

With the rapid growth of demand and production capacity for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), there has been a significant and cumulative increase in the number of spent LIBs, which possess dual attributes of high risk and resource value. However, current research on their recycling and utilization primarily focuses on the cathode and anode materials, neglecting the electrolyte. This article proposes a method for recycling the spent electrolyte as a commercial electrolyte which consists of extracting it as a whole, removing impurities, and adding necessary components, such as organic solvent extraction, vacuum distillation, water leaching, molecular sieve purification, and component supplements. The results show that this method can not only remove organic phosphates that affect the electrolyte performance but also avoid the toxic gases generated by the hydrolysis of LiPF6, subsequently recovering it in the form of LiF, CaF2, Ca3(PO4)2. Furthermore, it enables the purification of organic solvents within the spent electrolyte for reuse and the preparation of a regenerated electrolyte that meets commercial requirements. The regenerated electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 2.2 S·cm−1 at 293.15 K and an apparent activation energy of 4.73 kJ/mol, closely resembling that of a commercial electrolyte with the same composition. This research represents a significant breakthrough in electrolyte recycling, enabling the reuse of the electrolyte from spent LIBs and offering guidance for achieving a complete closed-loop recycling of LIBs.

Efficient supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Hematococcus pluvialis at high pressure

Astaxanthin derived from Hematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) exhibits potent capacity in scavenging free radicals and quenching active oxygen. However, the conventional extraction of Astaxanthin from H. pluvialis involves the use of a substantial amount of organic reagents, leading to environmental pollution and low extraction efficiency. In this work, a high-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction (H-SFE) was applied to extract astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Influential parameters of H-SFE were optimized by single factor, orthogonal test and kinetics experiments. Extraction pressure is a critical component influencing the extraction efficiency of SFE. Increased pressure results in increased supercritical CO2 density and thus increased solubility of substances and enhanced component extraction. The extraction yield of astaxanthin at 65MPa was 1.25 times and 2.32 times higher than that at 45MPa and 25MPa, respectively. The H-SFE extraction yield of astaxanthin was 20%-70% higher than that of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and organic solvent extraction (OSE).

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( Channa striata ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying

Manufacturing of protein concentrate from the flesh of snakehead fish ( <i>Channa striata</i> ) through consecutive ultrasound-assisted organic solvent extraction and vacuum drying

Research Progress on Extraction, Separation, and Purification Methods of Plant Essential Oils

Essential oils (EOs), also called liquid gold, are known for their wide range of applications and biological activities. The modern use of EOs has received increasing attention for more than 60 years. The precious EOs have been refined from plant raw materials using a variety of methods. Since the extraction, separation, and purification methods determine the type, quantity, and stereochemical structure of EO molecules as well as the final yield and quality of EOs, the selection of an appropriate method is crucial. The traditional and emerging extraction methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, organic solvent extraction, etc.), as well as separation and purification methods (chromatography, macroporous resin, chemical reaction, etc.), of plant EOs and their main volatile compounds were shown. Our review focused on the principles, processes, characteristics, and applications of these methods, so as to better understand the preparation of pure plant EOs and further guide their large-scale use.

Impact of petroleum expulsion and evaporation losses on shale oil assessment using pyrolysis techniques

Shale reservoirs contain petroleum that undergoes losses through oil expulsion and evaporation, with uncertain implications on shale oil reserves and mobility evaluation. This study focuses on understanding the influence of these losses on open‐system pyrolysis, the primary method for assessing shale oil content and mobility. Comprehensive analyses were performed on 26 lacustrine shale samples from the Chang7 Member, encompassing total organic carbon (TOC), programmed pyrolysis, solvent extraction, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The research examines the impact of petroleum losses on petroleum fractions, the oil saturation index (OSI), and multi‐step pyrolysis outcomes. The findings indicate that Chang7 shale with TOC content above 7% experiences more substantial petroleum losses than those with TOC below 7%. Petroleum losses result in significant fractional distillation of crude oil in the shale, leading to the deterioration of shale oil properties and a notable reduction in free oil content in S1, ultimately causing a decline in OSI values. As a result, Chang7 shale with TOC below 7% demonstrates a higher potential for shale oil recovery, whereas Chang7 shale with TOC exceeding 7% should be considered more significant as a hydrocarbon source rock. Moreover, multi‐step pyrolysis is not suitable for assessing petroleum mobility in shale with low free oil content (OSI values below 100 mg/g). This limitation arises from the loss of free low‐boiling components in Chang7 shale, and the currently detected low‐boiling pyrolysis products may predominantly exist in an adsorbed state.

Organic solvent extraction of anabolic steroids from aqueous solutions

Organic solvent extraction of anabolic steroids from aqueous solutions

Enhanced Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Industry Waste Using Menthol/Fatty Acid Deep Eutectic Solvent

This study aimed to explore the efficiency of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) composed of menthol and fatty acids for extracting carotenoids from tomato by-products. A selection of nine different HDESs and fatty acid mixtures were prepared and evaluated for their carotenoid extraction potential. The highest extraction yield was obtained with menthol/hexanoic acid 2:1 (94.5 ± 3.3 μg CtE/g dm), demonstrating the influence of the specific composition of DES components on extraction efficiency. An optimization process employing a Box–Behnken design was conducted to identify the optimal extraction conditions. The solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction time, and temperature were studied, resulting in an extraction yield increase of up to 48.5% under optimized conditions (solvent-to-solid ratio of 25:1, extraction time of 90 min, and temperature of 50 °C). Furthermore, potent antioxidant properties, including antiradical activity (63.7 ± 4 μmol AAE/g dm) and reducing power (26.7 ± 1.8 μmol AAE/g dm), were recorded. Comparative analyses with conventional organic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone) highlighted the superiority of HDES in both carotenoid extraction and antioxidant capacity. A color analysis of the extracts showed distinctive color profiles, with the HDES extract displaying higher redness and reduced yellowness compared to organic solvent extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate correlation analysis (MCA) revealed strong correlations between total carotenoid content and antioxidant parameters, underscoring the relationship between carotenoid extraction and antioxidant potential. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of HDESs, particularly Men/Hex 2:1, as efficient and sustainable solvents for carotenoid extraction. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of innovative and environmentally friendly methods for extracting carotenoids with potential applications in various industries.

Pinobanksin from peony seed husk: A flavonoid with the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SH-SY5Y.

Pinobanksin, as one of the flavonoids, has powerful biological activities but has been under-recognized. In this study, we optimized the extraction method of phragmites from peony seed shells by using organic solvent extraction. The yield of PSMS was 10.54 ± 0.13% under the conditions of ethanol volume fraction 70%, extraction temperature 70°C, material-liquid ratio 1:25 g/mL, and extraction time 60 min; the optimized PSMS could be effectively separated in S-8 macroporous resin coupled with C18. The relative content of PSMS was increased from 0.42% in PSMS to 92.53% after C18 purification; the antioxidant activity test revealed that pinobanksin could exert antioxidant ability by binding catalase (CAT) enzyme. Second, it was found that pinobanksin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells, mainly by binding to BCL2-associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), and cyclin-dependent Kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) to produce more hydrogen bonds to inhibit their activities. This study confirms the medicinal potential of pinobanksin and provides the basis for the proper understanding of pinobanksin and the development of related products.

Establishment and Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction and Detection System for Hemerocallis

Hemerocallis is a characteristic vegetable with outstanding edible and medicinal value. Flavonoids are important bioactive components of Hemerocallis. To improve the extraction efficiency and detection accuracy of flavonoids from Hemerocallis, we established a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection system, which can simultaneously detect multiple flavonoids. In addition to the previously developed organic solvent extraction method, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique that uses fewer samples was established to extract flavonoids from Hemerocallis. The extraction conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction were optimized via a single-factor experiment and a response surface experiment. The HPLC system detected and determined the contents of rutin, isoquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, and diosmetin from 70 Hemerocallis germplasm resources. In addition, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of flavonoids in Hemerocallis using DPPH free radical scavenging capacity with ascorbic acid (Vc) as a positive control. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the ultrasonic extraction process were as follows: sample weight of 0.25 g, ethanol volume fraction of 72%, ethanol volume of 2.5 mL, and ultrasonic extraction time of 17 min. Under these conditions, flavonoid extraction had a strong scavenging effect on DPPH. With the increase in the sample solutions’ concentrations, its antioxidant capacity was gradually enhanced, and the DPPH scavenging rate reached 70.2%. The optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology can increase the total content of six flavonoids in day lily bud by 59.01%, especially the content of rutin (increased by 64.41%) in Hemerocallis flower buds. Among 70 Hemerocallis plant resources, we selected materials H0087 and H0059 with high and stable flavonoid content, with the total content of six substances being 4390.54 ug/g and 3777.13 ug/g. Thus, this study provides a reference for extracting and determining flavonoid contents in Hemerocallis materials. It also provides a theoretical basis for high-quality individual plant breeding.

Extraction optimization of tea saponins from Camellia oleifera seed meal with deep eutectic solvents: Composition identification and properties evaluation.

Traditional organic solvent extractions of tea saponins have many drawbacks. This study aimed to establish an environment-friendly and efficient technology based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract tea saponins from Camellia oleifera seed meal. The solvent consisting of choline chloride and methylurea was screened as optimal DES. Under the optimal extraction conditions obtained by response surface methodology, the extraction yield of tea saponins reached 94.36mg/g, which increased by 27% compared with ethanol extraction, while the extraction time was reduced by 50%. Analysis of UV, FT-IR, and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS indicated tea saponins did not alter during DES extraction. Surface activity and emulsification evaluation showed that extracted tea saponins could reduce interfacial tension at the oil-water interface with excellent foamability and foam stability, and they could form nanoemulsions (d32<200nm) with excellent stability. This study provides a suitable approach for the efficient extraction of tea saponins.

Separation of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and water by organic solvent extraction based on quantum chemistry calculation and liquid-liquid equilibrium experiment

1-Methoxy-2-propanol (PM) is extensively utilized in various industries, including coatings and semiconductor applications, owing to its low toxicity and affordability. However, PM + water mixture was an azeotrope with lowest boiling point, which presents a challenge in separating azeotropic mixture for industrial production. In this study, selectivity coefficient (Scal) and extractant loss (SL) were calculated using the open-source COSMO-SAC model by evaluating its activity coefficients at infinite dilution. Then, four extractants, butyl propionate, butyl acetate, 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) and isobutyl alcohol, were selected and verified. The ternary liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data measurement for water + PM + butyl propionate/ butyl acetate/MIBK/ isobutyl alcohol systems were achieved at 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa. In addition, distribution coefficient (D) and selectivity coefficient (S) were calculated by the achieved data and used as indexes to further judge the performance of the extractants. Meanwhile, the widely adopted NRTL activity coefficient model was applied to regress LLE data, the corresponding root mean square deviation (RMSD) was less than 0.008. Accuracy of the regressed binary interaction parameters were evaluated through the Gibbs energy topology analysis. Besides, the possible extraction ability was investigated and confirmed at the micro level, of which the electrostatic potential (ESP), H-bond length, complexes’ interaction energy were explored. Further, the radial distribution function (RDF) was achieved by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to further explain its interactions. This study can provide new theoretical guidance for organic extractants selection,then used for the separation of PM from azeotropic mixtures.

Impacts of Pore Structure on the Occurrence of Free Oil in Lacustrine Shale Pore Networks

The ultimate recovery of shale oil is mostly dependent upon the occurrence and content of free oil within the nano-scaled pore network of shale reservoirs. Due to the nanoporous nature of shale, quantitatively characterizing the occurrence and content of free oil in shale is a formidable undertaking. To tackle this challenge, 12 lacustrine shale samples with diverse organic matter content from the Chang7 Member in the southern Ordos Basin were selected, and the characteristics of free oil occurrence were indirectly characterized by comparing changes in pore structure before and after organic solvent extraction. The free oil enrichment in shale was assessed using the oil saturation index (OSI), corrected oil saturation index (OSIcorr), and percentage of saturated hydrocarbons. The results revealed that slit-like interparticle pores with diameters less than 30 nm are dominant in the Chang7 shale. Conceptual models for the pore structures containing free oil were established for shale with total organic carbon (TOC) content less than 9% and greater than 9%, respectively. Shale samples with TOC content less than 9% exhibit a well-developed pore network characterized by relatively larger pore volume, surface area, and heterogeneity. Conversely, shale samples with TOC content exceeding 9% display a less developed pore network characterized by relatively smaller pore volume, surface area, and heterogeneity. Larger pore volume and lower organic matter abundance favor the enrichment of free oil within the lacustrine shale pore network. This study may have significant implications for understanding oil transport in shales.

Organic solvent extraction and characterization of Antarctic krill protein with high crystallinity and high molecular weight

A novel extraction method of high-performance Antarctic krill protein (AKP) by organic solvent was proposed. The optimal parameters of the acid pretreatment process were determined by response surface methodology, and then the optimal process of the organic solvent method was determined by an orthogonal test. The effect of the organic solvent method on the hydrogen bond interaction, secondary structure, and molecular weight of AKP was studied by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and gel electrophoresis. The result showed that, compared with the AKP extracted by the alkaline solvent method, the AKP extracted by the organic solvent method had more intermolecular hydrogen bonds, more β-corner, higher crystallinity, and higher molecular weight. High-performance AKP broadens the application of AKP in biomedical materials.

Combining Conventional Organic Solvent Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, and Chromatographic Techniques to Obtain Pure Betanin from Beetroot for Clinical Purposes.

Red beetroot extract (E162) is a natural colorant that owes its color to betanin, its major red pigment. Betanin displays remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties mediated by its structure and influence on gene expression. However, the betanin employed in most preclinical assays is a beetroot extract diluted in dextrin, not pure betanin, as no isolated compound is commercially available. This makes its use inaccurate concerning product content estimates and biological effect assessments. Herein, a combination of conventional extraction under orbital shaking and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to purify betanin by semi-preparative HPLC was performed. The employed methodology extracts betalains at over a 90% yield, achieving 1.74 ± 0.01 mg of pure betanin/g beetroot, a 41% yield from beetroot contents increasing to 50 %, considering the betalains pool. The purified betanin exhibited an 85% purity degree against 32 or 72% of a commercial standard evaluated by LC-MS or HPLC methods, respectively. The identity of purified betanin was confirmed by UV-Vis, LC-MS, and 1H NMR. The combination of a conventional extraction, UAE, and semi-preparative HPLC allowed for betanin purification with a high yield, superior purity, and almost three times more antioxidant power compared to commercial betanin, being, therefore, more suitable for clinical purposes.

Evaluation Of Phytochemical Active Ingredients Present In Organic Solvent Extracts And Larvicidal Properties Of Some Selected Plants From Taraba State Against Anopheles Larvae

The Continuous use of synthetic insecticides and its toxicity problems coupled with the incidence of insect resistance calls for the need for alternative insecticide. Plants extracts a rich source of bioactive compounds can provide an alternative source of insecticide which are ecofriendly. The research evaluated the phytochemical active ingredients present in organic solvent extracts and larvicidal effect of some selected plants from Taraba state against Anopheles larvae. World Health Organisation protocol was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Twenty group of fourth instar Anopheles larvae were exposed to various concentrations of 200,400,600 and 800ppm, mortality was observed and recorded after 24 hours. The results of preliminary qualitative phytochemical analyses of tested plants revealed the presence of some secondary metabolite that may be responsible for the bio control potentials. Acetone extract of Hyptis suaveoleons against the fourth instant anopheles larval was observed to have the highest percentage mortality among the entire plants extracts than the aqueous. The lowest mortality was observed at 200ppm with 35.0% while the maximum was at 800ppm with 80.0%. Lc50 and Lc90 values were achieved at 438 and 866ppm with the LCL -UCL 340-540 and 722-1151 respectively. While the biological activity of Hyptis suaveolence aqueous extract had its lowest mortality at 200ppm with 36.67% while the maximum was at 800ppm with 80.0%. Lc50 and Lc90 values were achieved at 582 and 1225ppm with the LCL -UCL 449-806 and 942-2636 respectively. Ancova results showed no significance difference at p&gt;0.05 among the mean percentage mortality of the treated doses.&#x0D;

Exploring Immune Modulatory Effects of Cyclotide-Enriched Viola tricolor Preparations.

Viola tricolor is a medicinal plant with documented application as an anti-inflammatory herb. The standard of care for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is immunosuppressive therapeutics or biologics, which often have undesired effects. We explored V.tricolor herbal preparations that are rich in an emerging class of phytochemicals with drug-like properties, so-called cyclotides. As an alternative to existing inflammatory bowel disease medications, cyclotides have immunomodulatory properties, and their intrinsic stability allows for application in the gastrointestinal tract, for instance, via oral administration. We optimized the isolation procedure to improve the yield of cyclotides and compared the cellular effects of violet-derived organic solvent-extracts, aqueous preparations, and an isolated cyclotide from this plant on primary human T lymphocytes and macrophages, i.e., cells that are crucial for the initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel disease. The hot water herbal decoctions have a stronger immunosuppressive activity towards proliferation, interferon-γ, and interleukin-21 secretion of primary human T cells than a DCM/MeOH cyclotide-enriched extract, and the isolated cyclotide kalata S appears as one of the active components responsible for the observed effects. This effect was increased by a longer boiling duration. In contrast, the DCM/MeOH cyclotide-enriched extract was more effective in reducing the levels of cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-12, interleukin-23, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C - X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, secreted by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Defined cyclotide preparations of V.tricolor have promising pharmacological effects in modulating immune cell responses at the cytokine levels. This is important towards understanding the role of cyclotide-containing herbal drug preparations for future applications in immune disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease.