Offal Research Articles

The effect of incorporating dietary green seaweed (Ulva sp.) on growth performance, blood parameters, and carcass and meat quality characteristics of Jumbo quail

Seaweeds are functional aquatic plants that can be used in Jumbo quail (Coturnix sp.) feeds as sources of phytochemicals and nutrients. However, no studies have investigated the feed value of green seaweed (Ulva sp.) meal (SM) for the Jumbo quail. Thus, the impact of different dietary inclusion levels of SM on productive traits, serum biochemistry, haematology, visceral organ sizes, carcass features, and meat quality attributes in Jumbo quail was investigated. In a completely randomised design, one-week-old quail (n = 385; 67.7 ± 3.44 g body weight) were allotted to five treatments, with seven replicate pens (experimental unit). The treatments were produced by including 0 (SM0), 20 (SM20), 40 (SM40), 60 (SM60) and 80 g/kg (SM80) of green SM in a commercial grower diet. Regression results showed no linear or quadratic effects (P > 0.05) to different levels of SM for average weekly feed intake, overall weight gain, haematological indices, internal organs, carcass features, and meat quality characteristics of the birds. However, incorporating SM up to 80 g/kg in the diet linearly reduced overall gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) [R2 = 0.282; P = 0.0001] and slaughter weights [R2 = 0.159; P = 0.026]. Treatment SM80 promoted (P < 0.05) higher feed intake than diet SM60 in weeks 3, 4 and 5, but were comparable to the control treatment in weeks 4 and 5. Birds fed with diets SM0 and SM20 had higher (P < 0.05) overall weight gain than birds fed with diet SM60. Diet SM80 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) overall G:F (0.250) than diet SM0 (0.277). Higher slaughter weights were observed on SM0 and SM20 groups than the SM60 group. We concluded that the use of dietary green SM up to 80 g/kg in Jumbo quail feeds compromises gain-to-feed ratio and slaughter weights but not physiological and meat quality attributes.

Pasture shooting and mobile slaughterhouses from a consumer's point of view: alternative slaughter methods and the meat paradox

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate consumers' attitudes towards alternative slaughter methods (ASMs). ASMs present more animal-friendly and stress-free slaughter practices. However, these practices are not yet widespread due to strict regulations, high labor efforts and costs. Therefore, the market for meat products from ASMs is still small, and less is known about consumers' awareness, assessment and willingness to pay (WTP) for these products.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims to close the research gap using a standardized and representative online survey among 1,604 German participants. To identify target groups for these kinds of meat products, a factor and cluster analysis was conducted.FindingsThe results show that ASMs are not widely known among consumers. Overall, participants evaluated ASMs positively, but about 1/3 of the participants stated to also have concerns related more to hygiene than to animal welfare issues. The cluster analysis reveals two out of four clusters found that are interested in ASMs. These clusters are characterized by high trust in small butcheries and organic meat consumption.Originality/valueThe slaughtering sector has hardly been examined from an economic point of view in the animal welfare debate so far. This study identifies potential target groups for products originating from ASMs based on possible consumption drivers and barriers. Therewith, products from particular animal welfare friendly slaughter methods can be promoted purposefully to suitable target groups.

Effect of Dietary Calcium Propionate Inclusion Period on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Feedlot Ram Lambs

The objective was to determine the effect of calcium propionate (CaPr) inclusion in the diet, at different periods on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing lambs. Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin crossbred male lambs (39.1 ± 0.44 kg BW) were housed in individual pens during a 42 d feeding period and assigned to four treatments (n = 9) consisting of CaPr administered at a dose of 10 g/lamb/d for 0 (control), 14, 28, or 42 d before slaughter. Final BW (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and ADG:DMI ratio increased quadratically (p &lt; 0.05) by CaPr supplementation, being optimal at an estimated inclusion period of 25 d for FBW and ADG, 15 d for DMI, and 28 d for ADG:DMI ratio. Hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), and dressing were quadratically improved (p &lt; 0.05) at an estimated inclusion period of 24 d for HCW and CCW, and 20 d for dressing. The increased inclusion period (42 d) augmented fat thickness (linear effect, p &lt; 0.05). At 28 d of CaPr supplementation, maximal response (quadratic effect, p &lt; 0.05) was estimated in the empty body weight at 28 d, forequarter at 26 d, and neck at 24 d, but a longer inclusion period (42 d) increases the weight of leg and rack and reduced the proportion of loin as a percentage of CCW (linear effect, p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary CaPr can be included for a period of 24 to 28 d to improve growth performance and carcass weight, without affecting organ mass or meat quality.

Who wants to pay for Pantanal? Experiences of payment for environmental services in the preservation of a single biome

Environmental conservation standards in Brazil are insufficient and must be completed by economic instruments, such as Payments for Environmental Services (PESs). These instruments are at initial implementation stage in Pantanal, which is one of the world’s greatest extensions of flooded areas. This biome undergoes increasing pressures for the exploitation of its natural resources. Thus, the objectives of the current research are to investigate PESs in Pantanal and to analyze their potential to be used for environmental protection purposes. Interviews were conducted with political authorities, NGO representatives and professional association members. Four PESs were identified. All counties in Pantanal region receive the Ecological ICMS, which is a percentage of a tax on commerce and services received by the State and redistributed to counties hosting Conservation Units. Another PES, called Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN), enables the exemption of Territorial Tax. Despite protecting 250,000 ha, RPPNs only reach 1.7% of preserved areas in Pantanal. In addition to these PESs, which count on State participation, it was possible to find two mechanisms based on consumers’ participation, organic meat and organic honey production. However, only two producers were certified to produce organic meat and one to produce organic honey. Although PESs are important mechanisms, they play limited role in Pantanal region. PESs between producers and consumers depend on incentive policies and on information about environmental benefits provided to consumers. Ecological ICMS should be subjected to rigorous selection process in choosing who can receive the benefits. Although RPPNs are often used as PESs, their incentives are insufficient and should be improved.

Feasibility of Forming Markets for Indigenous Peoples’ Organic Products

Iranian nomads’ meat and dairy products are organic and more valuable than conventional products for trading and supplying in local markets. This is due to the use of natural nutritional supplementation, without hormones and artificial chemicals, in breeding domestic animals. However, the real value of the organic products is not reflected in the market. In this regard, we studied the feasibility of forming a local market for nomads’ organic meat and milk products in Iran. This study used a sample of 366 questionnaires from nomads of five famous tribes, namely Soleimani, Mehni, Kochomi, Jebalbarezi, and Aieneyi in Kerman province and 794 questionnaires from non-nomadic consumers. The results indicate that nomads’ average willingness to accept (WTA) was 0.46 USD per liter and 5.64 USD per kg in the sale of organic milk and organic meat, respectively. Also, the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for organic milk and organic meat was 0.50 USD per liter and 6.15 USD per kg, respectively. Since the WTA for both products was less than the WTP, the formation and development of local markets in supplying organic products are possible. The appropriate price policy for organic products in such markets can provide nomads with financial benefits and consumers with access to healthy foods.

Inactivation of Salmonella, Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Diet Pet Foods Using High-Pressure Processing

Pet food formulated with raw meat can pose health risks to pets and humans. High-pressure processing (HPP) was evaluated to achieve a 5-log reduction ofSalmonella,E. coliSTEC, andL. monocytogenesin commercial raw pet foods and maintain a 5-log reduction throughout post-HPP storage.Three formulation types that varied in the amounts of striated meat, organ meat, bone, seeds, and other ingredients (fruits, vegetables, and minor ingredients) designated as A-, S-, and R-formulations were used.Eight raw diet pet foods, consisting of three beef formulations (A-, S- and R-Beef), three chicken formulations (A-, S-, and R-Chicken), and two lamb formulations (A- and S-Lamb), were inoculated with 7 log CFU/g cocktails ofSalmonella,E. coliSTEC orL. monocytogenes, HPP at 586 MPa for 1–4 min, and stored refrigerated (4°C) or frozen (−10 to −18°C) for 21 days with microbiological analyses at various time intervals.A- formulations (20–46% meat, 42–68% organs, 0.9–1.3% seeds, and 10.7–11.1% fruits, vegetables, and minor ingredients) inoculated withSalmonellaand treated at 586 MPa for at least 2 min achieved a 5-log reduction 1 day post-HPP and maintained that inactivation level during frozen storage. A- and S-formulations inoculated withE. coliSTEC and treated at 586 MPa for at least 2 min achieved a 5-log reduction from day 6 of frozen storage.L. monocytogeneswas more HPP resistant thanSalmonellaandE. coliSTEC.S-formulations containing chicken or beef and stored frozen post-HPP had lower inactivation of L. monocytogenes compared to A-formulations containing chicken or beef. S-Lamb had higher frozen storage inactivation (5.95 ± 0.20 log CFU/g) compared to chicken (2.52 ± 0.38 log CFU/g) or beef (2.36 ± 0.48 log CFU/g). HPP coupled with frozen storage time was effective in achieving and maintaining a 5-log reduction ofSalmonellaandE. coliSTEC whileL. monocytogeneswas more resistant and requires further optimization to achieve a 5-log reduction.

Condiment Recipes Lead to Reduced Generation of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Duck Variety Meat During Charcoal Grilling.

The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of charcoal grilling in the generation of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tissues of 5 different organs (leg, chest, wings, liver, and heart) of falcated ducks (Mareca falcata) before and after pasting them with different condiment recipes (R1, R2, R3, and R4). All condiment-pasted and control samples before/after charcoal grilling were pursued in RP-HPLC for quantification of unknown PAHs. Tissues from grilled raw leg meat of the control sample showed significantly higher (P ≤ .05) concentration (42.40ng/g) of overall PAHs as compared to all other grilled samples. However, overall PAHs concentration (9.99ng/g) in charcoal grilled tissues of leg meat pasted with R4 condiment recipe was decreased 76.43% significantly (P ≤ .05) as compared to all other recipes of pasted charcoal grilled samples. All PAHs, particularly naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthalene were decreased significantly (P ≤ .05) to none detectable level in all tissue samples when grilled after treating with R4 condiment recipe. All condiment recipes reduced total PAHs level below MRL's set by the international guidelines. Recipe R4, a rich source of antioxidants, significantly neutralized and reduced the generation of PAHs in duck leg meat tissue sample during wood charcoal grilling.

Investigation of Organic Chicken Breeding and Meat Quality

In recent years, with the increase in income in our country, it is seen that most of the consumers have awareness of healthy eating and their interesting in organic food. The emergence of various diseases such as cancer and obesity plays a major role in this preferred. In addition, with the prolongation of life expectancy, the desire to increase the quality of life is of great importance. Due to the harm caused by the foods obtained by conventional methods to human health and the environment, consumers demand for healthy and quality food has led to the emergence of a market segment consisting of organic products. The availability of many conventional foods in the market with unsafe additives, preservatives, sweeteners and colorants can be seen as another factor in the increasing importance given to natural, safe and healthy foods. In this review study, it is aimed to correct some existing misperceptions by giving detailed information about organic chicken breeding and meat quality.

Meat Consumption, Sustainability and Alternatives: An Overview of Motives and Barriers.

Meat and meat products are important sources of protein in the human diet. However, their consumption or excessive consumption has been questioned as this has been related to sustainability and health issues. Due to this, alternatives to conventional meat consumption, such as meat produced more sustainably or meat alternatives, have been considered. The aim of the present work is to gain insight into the meat consumption of different countries, the motives for and barriers to this consumption, as well as into the consumption of more sustainably produced meat with particular focus on organic meat and meat alternatives. Information on meat consumption has been obtained using FAOSTAT data and maps have been constructed using SAS software. Results showed that, in general, albeit with variations between and within countries, there is a tendency to decrease red meat consumption and increase poultry consumption, while for pork consumption the tendency is less clear. Motives and barriers for meat and meat alternative consumption have been reviewed and it is possible to see that these are very variable and that they, in addition to the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the meat, are also related to consumers' attitudes and beliefs. Thus, it is important to inform consumers in a truthful and reliable way in order to allow them to make well-founded decisions regarding the consumption of these products.

Consumer meat preference and willingness to pay for local organic meat in Thailand: a case study of Taphao Thong-Kasetsart chicken

Purpose This study investigated consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a local, organic chicken breed “Taphao Thong-Kasetsart” and the drivers that shape consumers’ WTP across different meat preferences in Thailand.Design/methodology/approach Face-to-face interviewing was used to collect data at food-service outlets in Bangkok and Nakhon Pathom provinces, Thailand. Data analysis used the double-bounded dichotomous choice model across different consumers’ meat preferences for preferred chicken and non-preferred chicken consumers.Findings The results showed that there were different WTP amounts for local organic chicken across consumers’ meat preferences, with a higher WTP among non-preferred chicken consumers. This indicated that local organic chicken may attract more consumers in the alternative market. Consumers’ values and attitudes to taste drove chicken-preferred consumers to pay a premium for local organic chicken; health concerns mattered for non-preferred chicken consumers. These findings should provide useful information for food marketing campaigns based on consumers’ preferences.Originality/value The study contributed to understanding consumer heterogeneous preferences toward WTP for local organic chicken. The findings indicated that analyzing WTP across different meat preferences highlighted more effective marketing strategies to achieve the premium that consumers would pay. These strategies could help farmers to enlarge their local organic market share, leading to increased revenue and farmers’ well-being.

Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Physicochemical Properties in Conventional and Organic Pork Meats Using SPME-GC-MS

Volatiles responsible for aroma and flavor were investigated in the main types of pork consumed in Spain: duroc and white pigs, the latter reared according to organic and conventional procedures. The main volatiles were detected and identified by SPME-GC-MS technique in three different anatomical parts of the animals: ham, loin and tenderloin. Other physicochemical characteristics such as moisture, pH and tenderness were also evaluated, although no significant correlation was found between them and the volatiles studied. All duroc (minuscule) pork samples presented a higher sum of aldehydes and alcohols (26.8% on average), with pleasant aromas and remarkable values of odorous activity, than the white pork samples (17.5% on average). When comparing the white pig samples, the data showed a higher amount of aldehydes and alcohols in the tenderloin of the organic pork samples (17.9% versus 10.28%), which could benefit the flavor of this anatomical part. However, in the case of ham samples, aldehydes and alcohols were found to be more abundant in the conventional pork samples (22.2% versus 14.0%). The data obtained were subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA) in which a clear association was found between some volatiles and the rearing system adopted. In particular, a relationship was observed between organic pork ham samples and the compound glycerol-1-myristate (pleasant odor). The compound 4-isopropylcyclohexylamine (unpleasant odor) and organic pork loin samples were also correlated. A discriminant analysis (DA) was performed using a selection of volatiles, obtaining valuable results for the distinction of the origin of pork meat, after an adequate validation of the analytical method.

Antibiotic-Free Poultry Meat Consumption and Its Determinants.

In recent decades, meat consumption has increased globally due to increased incomes. A consequence of increased red meat consumption has been the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and nutrition-related diseases. Consumption of antibiotic-free (ABF) poultry meat is a viable healthy and sustainable substitute that will cause less damage to humans and the environment in the long run. This study was undertaken due to the increasing importance of healthy food consumption to preventing nutrition-related diseases. The health food industry is still in its preliminary stages; for market development of organic broiler meat and movement toward sustainable production of ABF meat, the first necessary step is conducting empirical research on ABF poultry meat consumption and identifying factors that influence household consumption patterns of ABF poultry meat. Therefore, the objectives of this study were the investigation of factors affecting poultry meat consumption by consumers and ABF poultry meat preference. Comparing the results could reveal what percentage of consumers are able to buy healthier higher-priced antibiotic-free poultry meat. Data were collected from 360 completed questionnaires completed by households from the city of Mashhad, Iran via simple random sampling in 2021. To investigate the first objective, an ordered logit model was used. The results showed that age, the head of household's education, awareness of the nutritional benefits of poultry meat, advertising, and family income were statistically significant determinants of poultry meat consumption. To investigate the second objective, since some consumers cannot buy ABF poultry meat due to the higher prices, we used a two-step Heckman model. The results showed that the awareness of the nutritional benefits of ABF poultry meat, the head of household's education, monthly family income, and advertising had positive impacts, with prices having a negative impact on the amount of antibiotic-free poultry meat consumed by the households. Comparing the results of the two models revealed that only about 30% of consumers could buy ABF poultry meat, mainly due to the higher prices. This study recommends improving consumer awareness, targeted distribution of ABF poultry meat according to customers' economic and demographic characteristics, affordable prices, and appropriate marketing tools for sustainable consumption of ABF poultry meat.

Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.

As poultry organ meat is widely consumed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, there is reason to investigate it as a source of Salmonella infections in humans. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from chicken offal from retail outlets in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Samples (n = 446) were cultured for the detection of Salmonella using ISO 6579-1:2017. Presumptive Salmonella were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A conventional PCR was used for the detection of Salmonella invA, agfA, lpfA and sivH virulence genes. Of the 446 offal samples, 13 tested positive for Salmonella (2.91%; CI = 1.6-5). The serovars included S. Enteritidis (n = 3/13), S. Mbandaka (n = 1/13), S. Infantis (n = 3/13), S. Heidelberg (n = 5/13) and S. Typhimurium (n = 1/13). Antimicrobial resistance against amoxicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline was found only in S. Typhimurium and S. Mbandaka. All 13 Salmonella isolates harboured invA, agfA, lpfA and sivH virulence genes. The results show low Salmonella prevalence from chicken offal. However, most serovars are known zoonotic pathogens, and multi-drug resistance was observed in some isolates. Consequently, chicken offal products need to be treated with caution to avoid zoonotic Salmonella infections.

True cost accounting of organic and conventional food production

Agriculture is one of the world's biggest polluters. Consumers are misled towards demand of unsustainable and inadequately priced food products by an insufficient internalization of externalities. Shifting demand towards more sustainable dietary choices can lead to a sustainable transition of agri-food networks. In this study, we evaluate environmental damage economically: we combine environmental assessment of different food products with the internalization of their monetary impacts. Life Cycle Assessments are modeled for conventional and organic foods and different production scenarios. The quantified environmental impacts are combined with True Cost Accounting to adjust food prices according to their environmental impacts. Using this framework for 22 German agricultural products, we find that on average, crop production generates externalities of about €0.79 per kg for conventional and about €0.42 for organic products. Conventional milk and eggs cause additional costs of about €1.29 per kg on average in organic systems and about €1.10 in organic ones. Conventional and organic meat generate externalities of €4.42 and €4.22 per kg, respectively, with beef generating the highest costs of all. The environmental favorability of organic products is confirmed, but the resulting organic market prices after internalization still exceed conventional prices. Externalities represent a negative impact on societal welfare, which should be addressed by policies supporting transparent pricing approaches.

Total and cause-specific mortality associated with meat intake in a large cohort study in Korea.

Asia has experienced a large increase in meat intake in the past decade, yet the health impact of meat intake is not well studied. We examined the association of meat intake with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in an Asian country. Participants were 113,568 adults with dietary data at recruitment (2004-2013) of the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study, a prospective cohort study conducted in 8 regions of Korea. Participants were followed until 31 December 2020. Total, red, white, and organ meat intake were computed based on a 106-item questionnaire. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were implemented using the lowest quintile of meat intake as the reference category. For 1,205,236 person-years, 3,454 deaths were recorded. High intake of processed red meat was positively associated with all-cause mortality [men: hazard ratio (HR) 1.21, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.07-1.37; women: HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12-1.56]. Increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39) and cancer mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.50) was observed in women with high intake of organ meat. Moderate intake of pork belly was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality in men (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.93) and women (HR 0.83, 95% 0.69-0.98) but high intake was associated with increased risk of CVD mortality in women (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.20-2.82). Low beef intake decreased the risk of CVD mortality in men (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40-0.84), but roasted pork increased cancer mortality in women (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.05-1.52). There was increased risk of all-cause mortality associated with intake of processed red meat in men and women, increased risk of all-cause and cancer mortality with intake of organ meat in women, and increased risk of cancer mortality with intake of roasted pork intake in women. High intake of pork belly increased the risk of CVD mortality in women, but moderate intake was inversely associated with mortality from all-causes in both men and women.

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Role of 3D Technology in Liver Cancer Resection.

Liver cancer resection is an effective but complex way to treat liver cancer, and complex anatomy is one of the reasons for the difficulty of surgery. The use of 3D technology can help surgeons cope with this dilemma. This article intends to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the role of 3D technology in liver cancer resection. (TS = (3D) OR TS = (three-dimensional)) AND (TS = (((hepatic) OR (liver)) AND ((cancer) OR (tumor) OR (neoplasm)))) AND (TS = (excision) OR TS = (resection)) was used as a search strategy for data collection in the Web of Science (WoS)Core Collection. CiteSpace, Carrot2 and Microsoft Office Excel were used for data analysis. Three hundred and eighty-eight relevant articles were obtained. Their annual and journal distribution maps were produced. Countries/regions and institutions collaboration, author collaboration, references co-citations and their clusters and keywords co-occurrences and their clusters were constructed. Carrot2 cluster analysis was performed. There was an overall upward trend in the number of publications. China's contribution was greater, and the USA had greater influence. Southern Med Univ was the most influential institution. However, the cooperation between institutions still needs to be further strengthened. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques was the most published journal. Couinaud C and Soyer P were the authors with the highest citations and centrality, respectively. "Liver planning software accurately predicts postoperative liver volume and measures early regeneration" was the most influential article. 3D printing, 3D CT and 3D reconstruction may be the mainstream of current research, and augmented reality (AR) may be a future hot spot.

Histologic examination of canned cat food

ABSTRACT Cat food production is a billion-dollar industry in the United States, with most pet owners trusting pet food companies to provide their pets with complete nutrition. Moist or canned cat food is healthier than dry kibble for cats due to its higher water content promoting healthy kidney function, but ingredient labels on canned cat food are lengthy with ambiguous terminology including ‘animal by-products.’ Forty canned cat food samples were collected from grocery stores and were processed using routine histologic methods. Hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue sections were evaluated microscopically to determine the cat food content. Many brands and flavors were composed of well-preserved skeletal muscles admixed with various animal organs, which closely approximates nutritional components found in natural feline prey. However, several samples demonstrated marked degenerative changes suggesting a delay in food processing and potential decrease in nutrient content. Four samples contained cuts consisting of skeletal muscle only with no organ meat. Surprisingly, 10 samples contained fungal spores and 15 demonstrated refractile particulate matter. A cost analysis demonstrated that although the overall quality of canned cat food increases as the average cost per ounce increases, low-cost high-quality canned cat food is available.

The prospect of using chicken breeds of the combined type of productivity in organic poultry farming

Relevance. The demand for organic meat products is constantly increasing. Organic agriculture is the leading global trend. The organic market for 2020 is estimated at $ 130 billion with an annual growth of 13–15 %. During the pandemic, sales of organic products in developed countries increased by 30–40 %. Methods. The object of the study were chickens of the Pushkin breed and the Ross 308 cross (broiler). The birds were grown up to 85 days of age under the same conditions, the stocking density was 10 birds/m2. At the age of slaughter in industrial production (48 days – broiler) and organic production (85 days) according to the methodology of the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry (2001), anatomical cutting of 9 heads was carried out. Analysis of quality indicators of meat by high performance liquid chromatography (M02-902-142-07) was carried out in the certified laboratory «Leningradskaya MVL». Dry matter was determined by the express method according to the Rygalova E. A. and the water binding capacity of meat was determined by the Grau – Hamm method in the Volovinskaya – Kelman modification. Results. Extending the fattening period of broilers to 85 days to meet the requirements of organic poultry farming does not sufficiently improve the quality of their meat. Low livestock safety (58.16 %) reduces the profitability of organic broiler production. An increase in the total protein content from 20.44 % to 24.41 % and amino acids (tryptophan and prolin), as well as a decrease in fat content from 5.1% to 1.35 % in the pec-toral muscle of broiler chickens from 45th to 85th day improves the dietary qualities of broiler meat. However, a decrease from 51.46 % to 48.54 % of the water-binding capacity of meat reduces its taste and techno-logical qualities. In chicken of the Pushkin breed this figure is 51.35 %. Thus, using the example of the Pushkin breed of chickens, it is shown that breeds of the combined direction of productivity are more suitable for long-term cultivation in organic poultry farming for obtaining meat products.

The association between dietary patterns derived by three statistical methods and type 2 diabetes risk: YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahedieh cohort studies

Findings were inconsistent regarding the superiority of using recently introduced hybrid methods to derive DPs compared to widely used statistical methods like principal component analysis (PCA) in assessing dietary patterns and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the association between DPs extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS), and reduced-rank regressions (RRR) in identifying DPs associated with T2DM risk. The study was conducted in the context of two cohort studies accomplished in central Iran. Dietary intake data were collected by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). DPs were derived by using PCA, PLS, and RRR methods considering. The association between DPs with the risk of T2DM was assessed using log-binomial logistic regression test. A total of 8667 participants aged 20–70 years were included in this study. In the multivariate-adjusted models, RRR-DP3 characterized by high intake of fruits, tomatoes, vegetable oils, and refined grains and low intake of processed meats, organ meats, margarine, and hydrogenated fats was significantly associated with a reduced T2DM risk (Q5 vs Q1: RR 0.540, 95% CI 0.33–0.87, P-trend = 0.020). No significant highest-lowest or trend association was observed between DPs derived using PCA or PLS and T2DM. The findings indicate that RRR method was more promising in identifying DPs that are related to T2DM risk compared to PCA and PLS methods.

PS-P09-9: DIETARY PATTERNS AND HYPERTENSION AMONG STROKE-FREE AFRICANS IN THE SIREN STUDY

Objective: This study assessed the relationship of dietary patterns (derived from the frequency of food consumption) with hypertension among stroke-free controls recruited from Nigeria and Ghana in the Stroke Investigation Research and Educational Network (SIREN) study. Design and Methods: This study was a matched case-control study with 1500 hypertensives randomly selected and matched for the country of residence, age and sex with 1500 normotensives in the SIREN study. Factor analysis using principal component analysis was used to summarise food information and seven dietary patterns (DP); vegetables, poultry product and organ meat, whole-grain and fruit drinks, fried foods and sweetened drinks, red meat, processed foods and fruits were identified. Hypertension was defined as one of the following conditions; systolic blood pressure of 140mmHg/greater or diastolic blood pressure of 90mmHg/greater or previous diagnosis or use of antihypertensive medications. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension by the median of factors scores in each DP (adjusting for age, education, income, smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, family history of cardiovascular diseases and obesity) at a two-sided P &lt; 0.05. Results: Mean age was 56.2 ± 13.5years and multivariable-adjusted OR (95%CI) for odds of hypertension by the median (with &lt; median of factor score as reference) of DPs revealed higher consumption of whole grains and fruit drinks; 0.83 (0.73, 0.96; P = 0.01) was associated with lower odds of hypertension, but higher consumption of processed foods; 1.18 (1.00, 1.40; P = 0.04) was associated with higher odds of hypertension. Furthermore, multivariable-adjusted OR (95%CI) of hypertension for other DPs include; 0.88 (0.74, 1.04; P = 0.13) for vegetables; 0.89 (0.75, 1.05; P = 0.16) for poultry product and organ meat; 0.90 (0.76, 1.06; P = 0.21) for fruits; 0.90 (0.77, 1.07; P = 0.23) for fried foods and sweetened drinks and 1.03 (0.87, 1.21; P = 0.76) for red meat. Conclusion: Diet rich in whole grains was associated with lower hypertension risk, but higher consumption of processed foods was related to a deleterious hypertension risk. Also, higher consumption of plant-based diets presented a suggestive inverse relationship with hypertension, but diets dense with red meat presented a suggestive deleterious hypertension risk.