Organic Phosphate Insecticides Research Articles

Review of predatory mites as biocontrol agents against thrips in China

Thrips are one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental crops worldwide (Wan et al., 2020; Davari et al., 2021). The more severe species include Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips tabaci, Thrips flavidulus, Pseudodendrotrips mori, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and Megalurothrips usitatus (You et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2007; Saito et al., 2022). Many thrips have developed resistance to pesticides. For example, Frankliniella occidentalis developed different degrees of resistance to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides and environmentally friendly insecticides (Broadbent and Pree, 1997; Sun et al., 2022). Tobacco thrips have developed resistance to pyrethroid and organic phosphate insecticides (Krob et al., 2022). Soybean thrips also developed varying degrees of resistance to emamectin benzoate, beta-cypermethrin, and imidacloprid (Tang et al., 2016). Therefore, searching and screening effective natural enemies for biological control of thrips is urgent.

Determination of Dichlorvos Effect on Uterine Contractility Using Wavelet Transform

Purpose: The use of organic synthetic pesticides has increased heavily in recent years and organophosphate insecticides constitute 20–38% of the total pesticides used worldwide. Dichlorvos, an organic phosphate insecticide, is widely used for the control of the agricultural, industrial and domestic pest in most of the agricultural countries like Turkey and it is known that many chemical toxins are capable of producing changes in uterine contractions. In this study, the effects of different doses of dichlorvos on isolated uterus muscle contractions are evaluated.Methods: Wavelet scalogram analysis is preferred in the study because of its simultaneous time, frequency and energy screening capability.Results: Obtained results show that 50 μM and 100 μM doses of DDVP significantly decreased the energy of contractions.Conclusions: The study is important in that it shows toxic effects of DDVP on uterus which is responsible for reproductive function of mammalians and that it draws attention to an important public health problem. Furthermore, this is the first study showing that the wavelet transform can be readily utilized to determine the effects of insecticides and similar chemicals on the uterus spontaneous activity.

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of dichlorvos, isocarbophos and methyl parathion from plant leaves using chemiluminescence detection

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the detection of organic phosphorous insecticides (dichlorvos(DDVP), isocarbophos and methyl parathion). In addition to a traditional method using UV detection, we developed an alternative method based on chemiluminescent reaction of organic phosphorous insecticides with luminol and hydrogen peroxide. The sample containing organic phosphorous insecticides was injected into a Hypersil ODS column (5 μm 4.6×100 mm) and eluted with methanol:water (60:40 (v/v)). The chemiluminescence (CL) response is linear to the concentration of DDVP, isocarbophos and methyl parathion, respectively. Most metal ions and organic compounds tested do not interfere with the determination.

Effect of Fertilizer, Pesticide Treatment, and Plant Variety on the Realized Fecundity and Survival Rates of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) — Generating Outbreaks in Cambodia

Uneven farm practices between farmers cause the patchy pest distribution, especially in the brown planthopper (BPH: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) in Cambodia. Since 1994 BPH have attacked Cambodian rice fields in patchy form. More BPH attacked in field where farmers have more opportunity to use fertilizer and insecticides. Rice production in Cambodia will probably face more problems with BPH outbreaks as rice production intensifies. The birth and/or survival rate of BPH that leads to population outbreaks are related to fertilizer, plant variety and insecticide treatments. The experiments were conducted in the field and laboratory in Cambodia in 1999 to test the hypothesis above. A traditional variety (Eath Chhmoush), low and high fertilizer rates, and an organic phosphate insecticide (Diazinon) were used in the field experiment and two varieties (susceptible and tolerant to BPH) and three rates of NPK fertilizer were used in the laboratory study. BPH population and others arthropods were collected weekly from the field experiment by a D-vac machine. Two kinds of net cages (temporary and permanent) were covered the rice plants to determine the birth and survival rate of BPH population with and without natural enemies. Number of oöcytes was counted from BPH females, which reared in plant-cages. Birth and survival rates of BPH were higher in susceptible plants with high fertilizer rate used. The experiment indicated that natural enemies have played the important role to control the BPH population. The realized fecundity and survival of BPH was higher in susceptible host plant variety with high rate of NPK fertilizer used. The immediate response of fertilizer application to the BPH offspring production was not shown and will be tested in wet season 2000.

水晶発振子を用いたポリマーによる有機リン系殺虫剤および除草剤の吸着

We analysed the adsorption of organic phosphorous insecticides and herbicides by ethylcellulose, acetylcellulose, polysulfone, polystyrene and polyvinylchloride using the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM). Ethylcellulose had a high affinity for both organic phosphorous insecticides and herbicides. The adsorption capacity of acetylcellulos exhabited a low adsorption except for cyanophos.Polysulfone and polystyrene featured a high affinity for organic phosphorous insecticides and herbicides which polyvinylchloride had low except for fenitrothion. These results indicate that adsorption of insecticides and herbicide by polymers is affected by the chemical structure of the polymers used.

ポリアミノ酸による有機リン系殺虫剤および除草剤の吸着についての検討

Recently, it have been reported that many clinical cases have injested insecticides and herbicides either for the purpose of suicide or by mistake, and thet these agricaltural chemicals poison the soil, especially rivers or lakes. Removal of these compounds is thus needed. In this regard, we report herein the application of polyamino acids for the adsorption of these agricultural chemicals by using the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) method.The homopolyamino acids exhigbit a high affinity to malathion. Poly (Leu) adsorbed an equal mass of cyanophos and trifluralin. Accordingly, polyamino acids are expected to be useful as adsorbents for organic phosphorous insecticides and herbicides.

子牛の有機リン系殺虫剤中毒の発生例

子牛の有機リン系殺虫剤中毒の発生例

Insecticidal activity of new O, O‐dialkyl‐O‐1‐(dichlorophenyd‐2‐halogeno‐2‐carboalkoxy vinyl phosphates

Abstract Insecticidal activity of O,O‐diraethyl‐O‐1‐(2,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐chloro‐2‐carbomethoxy vinyl phosphate (IPO‐1391) and O,O‐dimethyl‐O‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl) ‐2‐bromo‐2‐carbomethoxy vinyl phosphate (IPO‐1401) was examined under laboratory and field conditions. The penetration of these compounds through the fly cuticle, fly‐head acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and the influence of piperonyl butoxide on the insecticidal activity were also evaluated. It was found that both new compounds are contact insecticides with a wide spectrum of activity. Like other organic phosphate insecticides, they inhibit fly‐head acetylcholinesterase. A significant degree of synergism with piperonyl butoxide suggests that the primary detoxification of the tested compounds can take place in insects by oxidative metabolism.

Control of European Corn Borer in Canning Sweet Corn, 1981

Abstract Corn was planted Jun 18 at a seeding rate of 19,500 plants per acre to evaluate the ability of various synthetic pyrethroid, carbamate, and organic phosphate insecticides to control European corn borer under Wisconsin conditions. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 60 GPA of finished spray at 40 psi. To accomplish this, two 8002 flat-fan nozzles were directed at the ear zone on both sides of the row.

Chromosome aberrations in patients suffering acute organic phosphate insecticide intoxication.

The mutagenicity of several insecticides (Fosfotion (Malathion), Ditriphon-50 (Trichlorfon), Wofatox (Methyl-parathion), Phosdrin (Mevinphos), Bi 58 (Dimethoate), Basudin E (Diazinon), Nuvan (Dichlorvos)) containing organic phosphoric acid esters was studied in the lymphocyte cultures of patients suffering intoxication as a result of either attempting to commit suicide or exposure during work due to violation of safety measures or inexperience. From each patient—except those who died in the acute period—three blood samples were taken: immediately (3 to 6 days) after exposure and about 30 and 180 days after intoxication. The results of the chromosome studies were compared to the seriousness of the intoxication and to the individual insecticides. A temporary, but significant increase was found in the frequency of chromatid breaks and stable chromosome-type aberrations in acutely intoxicated persons. The results obtained strongly suggest that the organic phosphoric acid esters studied exert direct mutagenic effects on the chromosomes.

Further tests of aerial applications of ULV organic phosphate insecticides for controlling the horn fly in South Dakota.

During the summer of 1969, Ravap® (a 1:4 mixture of dichlorvos and Cardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate)) and dichlorvos were tested in ULV formulations and applied by aircraft to control Haematobia irritans (L.) on range cattle in South Dakota. Ravap, in 4 pounds per gallon oil solution, was applied at 12 ounces per acre and dichlorvos at 90% solution at 2½ ounces per acre. Counts made the day following application showed that Ravap gave 78.2% reduction in the average number of horn flies per side on cows and 82.4% reduction on calves. Dichlorvos on the day following application gave 53.7% reduction on cows and 67.8% reduction on calves. Neither compound showed economic control at the end of 1 week. Horn flies, as counted in the check herd, showed 2 seasonal peaks, the average on July 15 was 1000 per side and on August 25 was 440 per side. The mid-season low average of 78 per side occurred August 4.

Aerial application of ULV organic phosphate insecticides for controlling livestock insect pests.

Field populations of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), on range cattle were generally sharply reduced initially and remained supressed throughout the summer with aerial applications of ultra-low-volume organic phosphate insecticides. Applications were made at approximately biweekly intervals for a total of 4 applications in Charles Mix and Douglas Counties, South Dakota. The compounds tested were 95% malathion at 8 oz per acre, 94% RABON® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) at 12 oz per acre, 93% trichlorfon at 8 oz per acre, 93% fenthion at 1.6 oz per acre, and 85% naled at 1, 2, and 3 oz per acre. Control of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, could not be evaluated because of naturally low populations. All compounds suppressed horn fly populations, but trichlorfon and fenthion were less effective in showing initial reductions.

Modification of microsomal enzyme activity and parathion toxicity in rats

Compounds which alter hepatic microsomal enzyme activity may also affect the toxicity of organic phosphate insecticides (1,2). The effect of compounds such as SKF-525A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2,2diphenylvalerate-HCl), 3,4 Benzpyrene and phenobarbital on the in vitro metabolism of parathion by rat liver microsome~-ha~n reported by ~eal (3,4). Studies have also been carried out on the effect of phenobarbital (1,2), aldrin, chlordan and lindane (5) on the acute toxicity of parathion. IIowever, there has been no attempt to correlate in vitro parathion degradation with in vivo toxicolo~ca~----~ta in the above studies. I-~ suc--~--a correlation existed it would permit the use of in vitro assays to establish the effect of stress con~ons on the acute toxicity of this pesticide. The present paper reports data on the effects of pre-treatment of rats with phenobarbital, 3,4 benzpyrene, DDT and SKF-525A on the LD50 of parathion in rats, in vitro plasma esterase, liver carboxylesterase and p~athl-~degradation.

Pralidoxime chloride with atropine in dimpylate poisoning.

To the Editor:— Pralidoxime (Protopam) chloride is a cholinesterase reactivator that has been recommended in the treatment of organic phosphate intoxications. Pralidoxime (2 PAM), however, is contraindicated in carbamate poisoning. It appears to be most effective when used in conjunction with atropine therapy. Dimpylate (Diazinon [Britain]) is an organic phosphate insecticide of intermediate toxicity. Effective against a variety of household pests, it is the most widely used pesticide for roach control. Like other organic phosphate insecticides, it is a cholinesterase inhibitor. A number of published reports state that pralidoxime should not be used in dimpylate poisoning: Although oximes are effective antagonists to many of the cholinesterase inhibitors, there are some such compounds with effects that are either not antagonized by oximes or are made worse by their administration. In this latter group, the effects of Sevin or Diazinon are likely to be enhanced rather than antagonized. 1 In March 1967,

Influence of Induction of Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes by Phenobarbital on Toxicity of Organic Phosphate Insecticides

SummaryA comparison was made of the toxicity of 15 cholinergic organic phosphates to normal rats and mice and to animals pretreated with phenobarbital for 5 days. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the hepatic microsomal enzyme induction caused by phenobarbital changed the acute toxicity of the organic phosphates. The study demonstrated that phenobarbital treatment either decreased the toxicity or had no effect on the toxicity of any of the compounds in either species with one exception being an increased toxicity of OMPA to phenobarbitaltreated rats.

Quantitative measurement of inhibition of aliesterases, acylamidase, and cholinesterase by EPN and Delnav ®

A study was conducted in rats to develop procedures suitable for quantitative measurement of inhibition of aliesterases by organic phosphate insecticides. A suitable manometric procedure using diethylsuccinate and tributyrin as substrates was developed for this purpose. Acylamidase was measured by a previously developed method with acetanilid as the substrate. The applicability of these procedures for measuring aliesterase inhibition was demonstrated by feeding dietary levels of 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 ppm of EPN and Delnav for 13 weeks. Aliesterase enzyme assays were performed on liver and serum by sacrificing animals at intervals during the feeding period, and cholinesterase activity was measured on these tissues and on brain. Maximal inhibition of aliesterase activity occurred early in the feeding period, and a dose-related response was obtained with both compounds. Aliesterases were much more sensitive to inhibition by EPN and Delnav than cholinesterase.

Preliminary Study on Some of the Factors Affecting Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae with Soil Insecticides1

In 1966, a study of the effect of date of corn planting and time of insecticidal treatment on the performance of some of the soil insecticides for control of larvae of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, was initiated. Corn was planted on 3 dates and treated at 2 different times with 4 organic phosphate insecticides (phorate, diazinon, disulfoton, and a stabilized parathion). When corn was planted April 30, phorate applied at planting controlled the western corn rootworm larvae better than the other tested insecticides, but for corn planted on May 20 phorate applied as either a planting or basal treatment performed significantly better. However, for the June 4 planting date all insecticides were equally effective. An analysis-of-variance table and graph of these data are presented.

Effects of Dimethoate on Small Mammal Populations

The effects of an insecticide, dimethoate, on small mammal populations comprising three species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), the house mouse (Mus musculus), and the prairie deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), were investigated by means of live trapping grids in an Indiana clover field. House mice decreased in num- bers after spraying while prairie voles increased and deer mice remained at the same density level. Density of insects declined greatly after spray- ing, but no evidence was found to indicate that the insecticide caused direct mortality in any of the mammal species or had any additional effect on the habitat. It is postulated that the abrupt decline in insects was related to a drift in the mammal population composition from an omnivore to a herbivore species. The present paper reports on an intensive study of small mammal populations in a clover field before and after experimental spraying with dimethoate, an organic phosphate insecticide, at levels that might be used in routine agriculture. Changes in insect populations, in weather, in vegetation, and in the amount of residue present were followed in an attempt to evaluate the possible indirect effect of the insecticide on the clover field ecosystem. Only by considering the ecosystem as a whole can possible indirect effects of sublethal

Evaluation of Some Organic Phosphate and Carbamate Insecticides Against Third-Instar Green June Beetle Larvae1

Carbaryl, diazinon, dimethoate, parathion, Bayer 39007 (o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), and Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) were evaluated for the control of 3rd-instar larvae of the green June bettle, Cotinis nitida (L.), in a pasture and golf-course fairway. Carbaryl gave excellent larval control and proved superior to Zectran; whereas the other materials were ineffective at the low fall temperature in North Carolina. In laboratory test larvae were ineffective. At 65°F, 100% control larvae was obtained after 7 days' exposure to a soil-surface spray of carbaryl and diazinon at 2 lb per acre and parathion at 1 lb per acre.

A Technique for Observing the Spray Pattern of Malathion and Other Organic Phosphate Insecticides Using Spray-Deposit Assessment Cards

As the interest in the studying of spray patterns and drifts from pesticide application increases, there is a need for a rapid and simple technique with sufficient sensitivity to observe the distribution and deposition of very small droplets. The glass-slide techniques for determining the size and distribution of minute droplets are too complex and time consuming for use in field evaluation. The current assessment-card methods of evaluating the distribution, droplet size, and coverage of conventional aerial spray applications employ white cards for use with a formulation which has been strongly colored with an oilsoluble dye (Isler 1963), or cards coated with an oil-sensitive dye for use with conventional undyed formulations (White 1959). As it is uneconomical, undesirable, and inconvenient to dye formulations, except for special limited tests, the use of the white spray cards is inapplicable for normal field conditions. Small droplets leave such small end transient marks on the oil-sensitive dyed card that these are also inapplicable. The herein-described technique was developed to evaluate low-volume aerial spraying patterns of malathion under normal field conditions.