Organic Entities Research Articles

Developing organic farming areas to achieve ESG principles

Abstract Considering consumer demand for eco-friendly and safe food products, and the desire to comply with ESG principles, the authors need to study priority methods and directions for developing organic agriculture. The article aims at determining promising directions for developing organic agriculture to achieve ESG principles. This research employed methods of analysis of documents and scientific articles, online expert survey and statistical method for checking the reliability during the process of information collection. The authors systematized the results obtained into groups depending on the method of agricultural production in organic agriculture: organic, organo-biological, biodynamic, biological (ecological), and integrated. After ranking them, the authors determined the areas of organic agriculture that require priority development. This research has practical significance for government authorities, business structures, farmers and other stakeholders as it can aid in development of government programs to support organic agriculture entities in Kazakhstan and other countries with similar conditions to achieve ESG principles.

Nutritional composition, functional and chemical characterization of Moroccan Opuntia ficus-indica cladode powder

ABSTRACT Opuntia ficus-indica, also known as the prickly pear, is a cactus belonging to the Cactaceae family. For centuries, this remarkable plant has been valued for its medicinal, environmental, and culinary uses. The primary objective of this research is to examine and contrast the chemical composition, functional attributes, and nutritional significance of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes sourced from three distinct regions in Morocco: Oulad Boubker, Imzouren, and Skoura. According to the results, moisture content differs significantly between the three sites, from 88.21 ± 0.20% to 92.11 ± 0.10%, with an acid pH value. While the ash content remained consistent across all three samples. Carbohydrate content ranging from 55.40 ± 0.08% to 55.90 ± 0.60%, fat content from 2.30 ± 0.21 to 2.62 ± 0.09, protein from 7.54 ± 0.03% to 9.07 ± 0.16%, crude fibers from 20.52 ± 1.87% to 21.00 ± 0.20%, and soluble fibers from 15.08 ± 0.16% to 16.33 ± 1.25%. Additionally, total chlorophyll content varied between 102.64 ± 8.93 and 144.80 ± 3.08 mg.100 g−1 DM. The functional properties showed considerable differences between the three samples: the water holding capacity ranged from 109.58 ± 0.11 to 174.95 ± 0.06 g water.100 g−1 DM, the oil holding capacity from 129.27 ± 0.39 to 146.51 ± 0.39 g oil.100 g−1 DM and the solubility index from 25.75 ± 0.60 to 33.18 ± 0.15 g solids.100 g−1 DM. Mineral analysis revealed significant differences based on location. The concentrations of potassium exhibited a considerable elevation compared to those of magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and zinc. Moreover, the existence of diverse organic functional entities, including alcohols, ketones, and acids, was authenticated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. A differential distribution of the chemical composition of cladodes according to region was confirmed by nutritional, mineral and functional characterization and functional groups of cladodes.

Hydrocyanation of Non‐Activated Alkenes Without Handling HCN

The hydrocyanation of alkenes can be considered a straightforward methodology that gives access to different functionalized organic chemistry entities. This is due to nitrile's high versatility, which can easily undergo further transformations. However, this process has traditionally employed hazardous hydrogen cyanide as the hydrocyanation agent. Therefore, in the last decades, different protocols have been developed to accomplish this key organic transformation without needing to handle HCN. In this review, we aim to gather the most recent works published in the last couple of decades regarding the hydrocyanation of non‐activated olefins in the absence of gaseous hydrogen cyanide as nitrile source. In addition, special attention has been paid to the reaction mechanism working in each case.

Synthesis and Method of Nanoparticles and Their Applications- An Exhaustive Review

Nanoparticles are tiny little particles, going from 1 to 100 nm in size. They stand out enough to be noticed because they have unique properties that are not quite the same as bigger particles. Researchers can make nanoparticles utilizing various techniques like combining synthetic compounds as one, utilizing actual cycles like crushing, or, in any event, utilizing living organic entities like microbes. These minuscule particles have a ton of purposes since we have some control over their properties definitively. They’re utilized in things like conveying drugs inside the body, assisting responses with happening quicker in science (called catalysis), making sensors to identify things, working on clinical imaging, and tidying up contamination. Controlling how nanoparticles are made is significant because it assists us with ensuring they have the right properties for what we need to involve them. For instance, in the event that we’re making nanoparticles to convey drugs, we believe they should be a sure size and shape so they can go through the body successfully. Nanotechnology is assisting us with tracking down better approaches to battle against illnesses, like malignant growth and contaminations, by utilizing extraordinary nanoparticles that are ok for the body but can target and treat these sicknesses.

Rotated Lorenz Curves of Biological Size Distributions Follow Two Performance Equations

The Lorenz curve is used to describe the relationship between the cumulative proportion of household income and the number of households of an economy. The extent to which the Lorenz curve deviates from the line of equality (i.e., y = x) is quantified by the Gini coefficient. Prior models are based on the simulated and empirical data of income distributions. In biology, the Lorenz curves of cell or organ size distributions tend to have similar shapes. When the Lorenz curve is rotated by 135 degrees counterclockwise and shifted to the right by a distance of 2, a three-parameter performance equation (PE), and its generalized version with five parameters (GPE), accurately describe this rotated and right-shifted curve. However, in prior studies, PE and GPE were not compared with the other Lorenz equations, and little is known about whether the skewness of the distribution could influence the validity of these equations. To address these two issues, simulation data from the beta distributions with different skewness values and six empirical datasets of plant (organ) size distributions were used to compare PE and GPE with three other Lorenz equations in describing the rotated and right-shifted plant (organ) size distributions. The root-mean-square error and Akaike information criterion were used to assess the validity of the two performance equations and the three other Lorenz equations. PE and GPE were both validated in describing the rotated and right-shifted simulation and empirical data of plant (organ) distributions. Nevertheless, GPE worked better than PE and the three other Lorenz equations from the perspectives of the goodness of fit, and the trade-off between the goodness of fit and the model structural complexity. Analyses indicate that GPE provides a powerful tool for quantifying size distributions across a broad spectrum of organic entities and can be used in a variety of ecological and evolutionary applications. Even for the simulation data from hypothetical extreme skewed distribution curves, GPE still worked well.

Boosting the internal electron transfer of two-dimensional hybrid perovskites via fluorination of organic cation towards enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production

Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen production due to their unique optoelectronic properties. However, the organic cations in the interlayer of 2D perovskites generally retard the internal charge transfer due to the large interlayer van der Waals barrier for electron transfer, which defines the imperative to engineering the organic entity. Herein, taking phenethylammonium lead iodide (PEA2PbI4) as a typical example, we show that by substituting the hydrogen with fluorine atom in the para-position of the phenyl group, the internal electron transfer was promoted remarkably. The improved electron transfer is ascribed to the introduction of fluorine with strong electronegativity, which leads to interlayer polarization and almost zero-potential barrier between the organic layers. Consequently, 4-FPEA2PbI4 exhibits ca. 8.2 times higher photocatalytic H2 evolution activity than PEA2PbI4. This work establishes a paradigm for optimizing the photocatalytic properties of 2D hybrid perovskites by engineering the organic cations.

Synthesis of 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium tetrachloridocadmate(II) (C6H9N2)2[CdCl4]: Structure, DFT-calculated descriptors and molecular docking study

In this research paper, (C6H9N2)2[CdCl4], was effectively synthesized using the slow solvent evaporation procedure. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD) analysis revealed that the compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, specifically in the space group P1¯. Powder XRD (PXRD) of the bulk material showed some minor impurities. The atomic arrangement of the title structure comprises discrete tetrahedral groups [CdCl4]2− linked to the organic entities through weak N(C)H…Cl hydrogen bonds. Solid-state contacts were further studied through Hirshfeld surface analyses, complemented by 2D fingerprint plots. Computational results, obtained using the B3LYP tool with 6-311++G(d,p) + LANL2DZ mixed basis set, demonstrated consistent geometrical, vibrational, and electronic features to the experimental data. Non-covalent interactions were explored in depth using Atoms-In-Molecule (AIM) and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses. Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed melting at 378 K and decomposition at around 540 K. Furthermore, the inhibition activity of the examined compound was explored in-silico through molecular docking studies targeting the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) enzymes.

Arylsulfenylation of 4-thiazolidinone with elemental sulfur and aryl halide: Thioether linkage (C–S–C)

The generation of carbon–sulfur (C–S) bonds is a crucial step in the quest to create valuable organic entities due to their widespread applications in various biological systems. Alongside, 4-thiazolidinone is considered a highly proficient heterocyclic scaffold, constituting diversified pharmacological properties. It has driven us to develop a one-pot synthesis of thioarylated 4-thiazolidinones with elemental sulfur and aryl halides using copper(I) iodide as catalyst. The method has a broad substrate scope with various substituted aryl halides. Optimization has been carried out through different catalyst loadings, base, temperature and solvent. The reaction is highly efficient and affords thioarylated 4-thiazolidinones in good yields with broad functional group tolerance.

Prospective light-harvesting material of L-phenylalaninium selenate monohydrate: Synthesis, thermal behavior, vibrational and optical properties

The present work focuses on the study of a new organo-selenate hybrid material, namely [C9H12NO2]2SeO4.H2O, abbreviated as (LPA)2.SeO4.H2O, which was successfully obtained at room temperature by slow evaporation. The structure was studied by the X-ray single-crystal diffraction process. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, with a non-centrosymmetric P21 space group and the following lattice parameters: a = 12.817(3) Å; b = 6.272(15) Å; c = 13.629(3) Å, β=103.847(7)°, Z = 2 and V = 1063.7(4) Å3. The atomic arrangement in the structure is described as an alternation of organic and inorganic entities along the a-axis. The IR and Raman spectra were recorded in the 500–4000 cm-1 and 10–4000 cm-1 frequency region, respectively, confirming the existence of vibrational modes that correlate with organic and inorganic groups. The crystal arrangement is determined by hydrogen bonds of the type NH…O, OH…O and OW-H…O. The intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure were quantified and analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis. TGA-DTG and DSC analyses have shown that compound dehydration at around 90°C produces an anhydrous compound that is thermically stable until 122°C. Experimental UV–Visible absorption of the compound demonstrated its semiconducting properties, revealing a direct optical band gap at 5.53 eV. Finally, photoluminescence measurements indicate that the synthesized material exhibits solid-state luminescence properties. Optimized geometry and HOMO-LUMO were calculated using the B3LYP/6–311+ G(dd,p) basis set. The theoretical calculations performed by density functional theory are in agreement with the experimental results obtained.

The evosystem: A centerpiece for evolutionary studies.

In this paper, we redefine the target of evolutionary explanations by proposing the "evosystem" as an alternative to populations, lineages and species. Evosystems account for changes in the distribution of heritable variation within individual Darwinian populations (evolution by natural selection, drift, or constructive neutral evolution), but also for changes in the networks of interactions within or between Darwinian populations and changes in the abiotic environment (whether these changes are caused by the organic entities or not). The evosystem can thereby become a centerpiece for a redefined evolutionary science, that is, evolutionary studies, that apprehends through a single framework the variety of evolutionary processes that lie at various scales. To illustrate the importance of this broadened perspective on evolution, we use a case of antimicrobial resistance evolution: the spread of the blaNDM gene family and the related resistance to carbapenem antibiotics observed globally, and show how evolutionary studies can contribute to answering contemporary socially relevant challenges.

Phase Control and Singlet Energy Transfer Enabled by Trimethylamine Modified Boron Dipyrromethene for Stable CsPbBr3 Quantum Wells

AbstractThe phase distribution and organic spacer cations play pivotal roles in determining the emission performance and stability of perovskite quantum wells (QWs). Here, we propose a universal molecular regulation strategy to tailor phase distribution and enhance the stability of CsPbBr3 QWs. The capability of sterically hindered ligands with formidable surface binding groups is underscored in directing CsPbBr3 growth and refining phase distribution. With trimethylamine modified boron dipyrromethene (BDP‐TMA) ligand as a representative, the BDP‐TMA driven can precisely control phase distribution and passivate defects of CsPbBr3. Notably, BDP‐TMA acts as a co‐spacer organic entity in obtained BDP‐TMA‐CsPbBr3, facilitating efficient singlet energy transfer and tailoring the luminescence to produce a distinctive bluish‐white emission. The BDP‐TMA‐CsPbBr3 demonstrates significant phase stability under water exposure, light irradiation, and moderate temperature. Interestingly, BDP‐TMA‐CsPbBr3 exhibits the thermally‐induced dynamic fluorescence control at elevated temperatures, which can be achieved feasible for advanced information encryption. This discovery paves the way for the exploration of perovskite QWs in applications like temperature sensing, anti‐counterfeiting, and other advanced optical smart technologies.

Phase Control and Singlet Energy Transfer Enabled by Trimethylamine Modified Boron Dipyrromethene for Stable CsPbBr3 Quantum Wells.

The phase distribution and organic spacer cations play pivotal roles in determining the emission performance and stability of perovskite quantum wells (QWs). Here, we propose a universal molecular regulation strategy to tailor phase distribution and enhance the stability of CsPbBr3 QWs. The capability of sterically hindered ligands with formidable surface binding groups is underscored in directing CsPbBr3 growth and refining phase distribution. With trimethylamine modified boron dipyrromethene (BDP-TMA) ligand as a representative, the BDP-TMA driven can precisely control phase distribution and passivate defects of CsPbBr3 . Notably, BDP-TMA acts as a co-spacer organic entity in obtained BDP-TMA-CsPbBr3 , facilitating efficient singlet energy transfer and tailoring the luminescence to produce a distinctive bluish-white emission. The BDP-TMA-CsPbBr3 demonstrates significant phase stability under water exposure, light irradiation, and moderate temperature. Interestingly, BDP-TMA-CsPbBr3 exhibits the thermally-induced dynamic fluorescence control at elevated temperatures, which can be achieved feasible for advanced information encryption. This discovery paves the way for the exploration of perovskite QWs in applications like temperature sensing, anti-counterfeiting, and other advanced optical smart technologies.

Cell and Gene Therapies: Challenges in Designing Extractables and Leachables Studies and Conducting Safety Assessments

Over the past decade, Cell and Gene Therapies (C>) have been an emerging therapeutic area with more than twenty C> drug products approved and over 1000 registered trials. The remarkable progress in these modalities brings new challenges for scientists who evaluate manufacturing and storage materials, including risk assessments for extractables and leachables (E&L). Establishing a business process to qualify materials for these applications is an important risk mitigation strategy in support of these assessments. Process validation verifying process performance and product quality requirements using qualified materials also ensures that leachables from the materials do not result in an impact to process and product. The authors provide an overview of available guidelines and publications relevant to E&L risk assessments that can be used to support ex vivo C> products, highlighting gaps and standardization needs in the areas of biocompatibility and extractables conditions. Finally, the authors present leachable testing strategies, relevant to the specific manufacturing and storage conditions of C> products, and safety assessment considerations for organic and inorganic chemical entities.

Structural, optical and magnetic properties of a new metal-organic CoII-based complex.

A mononuclear cobalt(ii) complex [C5H8N3]2[CoCl4(C5H7N3)2] (I) was synthesized and structurally characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that monometallic Co(ii) ions acted as coordination nodes in a distorted octahedral geometry, giving rise to a supramolecular architecture. The latter is made up of a ½ unit form composed of an anionic element [Co0.5Cl2(C5H7N3)]- and one 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidinium cation [C5H8N3]+. The crystalline arrangement of this compound adopts the sandwich form where inorganic parts are sandwiched between the organic sheets following the [100] direction. More information regarding the structure hierarchy has been supplied based on Hirshfeld surface analysis; the X⋯H (X = N, Cl) interactions play a crucial role in stabilizing the self-assembly process of I, complemented by the intervention of π⋯π electrostatic interaction created between organic entities. Thermal analyses were carried out to study the thermal behavior process. Static magnetic measurements and ab initio calculations of compound I revealed the easy-axis anisotropy character of the central Co(ii) ion. Two-channel field-induced slow-magnetic relaxation was observed; the high-frequency channel is characterized by underbarrier relaxation with U eff = 16.5 cm-1, and the low-frequency channel involves a direct relaxation process affected by the phonon-bottleneck effect.

Covalent organic-inorganic polyoxometalate hybrids in catalysis.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a class of compounds known for the vast range of tunable structures and properties available, leading to applications in areas such as catalysis, energy, and advanced medicine. The ability to covalently functionalize POMs with organic components has been investigated extensively to tune the physical and chemical properties of the resulting hybrid materials. These hybrids, where the organic entity is covalently attached to the POM-core ( Class II hybrid POMs) result in a vast library of promising customizable catalytic systems, displaying tunable properties with a high level of synergy between the polyanion and the organic component. A number of Class II hybrids have been investigated for a wide range of catalytic applications, and here, we give a brief overview of Class II hybrids of the p-block elements and their applications in catalysis.

Multifunctional aqueous polyurethanes with high strength and self-healing efficiency based on silver nanowires for flexible strain sensors.

Advanced sensor technology is widely applied in human motion monitoring and research. However, it often encounters problems such as scratches, fractures, and aging, which affect its lifespan and reliability. To address these challenges, we draw inspiration from the inherent self-healing properties of organic biological entities in nature to endow our sensors with self-healing capability. In this work, we constructed a reversible multi-hydrogen-bonded physical crosslinking network and introduced aromatic disulfide bonds into the polyurethane backbone. This design not only achieves a very high mechanical strength of the material, but also efficient self-healing properties. At 80 °C, the tensile strength of the WPU-U2D1 material reached 28.88 MPa, with a fracture elongation of 748.64%, and a self-healing efficiency as high as 99.24%. Based on this material, we successfully prepared a flexible conductive composite film (WPU@AgNW) and applied it to flexible strain sensors. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and reliability in human motion monitoring (electrical conductivity of 2.66 S cm-1), which provides a new idea for realising the breakthrough of high-performance flexible sensors. These outstanding properties makes it have great potential for application in flexible wearable devices, human-computer interaction, bionic electronic devices and other fields.

Effect of Organic Entities on the Performance of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) Crystals

The 0.5mol l-cystine and 2mol oxalic acid doped in potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals have been developed by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The structural properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. The functional groups of grown crystals were successfully identified using FTIR spectral analysis. The optical transparency of the grown crystals is examined in the range of 200-900 nm using UV-visible studies. The optical transmittance is found to be 87 % of the grown crystal. The energy band gap (Eg) of the grown crystal was calculated at 3 eV. The Kurtz- Perry test has been employed to determine the SHG efficiency and the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal was 0.5 % of pure KDP crystal tested by Kurtz-Perry powder technique.

Analysis of Management Entropy Based on the Law of Enterprise Lifecycle

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, life continuously evolves through natural selection and adaptation to the environment. Similarly, businesses evolve by continually adjusting and optimizing their structures and functions in the face of market competition and environmental changes. Therefore, businesses can be seen as organic entities with lifecycles similar to those of living organisms. In general, the lifecycle of a business can be divided into five stages: the founding stage, growth stage, maturity stage, decline stage, and extinction stage. Each stage has its specific internal and external environmental conditions, along with corresponding opportunities and risks. To survive and thrive in each of these stages, businesses need to formulate appropriate strategies and measures based on their specific circumstances.This article will analyze the issue of managerial entropy that businesses face at different stages from the perspective of the laws governing the business lifecycle. Managerial entropy refers to the disordered state that arises within a business due to factors such as information asymmetry, poor communication, and coordination challenges, leading to reduced efficiency, resource waste, and decreased innovation capacity. Managerial entropy is one of the critical factors influencing the survival and development of businesses and deserves close attention. The article will propose solutions tailored to the managerial entropy issues at each stage, aiming to help businesses reduce the impact of managerial entropy and extend their lifecycles.

Comparative study of organic farming systems in different geographical regions

Among the prerequisites for agricultural production efficiency, improved farming systems that include a cost-effective organic approach to all stages of the production process play an important role. The need for a gradual transition of agricultural land use to biological methods of soil cultivation is relevant given the high level of agricultural landscape destruction and the growing demand for organic products. The purpose of the article was to provide a comparative analysis of the current state of development of organic production systems in different geographical regions of Ukraine. The study was conducted using general scientific methods of cognition, the main ones being the method of system analysis and the dialectical method. In the course of the study, the situation in the field of organic farming in the regional context, reserves, and prospects of opportunities in this area were investigated. An analysis of changes in the characteristics of the area and the number of certified organic farming entities in the time period is formed. The expediency of developing organic agronomy in modern economic conditions, as well as the possibility of ensuring the environmental safety of sustainable land use by increasing the share of organic tillage in the overall farming system, is substantiated. The priority vectors of development are highlighted, the regulatory and legal support of the industry is analysed. The specifics of the process of managing enterprises with the use of modern monitoring and investment opportunities are studied, on the basis of which the main measures to optimize the situation are developed, including economic incentives for farmers, the formation of a land bank for organic farming, control of anthropogenic pressure on the environment, compliance with safety requirements and adaptation of quality standards, as well as the preservation of local ecosystems. The practical significance of the research results is manifested in the possibility of using them in the development of sectoral programmes aimed at optimizing the functioning of organic farming systems, increasing their economic efficiency, and forming the concept of transition from conventional to organic farming in Ukraine

Crystal structure, photoluminescent properties, and DFT calculation of a new polymorph hybrid based on perchlorate salts

The hybrid compound with the formula (C7H7N2)ClO4 is synthesized at room temperature by the slow evaporation method from an aqueous solution. It crystallizes in the monoclinic symmetry, space group P21/c, with the following parameters: a = 19.71(2)Å, b = 9.138(9) Å, c = 10.073(10) Å, β= 104.15(3)°, and Z = 8. However, the supramolecular crystal structure was built from perchlorate anions (ClO4)− and organic benzimidazolium cations (C7H7N2)+ connected with hydrogen bonds only to form a zero-dimensional network. The infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra confirm the existence of vibrational modes that correspond to the organic and inorganic entities. The Hirshfeld analysis results show that the crystal packing was stabilized mainly by H⋯O/O⋯H (50.8%). Furthermore, the thermal behavior studied by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) appears to have good stability up to 200 °C. Finally, optical properties were investigated by UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy along with TDDFT theoretical calculations. This new compound exhibits lower cut-off energy and emission properties, with a band gap energy of 4.47 eV.