Fermentable Organic Matter Research Articles

Mitigation of ruminal methane production with enhancing the fermentation by supplementation of different tropical forage legumes.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of forage species adapted to the tropical region of Ecuador on gas production, enteric methane, digestion, and ruminal fermentation. The tree forage evaluated were C. arborea, E. fusca, B. forficata, E. poeppigiana, C. argentea, G. sepium, C. tora, and F. macrophylla. Ruminal fluid of four adult sheep fistulated with permanent cannulas in the rumen was used in the in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro gas production parameters were lower (P < 0.05) in the C. arborea (A = 41.68 mL gas/g DM, c = 0.044%/h and Lag = 1.654 h) and the average gas production rate for B. forficata was 1.017 mL/h (P < 0.05). C. arborea presented higher (P = 0.0001) effective degradation and real DM digestibility (40.461 g/kg and 82.51 mg/g, respectively). With respect to VFA, the highest (P < 0.05) proportion of acetic, propionic, and butyric was observed in C. arborea, G. sepium, and E. poeppigiana (72.52, 23.09, and 7.44 mol/100 mol, respectively) and the lowest (P = 0.0001) ratio: acetic/propionic was observed in G. sepium (2.92 mol/100 mol). The content of NH3-N (mg/L) showed no difference. The lowest (P = 0.0001) methane production was observed in C. arborea (1.23 mL CH4/g DM). The use of forage species of tropical climate rich in secondary metabolites in ruminant diets has the capacity to reduce the gas production and enteric methane; however, this is at the expense of the reduction of the fermentation of organic matter in the rumen.

Setting-up of different water managements as mitigation strategy of the environmental impact of paddy rice

Northern Italy represents the most important rice-growing district in Europe. In this area, rice is the main annual crop and the main revenues source for farmers. However, Italian climatic condition led to a traditional cultivation characterized by continuous flooding, causing emissions of methane into the atmosphere due to the organic matter fermentation in anaerobic conditions, and, consequently, a high environmental impact. The water conditions of paddy fields also affect heavy metals uptake by rice plants. In this context, this study focuses on the evaluation of environmental impact and of heavy metal content in paddy rice, and it may represent an important step in mitigating the environmental impact of rice production. In detail, this study quantifies the environmental benefits related to the adoption of an alternative water management characterized by an additional aeration period during stem elongation. To this purpose, field trials were carried out and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was applied with a cradle-to-farm gate perspective. The potential environmental impact of the production of two rice varieties (Carnaroli and Caravaggio) was analysed in terms of 12 different impact categories and dehulled rice grain were analysed for arsenic and cadmium content.Alternative flooding decreases CH4 emissions in all cases evaluated (from 15% to 52%), resulting in a reduction in the climate change impact of rice cultivation (from 12% to 32%). Furthermore, the alternative water management does not influence grain yield and it reduces all the other environmental impact categories in 2 out of 4 cases. Regarding the heavy metals contents, the arsenic content in the grain decreases in all alternative scenarios, whereas the cadmium content increases, while remaining well below the legal limits.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi NaOH, Urea, dan Rumen terhadap Performa Generator Berbahan Bakar Biogas

Biogas is a gas produced from anaerobic activity or the fermentation of organic materials, including human waste, animal waste, and waste. Biogas from cow dung can be used as an alternative fuel. In this study, biogas is used as fuel with the addition of variations of NaOH, urea, and rumen to the modified gasoline generator set engine so that it can work to generate electricity. This research was conducted by experimenting with varying nutrients, namely NaOH, urea, and rumen. Besides that, variations in the electrical load are carrying out for 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45. This is intended to determine the performance of the electrical energy produced. From the test, it was found that the voltage and engine speed of the generator set tended to decrease for the addition of variations in the electric load. Meanwhile, current, power, torque, average adequate pressure, and total efficiency increase for all additional electric load variations. The results showed that the most incredible efficiency was using 43.57% NaOH nutrition. For the variation of Urea nutrition in biogas, obtained total efficiency of 42.16%. Meanwhile, rumen nutrition variation has the most negligible efficiency than other nutritional variations, 39.55%.

Daily alternation of the dietary starch level in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of controlled daily alternations in dietary starch level on changes in rumen environment, blood, urine, and milk metabolites of dairy cows. Six multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods and 3 alternating levels of dietary starch as treatments. Each 14-d period consisted of a 7-d baseline period and 7-d alternating period where diets alternated day to day. During the baseline period, all cows were fed a control diet containing 21% starch (dry matter basis). During the alternating period, the control diet was replaced with 1 of the 3 experimental diets on d 8, 10, 12, and 14. The 3 experimental diets contained 28% (low), 35% (medium), and 42% (high) starch (dry matter basis). At d 7 (baseline), 8 (ALT1), and 14 (ALT4) of each period, rumen fluid, blood, urine, and quarter milk (i.e., back right quarter) samples were collected at -0.5, 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, and 7 h relative to morning feeding (0800 h). No differences were observed in dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk chemical composition. Rumen medial pH was lower in the high alternation level compared with the low or medium alternation levels at ALT1 but did not differ among starch alternation levels at ALT4. Similarly, the difference between rumen pH in medial and ventral contents was reduced at ALT1 with high alternation level but was not affected at ALT4. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were higher in the rumen medial fluid of the high alternation level at 7 h relative to morning feeding compared with those from the low and medium alternation levels. Similarly, total VFA concentrations constantly increased and were the highest in the ventral rumen fluid at 7 h relative to morning feeding, although no differences were detected among starch alternation levels. In both rumen medial and ventral fluids, the high alternation level showed higher propionate and lower acetate proportions compared with low and medium alternation levels. No differences in blood pH were detected among starch alternation levels. However, glucose concentrations tended to be higher in cows from the high alternation level. l-Lactate concentrations in blood were higher in ALT1 than in ALT4 but were not affected by the starch alternation level. In urine, no differences in pH or l-lactate concentrations were detected among alternation levels (i.e., low, medium, and high). Similarly, no differences in milk pH were detected among alternation levels. According to these results, it seems that the daily dietary starch alternation from 21% up to 42% (dry matter basis) is able to affect the ruminal fluid, especially during the first alternation. However, these changes in rumen fluid did not cause any effect on the variables measured in blood, urine, or milk. This study indicates that cows can cope with day-to-day alternations in type of rumen fermentable organic matter; however, longer-term effects on performance and health should be addressed in future studies.

Time-course analysis of metabolomic and microbial responses in anaerobic digesters exposed to ammonia

Omics longitudinal studies are effective experimental designs to inform on the stability and dynamics of microbial communities in response to perturbations, but time-course analytical frameworks are required to fully exploit the temporal information acquired in this context. In this study we investigate the influence of ammonia on the stability of anaerobic digestion (AD) microbiome with a new statistical framework. Ammonia can severely reduce AD performance. Understanding how it affects microbial communities development and the degradation progress is a key operational issue to propose more stable processes. Thirty batch digesters were set-up with different levels of ammonia. Microbial community structure and metabolomic profiles were monitored with 16 S-metabarcoding and GCMS (gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry). Digesters were first grouped according to similar degradation performances. Within each group, time profiles of OTUs and metabolites were modelled, then clustered into similar time trajectories, evidencing for example a syntrophic interaction between Syntrophomonas and Methanoculleus that was maintained up to 387 mg FAN/L. Metabolites resulting from organic matter fermentation, such as dehydroabietic or phytanic acid, decreased with increasing ammonia levels. Our analytical framework enabled to fully account for time variability and integrate this parameter in data analysis.

In Vitro Neutral Detergent Cellulase Method and Chemical Composition to Predict In Vivo Fermentable Organic Matter of Roughages.

Simple SummaryVarious methods such as in situ, gas production and enzymatic methods are exercised to estimate the in vivo fermentable organic matter (FOM). However, each of these methods has its limitations. The in vivo method with fistulated animals for FOM determination is expensive, laborious and negatively affects animal welfare. Similarly, the in situ method also requires rumen fluid and is costly. However, enzymatic methods eliminate the need for fistulated animals and are comparatively simple, cheaper, faster, have greater repeatability, and also ensure the standardization of the process. Additionally, in situ technique can be disregarded as a standard method to test the accuracy of other techniques in cases where in vivo testing is not feasible. Therefore, in the current study, we compared the in situ nylon bag technique with the in vitro neutral detergent cellulase method and chemical composition to estimate in vivo FOM of roughages.In Vivo fermentable organic matter (FOM) reflects the energy production and the potential of rumen’s microbial protein synthesis. However, the in vivo method with fistulated animals for FOM measurement compromises animal welfare and is laborious as well as expensive. Although the alternative in situ nylon bag technique has been widely used, it is also costly and requires rumen liquor. Therefore, the present study was performed to compare the in situ nylon bag technique with the in vitro neutral detergent cellulase (NDC) method or chemical composition to estimate in vivo FOM of roughages. For this purpose, we selected 12 roughages, including six each from forages and crop residues. Our results have shown the strong correlation equations between FOMin situ and FOMNDC of forages (n = 6; R2 = 0.79), crop residues (n = 6; R2 = 0.80), and roughages (n = 12; R2 = 0.84), respectively. Moreover, there were also strong correlations between the chemical composition of roughages and FOMin situ (n = 12; R2 = 0.84–0.93) or FOMNDC (n = 12; R2 = 0.79–0.89). In conclusion, the in vitro NDC method and chemical composition were alternatives to in situ nylon bag technique for predicting in vivo FOM of roughages in the current experiment.

Methane mitigating options with forages fed to ruminants

AbstractNutritional strategies, including feed management measures, are promising methods for CH4 and overall GHG reduction. Evidence from literature is reviewed in this article in relation to the effects of forage quality (digestible organic matter, DOM) and forage type (grasses vs. legumes, and maize). The major determinants of forage quality are botanical composition and phenological stage, i.e., at advanced growth stages of plants, the fibre content increases while DOM decreases. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) decreases with increased digestibility of forages in both dairy cattle and sheep, and also CH4 intensity (g/kg milk) decreases with increased digestibility of forages for dairy cattle. Using forage legumes in ruminant feeding systems can reduce overall GHG emissions due to decreased N fertilizer use and related emissions. Recommended dietary mitigation measures are often related to a reduction in N excretion such as better matching of dietary protein to animal needs, shifting N excretion from urine to faeces (by tannin inclusion at low levels) and reducing the amount of excreted fermentable organic matter. Methane decreases with increasing intake of forage legumes rich in tannins and there is a shift of N partition from urinary N towards faecal N. Reduced CH4 emissions from ruminants fed on forage‐based diets will decrease the carbon footprint of livestock and agriculture and improve the efficiency of productive ruminants in both developing and developed countries. Likewise, estimations of net CH4 output should account for enteric CH4 emissions and soil carbon (C) sequestration of land used for feed production (i.e., grasslands and croplands).

Pendampingan Pengolahan Limbah Organik Berbasis Eco Enzyme di Kelurahan Cipancur Tahun 2021

This research discusses community assistance activities in utilizing household waste, such as leftover vegetables, fruit and others, into organic fertilizer using eco enzyme technology. Eco enzyme is a solution resulting from the fermentation of organic materials with sugar and water which is useful for decomposing organic waste as well as becoming quality organic fertilizer. This assistance aims to empower communities to be able to utilize their own household waste into valuable input for agricultural and plantation activities. Apart from reducing environmental pollution due to careless waste disposal, the use of organic waste also opens up new economic opportunities for the community.

Metagenomic insights into the metabolism of microbial communities that mediate iron and methane cycling in Lake Kinneret iron-rich methanic sediments

Abstract. Complex microbial communities facilitate iron and methane transformations in anoxic methanic sediments of freshwater lakes, such as Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee, Israel). The phylogenetic and functional diversity of these consortia are not fully understood, and it is not clear which lineages perform iron reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Here, we investigated microbial communities from both natural Lake Kinneret iron-rich methanic sediments (&gt;20 cm depth) and iron-amended slurry incubations from this zone using metagenomics, focusing on functions associated with iron reduction and methane cycling. Analyses of the phylogenetic and functional diversity indicate that consortia of archaea (mainly Bathyarchaeia, Methanomicrobia, Thermoplasmata, and Thermococci) and bacteria (mainly Chloroflexi (Chloroflexota), Nitrospirae (Nitrospirota), and Proteobacteria) perform key metabolic reactions such as amino acid uptake and dissimilation, organic matter fermentation, and methanogenesis. The Deltaproteobacteria, especially Desulfuromondales (Desulfuromonadota), have the potential to transfer electrons extracellularly either to iron mineral particles or to microbial syntrophs, including methanogens. This is likely via transmembrane cytochromes, outer-membrane hexaheme c-type cytochrome (OmcS) in particular, or pilin monomers (PilA), all of which were attributed to this lineage. Bona fide anaerobic oxidizers of methane (ANME) and denitrifying methanotrophs Methylomirabilia (NC10) may mediate AOM in these methanogenic sediments; however we also consider the role of methanogens in active AOM or back flux of methanogenesis. Putative aerobes, such as methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylomonas and their methylotrophic syntrophs Methylotenera, are found among the anaerobic lineages in Lake Kinneret iron-amended slurries and are also involved in the oxidation of methane or its intermediates, as suggested previously. We propose a reaction model for the metabolic interactions in these sediments, linking the potential players that interact via intricate metabolic tradeoffs and direct electron transfer between species. Our results highlight the metabolic complexity of microbial communities in an energy-limited environment, where aerobe and anaerobe communities may co-exist and facilitate AOM as one strategy for survival.

Soil contamination with phenanthrene induces maize mycorrhiza growth suppression

Soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as phenanthrene is extremely detrimental to the environment and to all living organisms, which is why appropriate remediation techniques are required. Here we tested single and combination effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis BEG 87 and a soil amendment that results from the fermentation of organic matter through the activity of efficient microorganisms (Bokashi) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth performance, when exposed to phenanthrene. Main results showed that phenanthrene reduced total maize dry biomass, though only in mycorrhizal plants. The AMF root colonization respectively increased and decreased with Bokashi and phenanthrene. Growth suppressions in maize with AMF are common, but to our knowledge this has not been shown in combination with PAH. Possible mechanisms involved in this growth suppression could be related with increased phenanthrene uptake and hence increased plant toxicity or that phenanthrene impaired possible benefits from AMF in terms of nutrient acquisition, which could have resulted in the imbalance of the cost-benefit of the mycorrhizal association leading to growth suppression. However, the underlying mechanisms for this observed negative mycorrhiza growth response in maize when exposed to phenanthrene remains to be identified.

Molecular characterization of microbial communities in a peat-rich aquifer system contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic compounds.

In an aquifer-aquitard system in the subsoil of the city of Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy) highly contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic toxic organics such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), a strong microbial-dependent dechlorination activity takes place during migration of contaminants through shallow organic-rich layers with peat intercalations. The in situ microbial degradation of chlorinated ethenes, formerly inferredby the utilization of contaminant concentration profiles and Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA), was here assessed using Illumina sequencing of V4 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA gene and by clone library analysis of dehalogenase metabolic genes. Taxon-specific investigation of the microbial communities catalyzing the chlorination process revealed the presence of not only dehalogenating genera such as Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter but also of numerous other groups of non-dehalogenating bacteria and archaea thriving on diverse metabolisms such as hydrolysis and fermentation of complex organic matter, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, which can indirectly support the reductive dechlorination process. Besides, the diversity of genes encoding some reductive dehalogenases was also analyzed. Geochemical and 16S rRNA and RDH gene analyses, as a whole, provided insights into the microbial community complexity and the distribution of potential dechlorinators. Based on the data obtained, a possible network of metabolic interactions has been hypothesized to obtain an effective reductive dechlorination process.

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH sebagai Nutrisi pada Performansi Biogas Tipe Portabel

Biogas is a gas fuel produced by anaerobic activity or fermentation of organic materials, including human and animal waste, domestic (household) waste, or anaerobic degradation of organic materials by anaerobic bacteria. In this study, biogas was used as fuel with the addition of NaOH variations to the modified gasoline generator set engine so that it could work to produce electricity. This experiment used variations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% NaOH nutrition with variations in the electric load of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 watts. These purposed to determine the performance of electric power, torque, and system efficiency. From the test, it found that the greater load of the lamp, the smaller performance of the electric power produced. The results showed that the greatest electric power was the variation of 2% NaOH nutrition with a lamp load of 10 watts, namely 39.33 watts. In the efficiency testing, the greater electric load system resulted efficiency system tent to be stable. The best system efficiency with 2% NaOH nutrition was compared to other nutritional variations. In testing of torque, the greater electric load torque resulted also greater torque. The greatest torque with 2%, NaOH nutrition compared to other nutritional variations.

Effects of Different Laying Hen Species on Odour Emissions.

Simple SummaryOdour emissions from the laying hen industry receive considerable attention because they influence the air quality, the efficiency of animal production and the health of workers. Recently, numerous researchers have hypothesized that the choice of animals may influence the emission of gases, which may be utilized as the basis for gas pollution reduction strategies in the future. The present study employed an in vitro fermentation technique to simulate gas production from the caecum to explore the effects of laying hen species on the production of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The results showed that the Xinghua laying hen had the lowest odour gas production among the six laying hen species tested. Spearman correlation analysis showed that odour production was associated with enzyme activities but was not significantly associated with specific enzyme genes. The results of this study provide useful information for odour reduction in the laying hen industry.Odour is one of the main environmental concerns in the laying hen industry and may also influence animal health and production performance. Previous studies showed that odours from the laying hen body are primarily produced from the microbial fermentation (breakdown) of organic materials in the caecum, and different laying hen species may have different odour production potentials. This study was conducted to evaluate the emissions of two primary odorous gases, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), from six different laying hen species (Hyline, Lohmann, Nongda, Jingfen, Xinghua and Zhusi). An in vitro fermentation technique was adopted in this study, which has been reported to be an appropriate method for simulating gas production from the microbial fermentation of organic materials in the caecum. The results of this study show that Jingfen produced the greatest volume of gas after 12 h of fermentation (p < 0.05). Hyline had the highest, while Lohmann had the lowest, total NH3 emissions (p < 0.05). The total H2S emissions of Zhusi and Hyline were higher than those of Lohmann, Jingfen and Xinghua (p < 0.05), while Xinghua exhibited the lowest total H2S emissions (p < 0.05). Of the six laying hen species, Xinghua was identified as the best species because it produced the lowest total amount of NH3 + H2S (39.94 µg). The results for the biochemical indicators showed that the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from Zhusi was higher than that for the other five species, while the pH in Zhusi was lower (p < 0.01), and the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), uric acid and urea in Xinghua were lower than those in the other species (p < 0.01). Hyline had the highest change in SO42− concentration during the fermentation processes (p < 0.05). In addition, the results of the correlation analysis suggested that NH3 emission is positively related to urease activities but is not significantly related to the ureC gene number. Furthermore, H2S emission was observed to be significantly related to the reduction of SO42− but showed no connection with the aprA gene number. Overall, our findings provide a reference for future feeding programmes attempting to reduce odour pollution in the laying hen industry.

Mineralization of organic matter in boreal lake sediments: rates, pathways, and nature of the fermenting substrates

Abstract. The complexity of organic matter (OM) degradation mechanisms represents a significant challenge for developing biogeochemical models to quantify the role of aquatic sediments in the climate system. The common representation of OM by carbohydrates formulated as CH2O in models comes with the assumption that its degradation by fermentation produces equimolar amounts of methane (CH4) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). To test the validity of this assumption, we modelled using reaction-transport equation vertical profiles of the concentration and isotopic composition (δ13C) of CH4 and DIC in the top 25 cm of the sediment column from two lake basins, one whose hypolimnion is perennially oxygenated and one with seasonal anoxia. Furthermore, we modelled solute porewater profiles reported in the literature for four other seasonally anoxic lake basins. A total of 17 independent porewater datasets are analyzed. CH4 and DIC production rates associated with methanogenesis at the five seasonally anoxic sites collectively show that the fermenting OM has a mean (± SD) carbon oxidation state (COS) value of -1.4±0.3. This value is much lower than the value of zero expected from carbohydrate fermentation. We conclude that carbohydrates do not adequately represent the fermenting OM in hypolimnetic sediments and propose to include the COS in the formulation of OM fermentation in models applied to lake sediments to better quantify sediment CH4 outflux. This study highlights the potential of mass balancing the products of OM mineralization to characterize labile substrates undergoing fermentation in sediments.

In vitro ileal and caecal fermentation of fibre substrates in the growing pig given a human-type diet.

This study characterised the in vitro ileal fermentability of different substrates in the growing pig, adopted as an animal model for the adult human, and compared in vitro ileal and caecal fermentation in the pig. Substrates (arabinogalactan (AG), cellulose, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), inulin, mucin, citrus pectin and resistant starch) were fermented in vitro (ileal 2 h and caecal 24 h) with an ileal or caecal inoculum prepared from ileal or caecal digesta collected from growing pigs (n 5) fed a human-type diet for 15 d. The organic matter (OM) fermentability and production of organic acids were determined. In general, there was considerable in vitro ileal fermentation of fibre, and the substrates differed (P < 0·001) for both in vitro ileal and caecal OM fermentability and for organic acid production. Pectin had the greatest in vitro ileal OM fermentability (26 %) followed by AG, FOS and resistant starch (15 % on average), and cellulose, inulin and mucin (3 % on average). The fermentation of FOS, inulin and mucin was greater for in vitro caecal fermentation compared with the ileal counterpart (P ≤ 0·05). In general, the organic acid production was higher for in vitro caecal fermentation (P ≤ 0·05). For instance, the in vitro ileal acetic acid production represented 4-46 % of in vitro caecal production. Energy from fibre fermentation of 0·6-11 kJ/g substrate fermented could be expected in the ileum of the pig. In conclusion, substrates are fermented in both the ileum and caecum. The degree of fermentation varies among substrates, especially for in vitro ileal fermentation.

Life at the Frozen Limit: Microbial Carbon Metabolism Across a Late Pleistocene Permafrost Chronosequence.

Permafrost is an extreme habitat yet it hosts microbial populations that remain active over millennia. Using permafrost collected from a Pleistocene chronosequence (19 to 33 ka), we hypothesized that the functional genetic potential of microbial communities in permafrost would reflect microbial strategies to metabolize permafrost soluble organic matter (OM) in situ over geologic time. We also hypothesized that changes in the metagenome across the chronosequence would correlate with shifts in carbon chemistry, permafrost age, and paleoclimate at the time of permafrost formation. We combined high-resolution characterization of water-soluble OM by Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), quantification of organic anions in permafrost water extracts, and metagenomic sequencing to better understand the relationships between the molecular-level composition of potentially bioavailable OM, the microbial community, and permafrost age. Both age and paleoclimate had marked effects on both the molecular composition of dissolved OM and the microbial community. The relative abundance of genes associated with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, carbohydrate active enzyme families, nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), and number of identifiable molecular formulae significantly decreased with increasing age. In contrast, genes associated with fermentation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the concentration of SCFAs and ammonium all significantly increased with age. We present a conceptual model of microbial metabolism in permafrost based on fermentation of OM and the buildup of organic acids that helps to explain the unique chemistry of ancient permafrost soils. These findings imply long-term in situ microbial turnover of ancient permafrost OM and that this pooled biolabile OM could prime ancient permafrost soils for a larger and more rapid microbial response to thaw compared to younger permafrost soils.

Comparative study on inorganic Cl removal of municipal solid waste fly ash using different types and concentrations of organic acids

In this study, different organic acids—such as citric, acetic, lactic, propionic, and butyric acid—were evaluated to ascertain the optimum leaching solvent for dechlorinating fly ash. Results suggest that the acid type, concentration, and interactions between both parameters contributed significantly to the variations in the efficiency of fly ash dechlorination. Simple main-effect analysis suggested that a higher acid concentration yields better dechlorination efficiency. However, improvements in dechlorination efficiency did not necessarily yield a low chlorine content leaching residue because in a specific acid concentration region, the increased acid concentration may also accelerate the mass reduction rate of the leaching residue. Experimental results also demonstrate that citric and acetic acid yield the highest dechlorination efficiency, followed by propionic and butyric acid. The least dechlorination efficiency of lactic acid could be attributed to the formation of precipitate (i.e. calcium lactate) which might cover the chlorides and reduce the contact area of intimal chlorides with the leaching solvent. Therefore, a specific concentration of organic matter fermentation broth rich in citric and acetic radicals may present itself as an ideal water substitute for fly ash dechlorination.

Fermentation and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Carbon in the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Upwelling Ecosystem Off Concepción, in Central Chile

We studied dynamic of fermentation and anaerobic degradation of organic matter in the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the Humboldt Current System by analyzing products of main anaerobic microbial reactions (fermentation, denitrification, and reduction of Fe(III)s and SO42-) during laboratory incubations of OMZ waters and in the water column during a year cycle. Fermentation of glucose and amino acids resulted in production of volatile fatty acids, mainly acetate, that were detected year-round and associated to high primary production rates, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increase, and presence of Equatorial Sub Surface anoxic waters at the sampling site off Concepción in central Chile. While ethanol was produced from glucose fermentation by OMZ water microbes, it was not detected in the water column. Ammonium produced by fermentation of amino acids during anoxic represents a source of NH4+ that could explain previously unaccounted for NH4+ requirements for anammox bacteria and microaerophilic NH4+ oxidizer Thaumarchaeota in anoxic marine ecosystems. Evidence of thermodynamically feasible acetate oxidation with Fe(III)s as electron acceptor unveils microbial ability to reduce solid-phase iron carried by rivers using fermented metabolites in oxygen-depleted water, thus releasing dissolved bioavailable Fe. We evidenced that products of fermentation are advected to oxygenated waters of Sub Antarctic origin during austral winter intrusion and potentially supplying C, N and electron sources, a process likely to be enhanced due to both thermodynamically (temperature) and kinetic (organic load) decrease in O2 during the XXI century.

PENGEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS MASYARAKAT UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN DESA MANDIRI DI NAGARI GURUN PANJANG BARAT

Tujuan kegiatan ini, melakukan sosialisasi dan pendampingan dari program yang akan dilakukan. metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini dimulai dari mengidentifikasi masalah, melakukan pemetaan permasalahan yang ada dan monitoring pelaksanaan pada saat kegiatan berlangsung. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan menggerakkan ibu PKK (Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga). Kita juga memberikan sosialisasi kepada Ibu-Ibu PKK agar menghasilkan pemahaman dari program yang akan dijalankan. Nagari Gurun Panjang Barat, termasuk masyarakat yang banyak beternak sapi, dimana selama ini kotoran sapinya belum pernah dimanfaatkan. Pada umumnya masyarakat belum mengenal energi terbarukan yang berasal dari limbah kotoran sapi, yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan biogas. Pengolahan kotoran sapi ini menjadi energy alternative biogas, banyak manfaatnya yakni selain untuk bahan bakar rumah tangga, biogas ini menghasilkan pupuk organik. Pemahaman inilah yang akan diberikan kepada masyarakat bahwa kotoran sapi tersebut bisa dijadikan Biogas dimana gas yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas anaerobic atau fermentasi dari bahan-bahan organic, baik itu kotoran hewan, manusia atau lainnya. Kandungan utama dalam biogas adalah metana (CH4) 60% dan Karbon Dioksida (CO2) 38%. Jika metana dalam biogas terbakar, maka energy yang dihasilkan lebih bersih dari batu bara dan hal ini menyebabkan emisi karbon dioksida berkurang. Kotoran dari 2 ekor sapi per harinya menghasilkan biogas 2 m3, dimana untuk 1 m3 biogas, setara dengan 0,48 kg LPG, 0,62 liter minyak tanah dan 3,5 kg kayu bakar. Selama ini masyarakat tidak menyadari, bahwa kotoran sapi tersebut memiliki nilai ekonomi. Selain itu, ibu PKK dilatih agar dapat menggerakkan UMKM dengan membuat asesoris wanita yang dapat menambah nilai pendapatan mereka.

Can Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Systems Describe the Forage Quality Heterogeneity? Insight from a Timothy Pasture Case Study in Southern Belgium

Applied to grazing management, unmanned aerial systems (UASs) allow for the monitoring of vegetation at the level of each individual on the pasture while covering a significant area (&gt;10 ha per flight). Few studies have investigated the use of UASs to describe the forage quality in terms of nutritive value or chemical composition, while these parameters are essential in supporting the productive functions of animals and are known to change in space (i.e., sward species and structure) and time (i.e., sward phenology). Despite interest, these parameters are scarcely assessed by practitioners as they usually require important laboratory analyses. In this context, our study investigates the potential of off-the-shelf UAS systems in modeling essential parameters of pasture productivity in a precision livestock context: sward height, biomass, and forage quality. In order to develop a solution which is easily reproducible for the research community, we chose to avoid expensive solutions such as UAS LiDAR (light detection and ranging) or hyperspectral sensors, as well as comparing several UAS acquisition strategies (sensors and view angles). Despite their low cost, all tested strategies provide accurate height, biomass, and forage quality estimates of timothy pastures. Considering globally the three groups of parameters, the UAS strategy using the DJI Phantom 4 pro (Nadir view angle) provides the most satisfactory results. The UAS survey using the DJI Phantom 4 pro (Nadir view angle) provided R2 values of 0.48, 0.72, and 0.7, respectively, for individual sward height measurements, mean sward height, and sward biomass. In terms of forage quality modeling, this UAS survey strategy provides R2 values ranging from 0.33 (Acid Detergent Lignin) to 0.85 (fodder units for dairy and beef cattle and fermentable organic matter). Even if their performances are of lower order than state-of-art techniques such as LiDAR for sward height or hyperspectral sensors (for biomass and forage quality modeling), the important trade-off in terms of costs between UAS LiDAR (&gt;100,000 €) or hyperspectral sensors (&gt;50,000 €) promotes the use of such low-cost UAS solutions. This is particularly true for sward height modeling and biomass monitoring, where our low-cost solutions provide more accurate results than state-of-the-art field approaches, such as rising plate meters, with a broader extent and a finer spatial grain.