Organic Salt Solutions Research Articles

A new and improved strategy combining a dispersive-solid phase extraction-based multiclass method with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for analysis of low molecular weight polyphenols in vegetables

This paper reports on the development and optimization of a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) based extraction technique coupled with a clean-up dispersive-solid phase extraction (dSPE) as a new, reliable and powerful strategy to enhance the extraction efficiency of free low molecular-weight polyphenols in selected species of dietary vegetables. The process involves two simple steps. First, the homogenized samples are extracted and partitioned using an organic solvent and salt solution. Then, the supernatant is further extracted and cleaned using a dSPE technique. Final clear extracts of vegetables were concentrated under vacuum to near dryness and taken up into initial mobile phase (0.1% formic acid and 20% methanol). The separation and quantification of free low molecular weight polyphenols from the vegetable extracts was achieved by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) equipped with a phodiode array (PDA) detection system and a Trifunctional High Strength Silica capillary analytical column (HSS T3), specially designed for polar compounds.The performance of the method was assessed by studying the selectivity, linear dynamic range, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, trueness, and matrix effects. The validation parameters of the method showed satisfactory figures of merit. Good linearity (Rvalues2>0.954; (+)-catechin in carrot samples) was achieved at the studied concentration range. Reproducibility was better than 3%. Consistent recoveries of polyphenols ranging from 78.4 to 99.9% were observed when all target vegetable samples were spiked at two concentration levels, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=5) lower than 2.9%. The LODs and the LOQs ranged from 0.005μgmL−1 (trans-resveratrol, carrot) to 0.62μgmL−1 (syringic acid, garlic) and from 0.016μgmL−1 (trans-resveratrol, carrot) to 0.87μgmL−1 ((+)-catechin, carrot) depending on the compound. The method was applied for studying the occurrence of free low molecular weight polyphenols in eight selected dietary vegetables (broccoli, tomato, carrot, garlic, onion, red pepper, green pepper and beetroot), providing a valuable and promising tool for food quality evaluation.

Organic ionic salt draw solutions for osmotic membrane bioreactors

This investigation evaluates the use of organic ionic salt solutions as draw solutions for specific use in osmotic membrane bioreactors. Also, this investigation presents a simple method for determining the diffusion coefficient of ionic salt solutions using only a characterized membrane. A selection of organic ionic draw solutions underwent a desktop screening process before being tested in the laboratory and evaluated for performance using specific salt flux (reverse salt flux per unit water flux), biodegradation potential, and replenishment cost. Two of the salts were found to have specific salt fluxes three to six times lower than two commonly used inorganic draw solutions, NaCl and MgCl2. All of the salts tested have organic anions with the potential to degrade in the bioreactor as a carbon source and aid in nutrient removal. Results demonstrate the potential benefits of organic ionic salt draw solutions over currently implemented inorganics in osmotic membrane bioreactor systems.

Effects and Mechanism of Organic Acids on Aluminum Availability of Dark Brown Forest Soil

The effects and mechanism of different concentration organic acids and organic salts solution on Al availability of dark brown forest soil were studied. It was resulted that, oxalic acid/oxalate and citric acid/citrate substantially stimulated soil Al release of dark brown forest soil. The effect of organic acids/salts on Al release would be strengthen with increasing of their concentrations.The contents of Al released from A1 horizon was higher than that from B horizon. Organic salt solutions had much higher effects than organic acid the same in concentration, i.e. citrate>citric acid, oxalate>oxalic acid. Therefore, the mechanism of organic acid/salts triggering release of soil Al was assumed to be dominated by complexation reactions of organic anions. Citric acid/ citrate had much higher effect than oxalic acid/ oxalate at same concentration to A1 and B horizons, i.e. citrate> oxalate, citric acid>oxalic acid, which was primarily related with the greater complexing capacities and dissociation constants of citric acid.

Immediate reduction of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium viability via membrane destabilization following exposure to multiple-hurdle treatments with heated, acidified organic acid salt solutions.

The antimicrobial activity of organic acids in combination with nonchemical treatments was evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium within 1 min. It was observed that the effectiveness of the multiple-hurdle treatments was temperature (P ≤ 0.05) and pH (P ≤ 0.05) dependent and corresponded to the degree of organic acid lipophilicity (sodium acetate being least effective and sodium propionate being the most effective). This led to the hypothesis that the loss in viability was due at least in part to cell membrane disruption. Evaluation of osmotic response, potassium ion leakage, and transmission electron micrographs confirmed treatment effects on the cell membrane. Interestingly, all treatments, even those with no effect on viability, such as with sodium acetate, resulted in measurable cellular stress. Microarray experiments explored the specific response of S. Typhimurium to sodium acetate and sodium propionate, the most similar of the tested treatments in terms of pK(a) and ionic strength, and found little difference in the changes in gene expression following exposure to either, despite their very different effects on viability. Taken together, the results reported support our hypothesis that treatment with heated, acidified, organic acid salt solutions for 1 min causes loss of S. Typhimurium viability at least in part by membrane damage and that the degree of effectiveness can be correlated with lipophilicity of the organic acid. Overall, the data presented here indicate that a combined thermal, acidified sodium propionate treatment can provide an effective antimicrobial treatment against Salmonella.

Synergistic Reduction of Salmonella in a Model Raw Chicken Media using a Combined Thermal and Acidified Organic Acid Salt Intervention Treatment

Salmonella-contaminated poultry products are considered major contributors to foodborne illness. The anti-Salmonella activity of organic acid salts has been studied in food products and poultry feed but rarely in combination with nonchemical treatments. Here, we investigated the combination of acidified organic acid salt solutions with thermal treatment as an effective Salmonella intervention applicable in poultry carcass processing. A model raw chicken media was used to propagate Salmonella prior to the intervention treatment. Salmonella Typhimurium strains LT2 and ATCC nr 14028 grew similarly in the model raw chicken media at 37 and 42 degrees C, reaching stationary phase 24 h after inoculation. Four log(10)CFU of either Salmonella Typhimurium strain at stationary phase was exposed to 2.5% organic acid salt solutions (at pH 4) for 1 min at 55 degrees C. All organic acid salt treatments yielded significant Salmonella Typhimurium reductions, ranging from 1 log (sodium acetate) to almost 4 logs (sodium butyrate). Exposure to pH 4 water at 55 degrees C or the organic acid salt solutions at room temperature had no effect. The combined thermal and acidified organic acid salt intervention produced a significant, synergistic reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and may represent an effective method for decontamination of poultry carcasses during processing.

Slowing DNA Translocation through Nanopores using Organic Salt Solutions

One of the key challenges to nanopore DNA sequencing is to slow down DNA translocation. Here, we report that the translocation velocities of various DNA homo- and co-polymers through protein pores could be significantly decreased by using electrolyte solutions containing organic salts. Using a butylmethylimidazolium chloride solution instead of the commonly used KCl solution, DNA translocation rates on the order of hundreds of microseconds per nucleotide base were achieved. The much enhanced resolution of the nanopore coupled with the different event blockage amplitudes produced by different nucleotides permits the convenient differentiation between various DNA molecules.

Distribution coefficients of vitamin B2 in hydrophilic organic solvent-aqueous salt solution systems

Distribution coefficients of vitamin B2 in hydrophilic solvent (n-butanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and their mixtures)-aqueous salt (potassium chloride, sodium fluoride, and ammonium sulfate salting-out agents) solution systems were calculated. The synergic effect and optimum proportions of components in the solvent mixture for efficient extraction of vitamin B2 from aqueous solutions were established.

Electrochemical Behaviors of Silicon Electrode in Lithium Salt Solution Containing Alkoxy Silane Additives

The electrochemical behaviors of a silicon thin-film electrode in organic lithium salt solution were explored with focus on irreversible reactions of the first lithium charge and discharge cycling by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combined with various electrochemical techniques. A considerable increase in mass of the silicon electrode was observed during lithium charging even before lithium absorption into the electrode, which is ascribed to the buildup of electrolyte reduction products on the silicon surface. Galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments combined with ac impedance spectroscopy demonstrate a significant overpotential growth and an aggravating capacity for the lithium charge and discharge cycling, and suggest they are due to the sedimentation of electrolyte reduction product. Additives containing alkoxy silane functional groups were evaluated as a passivation agent for lithium rechargeable batteries utilizing a silicon anode. The presence of additives in electrolyte suppressed the mass accumulation to the silicon electrode caused by irreversible electrolyte reductions and improved the electrode for cycle life. Electrochemical analyses associated with EQCM as a function of the number of alkoxy functional groups of the additives illustrate that the silicon electrode is passivated by chemical reaction of the alkoxy silane functional group of the additives with hydroxyl groups at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and this passivation improves the cycle life.

Elastic splash of two Newtonian liquids

When a falling drop impacts a thin liquid surface, the resultant splash involves the competition of inertia, viscosity, and surface tension, and in certain limits the familiar crown results. For viscoelastic fluids either polymeric or micellar , there is typically much less of a splash due to the high extensional viscosity of these fluids. Here we present a novel cross between these two cases: the splash of two Newtonian liquids that only become viscoelastic during the splash. At the instant depicted in Fig. 1 a , both the falling droplet 0.2 ml and the thin quiescent layer 2 mm deep are still Newtonian fluids. The droplet is an aqueous solution of organic salt 350 mM sodium salicylate , and the thin layer is an aqueous surfactant solution 350 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide . When mixed homogeneously, these solutions are known to produce a highly elastic wormlike micellar fluid; when brought into contact slowly in a Hele-Shaw cell, a thin viscoelastic skin forms. For an impact speed of 7.5 m/s, the sequence of images in Fig. 1 with times indicated provides evidence of increasing viscoelasticity throughout the growth and collapse of the splash. The fingers on the elastic crown stretch out like tentacles, showing a stability to pinch-off typical of elastic fluid filaments Figs. 1 b –1 f . Furthermore, the rising fluid curtain develops a texture indicative of the growing structures in the fluid Figs. 1 c –1 e and Fig. 2 . The onset of these effects allows us to estimate a reaction rate for the two components at about 500 s−1. The elastic crown can extend up to several cm above the surface, whereas the splash is much reduced for drop impact when both fluids are comprised of the constituents premixed. In some cases, the fluid curtain closes and forms an elastic bubble, with a jet often poised at its apex Fig. 3 a . If the dome fails to close, the curtain rapidly collapses, often pulling the beaded filaments back down into the fluid Figs. 1 f and 3 b . The resulting tangle often produces interesting forms Fig. 3 c . Such effects would not have occurred in a viscoelastic splash, in which elastic effects present from the beginning limit the formation of structure. By combining these two reactive wormlike micelle forming fluids during the splash, the elastic effects are delayed—with spectacular results.

Physico-Chemical Characterizations of Tunisian Organophilic Bentonites

Organoclays were prepared from two tunisian purified Na-bentonites using benzyltetradecyldimethylammonium chloride (C14) and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium chloride (C12). The added quantities of organic salts, expressed as a function of the clay's cationic exchange capacity (CEC), have been varied from 0.3 to 4 CEC. Two different methods were investigated in order to determine the influence of the preparation method on the adsorption properties: on one hand, dry powder clay (method I) and, on the other hand, aqueous clay suspensions (method II) were mixed with the organic salt solutions. The adsorption of organic cations on clays was studied by adsorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It appears that more salts are adsorbed in the clay interlayer space when using method II. The arrangement of salts within clay is rather complicated. It depends on clay composition, nature of tensioactive molecules, CEC of the clay, and preparation method. According to these parameters, the inserted surfactants can be arranged in monolayer, paraffin, or admicelles structures.

Influência de aditivos na injetabilidade de cimento ósseo de fosfato tricálcico

Os cimentos de fosfatos de cálcio são biomateriais formados pela mistura de um pó de fosfato de cálcio com água ou com solução aquosa de sais orgânicos ou inorgânicos formando uma pasta que reage à temperatura ambiente ou corpórea, endurecendo como resultado da reação de precipitação. Cimentos de fosfato de cálcio são usados comumente em cirurgias de preenchimento ósseo na odontologia e ortopedia, que requerem procedimentos extremamente invasivos. A inovação consiste em formular uma pasta injetável pela incorporação de aditivos. Neste estudo, três aditivos (carboxi-metil-celulose, polímero de agar e alginato de sódio) foram incorporados a fosfato tricálcico-alfa, nas concentrações de 0,4%; 0,8%; 1,6%; 3,2%; 6,4% em massa. Os resultados demonstraram que foi possível obter composições de cimento de fosfato tricálcico injetáveis. Verificou-se que a injetabilidade, medida por um método inédito proposto, depende do comportamento reológico das pastas. Neste estudo, as formulações com 1,6% de carboxi-metil-celulose, 1,6% de agar e 0,8% de alginato de sódio, permitiram a obtenção de uma viscosidade suficiente para uma boa homogeneização e injeção do cimento.

Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ethyl 4‐Chloro‐3‐oxobutyrate in Solutions of Organic Salts with Recycling of the Catalyst Ru‐BINAP.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Effects of Organic Acid Salt Solutions on Sensory and Other Quality Characteristics of Frankfurters

ABSTRACT: The technical feasibility of using organic acid salts for surface treatment of frankfurters to determine their sensory and other quality characteristics and their ability to inhibit bacterial growth was investigated. To be practically effective, such treatments for frankfurters should have no adverse effects on meat quality attributes, including sensory quality, color, or texture. A 6% sodium diacetate + potassium benzoate (SD/PB) treatment significantly increased meat flavor, and a 3% sodium lactate + sodium diacetate + potassium benzoate (SL/SD/PB) treatment significantly decreased smoke flavor compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between controls and the surface-treated frankfurters when comparing salty, sour, or pepper flavors. On the other hand, the SL/SD/PB at either 3% or 6% significantly increased the lightness (L*) and decreased the redness (a*) value for frankfurters compared with the control group. For storage time longer than 2 mo, the L* value significantly increased and the a* value decreased. Evaluation of quality characteristics showed that after surface treatment with organic acid salts, no differences were observed between controls and treated frankfurters for pH, nitrite concentration, or sodium content.

Preparation of Single Crystals under Hydrothermal Conditions

The capability of preparing carbonates and hydroxides that decompose in air at high temperatures is one of the advantages of hydrothermal reactions as a preparation technique for inorganic materials. In this study, new hydrothermal techniques to prepare single crystals of calcite (carbonate) and hydroxyapatite (hydroxide) were described. For hydrothermal crystal growth of calcite, organic salt solutions were used as a mineralizer for the first time and a solution of ammonium acetate was found to be an excellent mineralizer to obtain high growth rate under mild hydrothermal conditions. Single crystals of hydroxyapatite were prepared from chlorapatite single crystals by ion exchange in alkaline solutions under hydrothermal conditions. The transformation mechanism was explained by dissolution and precipitation of clusters.

Enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutyrate in solutions of organic salts with recycling of the catalyst Ru-BINAP

Enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutyrate in ionic liquid systems containing tetraethylammonium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of the chiral catalyst Ru-BINAP ensures a high level of asymmetric induction after at least threefold recycling of the catalyst.

Organic Acids and Their Salts as Dipping Solutions To Control Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated following Processing of Sliced Pork Bologna Stored at 4°C in Vacuum Packages

Postprocessing contamination of cured meats with Listeria monocytogenes has become a major concern for the meat processing industry and an important food safety issue. This study evaluated aqueous dipping solutions of organic acids (2.5 or 5% lactic or acetic acid) or salts (2.5 or 5% sodium acetate or sodium diacetate, 5 or 10% sodium lactate, 5% potassium sorbate or potassium benzoate) to control L. monocytogenes on sliced, vacuum-packaged bologna stored at 4°C for up to 120 days. Organic acids and salts were applied by immersing (1 min) in each solution inoculated (102 to 103 CFU/cm2) slices of bologna before vacuum packaging. Growth of L. monocytogenes (PALCAM agar) on inoculated bologna slices without treatment exceeded 7 log CFU/cm2 (P < 0.05) at 20 days of storage. No significant (P > 0.05) increase in L. monocytogenes populations occurred on bologna slices treated with 2.5 or 5% acetic acid, 5% sodium diacetate, or 5% potassium benzoate from day 0 to 120. Products treated with 5% potassium sorbate and 5% lactic acid were stored for 50 and 90 days, respectively, before a significant (P < 0.05) increase in L. monocytogenes occurred. All other treatments permitted growth of the pathogen at earlier days of storage, with sodium lactate (5 or 10%) permitting growth within 20 to 35 days. Extent of bacterial growth on trypticase soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) was similar to that on PALCAM, indicating that the major part of total bacteria grown on TSAYE agar plates incubated at 30°C was L. monocytogenes. Further studies are needed to evaluate organic acids and salts as dipping solutions at abusive temperatures of retail storage, to optimize their concentrations in terms of product sensory quality, and to evaluate their effects against various other types of microorganisms and on product shelf life. In addition, technologies for the commercial application of postprocessing antimicrobial solutions in meat plants need to be developed.

Improvement of quality of hydrothermally grown calcite single crystals

The effects of growth factors (nutrient and mineralizer) on the perfection of calcite single crystals grown under hydrothermal conditions in an organic salt solution were investigated. The increase of carbon number in alkyl group of the ammonium monocarboxylates as a mineralizer solution, showed a general trend of decreasing the growth rate. When Iceland spar was used as the nutrient instead of natural limestone, the dislocation density remarkably decreased. It was shown that Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ ions in the nutrient caused the increase in the dislocation density in the grown calcite crystals.

Flux enhancement in TFC RO membranes

AbstractThe effects of varying processing conditions during fabrication of TFC RO membranes were systematically investigated. It was found that the membrane flux is greatly dependent on the processing steps that follow the synthesis of the thin film coating, such as washing, treatment with glycerol, and drying of the membrane. Glycerol is not simply a passive flux ‐ p reserving agent, preventing loss of porosity during oven drying. In combination with a second oven drying step, glycerol actively enhances flux. Membrane flux can be similarly enhanced by treatment with solutions of organic salts, followed by oven drying. The effect of these treatments is quite large, increasing the flux by 30–70%, with no loss of salt rejection. Flux‐enhancing additives were also used in the aqueous polyamine solution used to prepare the thin film coating.

Several Organic Salts with High Two‐Photon Active

AbstractSeveral organic salts with D‐A molecular structure and different counterion have been prepared and experimentally investigated. The two‐photon induced frequency‐upconverted spectra and two‐photon pumped lasing are measured for the organic salt solutions in various solvents. The results indicate that counterions have influence on their stability and lasing property.

Selection of a mineralizer from organic salt solutions for hydrothermal growth of calcite single crystals

Calcite single crystals with high purity and transparency, called Iceland spar, have been widely used for polarized devices. The artificial growth of calcite single crystals for these devices has been carried out by the hydrothermal method [1–12], TSSG (top-seeded solution growth) [13] and TSZM (travelling solvent zonemelting) technique [14, 15], using seed crystals. Both of the TSSG and TSZM techniques are based on the flux growth using Li2CO3 as a flux, which results in contamination of the grown crystals by Li. The hydrothermal method is the most suitable method to grow calcite crystals, because the dissociation of CO2 is suppressed under hydrothermal conditions and crystals with less thermal strains are grown at relatively low temperatures. The hydrothermal growth of calcite crystals has been carried out in the H2O-CO2 system [5, 6], or using inorganic salt solutions as a mineralizer, such as LiCl [1], NaCl [1, 9, 10], KCl [9], CaCl2 [1], NH4Cl [1], KNO3 [11], NaNO3 [11], Ca(NO3)2 [12], NH4NO3 [2, 3, 12], and K2CO3 [4]. However, the limited growth rate of calcite single crystals of up to 50 μm/day even under high temperature and high pressure hydrothermal conditions [4], obstructs the industrial production of calcite single crystals. The authors recently found that calcite crystals could be grown at high growth rate under mild hydrothermal conditions in an ammonium acetate solution, i.e. an organic salt solution [7, 8]. This result suggests the possibility of using other organic salt solutions as mineralizers for calcite crystal growth. In this paper, the solubility measurement and hydrothermal growth of calcite crystals were carried out in various organic salt solutions to find a suitable mineralizer for the hydrothermal growth of calcite crystals. The solubilities of calcite in various organic ammonium salt solutions were measured as described previously [16] and are shown in Table I. An autoclave lined with Hatelloy C with an inner volume of 12 cm3 was used for the measurements. The autoclave was equipped with a platinum mesh in the chamber to separate the solute from the solvent under hydrothermal conditions. A few pieces of cleaved natural single crystals of calcite (Iceland spar from Creel, Chihuahua, Mexico) were placed on the platinum mesh and one of the 0.1 M or 0.08 M organic ammonium salt solutions (60% fill ratio) was poured into the bottom of the autoclave after its pH was adjusted to 7.3 using aqueous ammonia. The contents of the autoclave were agitated at the desired temperature for 16 h by rotating the autoclave in an electric oven. After establishing the equilibrium, the rotation was stopped to separate the crystals from the solution under hydrothermal conditions, and then the autoclave was quenched into cold water. The solubility was determined from the weight difference of the crystals before and after the hydrothermal treatment. The results of the solubility measurements of calcite at 200 ◦C in various organic salt solutions (0.1 M), are summarized in Table I. After the hydrothermal treatment, a few solutions became black in color, which suggested that these organic salts decomposed under hydrothermal conditions. In general, calcite dissolves in ammonium mono-carboxylate solutions, although the solubility is lower than in the ammonium nitrate solution, an inorganic salt solution. The ammonium lactate and glutamate solutions gave high solubilities of calcite. The solubilities of calcite in ammonium monocarboxylate solutions (0.08 M) were measured up to