Organic Compost Research Articles

Organic fertilizer compost alters the microbial composition and network structure in strongly acidic soil

Soil acidification impairs plant growth and agricultural sustainability, whereas organic fertilizers can ameliorate soil quality. Nonetheless, the response of microbial populations to organic fertilization in acidified soil remains elusive. This study selected facility soils that underwent acidification, and native vegetation (Native) soils were used as controls. We investigated the effects of the sole application of inorganic fertilizers, sole application of organic fertilizers, and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the microbial diversity of rhizosphere soils of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L). The effects of applying organic fertilizers on the function of microbial communities and the structure of related networks were analyzed. Results indicated that organic fertilizer enhanced bacterial network complexity, metabolic function, and convergence of the community structure of Native soils. Beneficial biomarkers Gemmatimonadetes, Armatimonadetes, Sphingomonadales, Patescibacteria, Pezizomycetes, and Agaricomycetes were identified by linear discriminant analysis effect size screening. Applying organic fertilizer alters microbial composition, enhancing microbial abundance and network stability in acidified soil. This research reveals the intrinsic mechanism of yield enhancement by organic fertilizers and provides a basis for screening biocontrol strains.

A concerted enzymatic de-structuring of lignocellulosic materials using a compost-derived microbial consortia favoring the consolidated pretreatment and bio-saccharification

The robustness of microbial consortia isolated from compost habitat encompasses the complementary metabolism that aids in consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) by division of labor across the symbionts. Composting of organic waste is deemed to be an efficient way of carbon recycling, where the syntrophic microbial population exerts a concerted action of lignin and polysaccharide (hemicellulose and cellulose) component of plant biomass. The potential of this interrelated microorganism could be enhanced through adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) with LCB for its desired functional capabilities. Therefore, in this study, microbial symbionts derived from organic compost was enriched on saw dust (SD) (woody biomass), aloe vera leaf rind (AVLR) (agro-industrial waste) and commercial filter paper (FP) (pure cellulose) through ALE under different conditions. Later, the efficacy of enriched consortium (EC) on consolidated pretreatment and bio-saccharification was determined based on substrate degradation, endo-enzymes profiling and fermentable sugar yield. Among the treatment sets, AVLR biomass treated with EC-5 has resulted in the higher degradation rate of lignin (47.01 ± 0.66%, w/w) and polysaccharides (45.87 ± 1.82%, w/w) with a total sugar yield of about 60.01 ± 4.24 mg/g. In addition, the extent of structural disintegration of substrate after EC-treatment was clearly deciphered by FTIR and XRD analysis. And the factors of Pearson correlation matrix reinforces the potency of EC-5 by exhibiting a strong positive correlation between AVLR degradation and the sugar release. Thus, a consortium based CBP could promote the feasibility of establishing a sustainable second generation biorefinery framework.

Salt stress and organic fertilization on the growth and biochemical metabolism of Hylocereus costaricensis (red pitaya) seedlings.

Red pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) is a promising species, with high cultivation potential due to the organoleptic and functional qualities of its fruits. However, irrigation water salinity can affect the crop yield. Therefore, materials rich in organic substances can minimize the damage caused by excess salts in soil and/or water. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of organic matter sources as attenuators of salt stress on the production and biochemical responses of red pitaya seedlings. A completely randomized design in 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with five sources of organic matter (humus, sheep manure, biofertilizer, organic compost and sand + soil) and four salinities (0.6, 2.6, 4.6 and 6.6 dS m-1) with four replicates and two plants per plot was used. The shoot length, root length, cladode diameter, number of cladodes, number of sprotus, root volume, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, root and shoot dry mass ratio, chlorophyll a, b and total, amino acids and soluble sugars were evaluated at 120 days after the treatments began to be applied. Red pitaya is moderately tolerant to salinity (ECw from 4.0 to 6.0 dS m-1). Organic compost and sheep manure attenuate the harmful effects of salinity on red pitaya seedlings. Under salt stress conditions, red pitaya plants increase their levels of proline, amino acids and total sugars.

Efeito residual de fontes de fósforo na presença e ausência de composto orgânico na produção de beterraba e chicória em cultivo sucessivo de brócolis

ABSTRACT The utilization of organic fertilizer for a short cycle crop may allow planting, in sequence, another short cycle crop, without the need for new fertilizers, reducing the costs of a new fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of fertilization applied to broccoli with phosphorus sources in the presence and absence of organic compost, on beet and chicory production in subsequent cultivation. In broccoli cultivation, four sources of phosphorus (thermophosphate, natural phosphate, natural reactive phosphate, and triple superphosphate) (600 kg/ha of P2O5) were evaluated in the presence and absence of organic compost (Visafértil®, 55 t/ha) before planting. After the removal of the cultural remains of broccoli, beet and chicory, seedlings were transplanted in the same plots of the first crop treatments. For each species eight treatments were evaluated, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme. The first factor were the four sources of phosphorus and the second one was the application or not of organic compost before broccoli (hybrid BRO 68) planting. Treatments with organic compost showed greater production of beet and chicory, compared to the absence of compost. Fertilization with organic compost associated to the phosphorus sources provides necessary residual effect to beet and chicory production. The best P source for beet was triple superphosphate, and for chicory, in the absence of organic compost, triple superphosphate was the best source. In the presence of organic compost, the best sources were triple superphosphate and natural phosphate.

Condicionadores de solo melhoram o ambiente para o crescimento de gramínea em rejeitos de mineração de ferro

ABSTRACT Areas impacted by the deposition of iron mining tailings present physical and chemical characteristics that can hinder root growth, and applying soil conditioners can help alleviate these limitations. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil conditioners in improving the environment for the growth of grass in soil affected by iron mining tailing. Four different experiments were conducted testing conditioner proportions (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% v/v), in a completely randomized design with four replications, using Cynodon spp. The conditioners were sand, vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost. Bulk density, macro- and microporosity, total pore volume (VTP), pH, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and dry mass of the aboveground, root, and total plant were evaluated. There were improvements in porosity and a reduction in density with the application of vermiculite, sawdust, and organic compost; however, sand decreased the VTP. The pH was reduced with sawdust and increased with compost. Sawdust and compost increased OM. CEC increased with vermiculite and compost. The sand and vermiculite conditioners promoted the greatest growth of Cynodon spp., with emphasis on vermiculite, which provided the greatest increases in plant biomass production. The soil conditioners, overall, proved effective in improving porosity conditions, reducing density, increasing OM, and promoting plant growth, this makes this technology efficient for application in tailings. Due to its notable effect on increasing biomass and improving the environment for grass growth, vermiculite can be recommended for rehabilitation environments impacted by iron mining tailings or for post-mining revegetation.

Diferentes fontes de nutrientes na produção e qualidade de alface crespa “Veneranda”

ABSTRACT Driven by the growing demand for good quality food, agriculture is changing the way of cultivation to attend consumer’s expectations. In addition to the nutritional value, the production system has been an important factor in the consumer’s intention to purchase products. In this scenario, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutrient sources on production characteristics and nutritional quality of 'Veneranda' lettuce. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design, with seven treatments (control, bokashi, organic compost, mineral fertilizer, mineral fertilizer + organic compost, foliar biofertilizer and soil biofertilizer), and five replications. In commercial vegetative stage, lettuce was harvested and evaluated for physical, physicochemical, bioactive compounds and mineral composition. Lettuce produced with mineral and organomineral fertilizers showed the highest yield of physical characteristics, which is related to the highest nitrogen content in their leaves. The use of organomineral fertilization, organic and mineral compost and biofertilizer via leaf application presented a positive effect on lettuce cultivation, with better nutritional quality and productivity.

Soil microbial activity profiles associated with organic compost fertilizers in an urban garden

AbstractBiological soil health is recognized as an important component of sustainable agriculture due to microbial biomineralization of nutrients. However, soil health can be difficult to assess consistently across urban agricultural systems due to diverse land use histories, soil heterogeneity, and lack of mechanistic links to agricultural management practices (e.g., recycled compost addition) and crop outcomes. In this study, we characterized soil microbial activity profiles in an urban agriculture system in Minnesota, USA, including microbial abundance, soil respiration, extracellular enzyme activity, and crop yield. Garden plots were fertilized with recycled organic compost (either manure or municipal) at high or low rates (ranging from 2.6 to 39 tons ha−1) targeted to crop N and P demands. Control plots received inorganic fertilizer or no fertilizer. We found that a high application rate of manure compost supported 6–10x higher basal respiration than municipal compost or inorganic fertilizer. Enzyme activity data demonstrated that soil microbial communities exhibited unique profiles of biochemical function that varied among fertilizers of different compositions. Microbial biochemical function predicted 50% of the variability in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) yield, while soil microbial community size alone was a poor predictor of yield. Yield was highest in plots fertilized with municipal compost, outperforming inorganic fertilizer by threefold. High‐yield plots exhibited higher ratios of N to P enzyme activity compared to those with lower yield. Our findings demonstrate that “more is better” may not necessarily be true regarding soil microorganisms in biological soil health, and that measures of soil microbial biochemical function may be more important.

Índices de vegetação para monitoramento do desempenho agronômico da batata sob combinações de adubação mineral e orgânica

ABSTRACT Potatoes are one of the main vegetables consumed worldwide. However, dependence on mineral fertilizers compromises producers’ profitability. New alternatives are required to increase agricultural crop yield while sustaining production. Vegetation indices have improved the agility and benefits of experimental evaluations of vegetables; however, there is a scarcity of information on potatoes. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of different vegetation indices for monitoring the agronomic performance of potato crops fertilized with a combination of mineral fertilizers and organic compost. The study was conducted in the municipality of Perdizes, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A randomized block design was used. Each plot was divided into five subplots that received 25 combinations of mineral and organic fertilizer treatments in four replications. Images were acquired using a remote-piloted aircraft, which generated spectral values of vegetation indices in relation to various combinations of fertilizer doses. Mineral fertilizer doses significantly correlated with the normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and green leaf index (GLI) at r = 0.824, 0.836, and 0.833, respectively. Even in an environment with high variability in plant growth, the NGRDI, NDVI, and GLI were significantly correlated with mineral fertilization. The agronomic performance of potato crops under various fertilizer dosages could be monitored using the obtained vegetation indices.

Characterisation investigation on organic compost of municipal solid waste using physico-chemical, spectroscopic and thermal methods at different stages

Characterisation investigation on organic compost of municipal solid waste using physico-chemical, spectroscopic and thermal methods at different stages

Occurrence characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in agricultural soils in the loess hilly gully area of Yan' an, China

Large amounts of microplastics accumulated in the soil of agricultural fields with the rapid development of mulch agriculture. The enrichment of microplastics endangered the growth of crops and food security, and it also posed ecological risks. In this study, we investigated microplastics in a typical agriculture area of Yan' an City, in the loess hilly gully area of China. The characteristics of microplastics including their abundances, sizes, and types were measured through laser direct infrared spectrometer. The potential sources of microplastics were analyzed and the risk of soil microplastic pollution was evaluated. It was elaborated that the average abundances of microplastics in soil, water, and fertilizer were 4505 ± 435 n·kg−1, 91 ± 27 n·L−1, and 39,629 ± 10,114 n·kg−1, respectively. Microplastics with particle sizes < 100 μm accounted for >90 %. The smaller the particle size, the higher the content of microplastics. The top three polymers were polyethylene (PE, 37.4 %), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 15.0 %), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA, 8.9 %), respectively. Agricultural mulch, plastic film, domestic waste, surface water irrigation, and organic compost were probably the potential sources of soil microplastics. The ecological risk evaluation showed that overall sampling sites had a minor ecological risk of microplastic pollution based on their abundance, while the polymer type showed a relatively high ecological risk for the investigated agricultural soils. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) contribute considerably to the ecological risk, and their inputs to the farmland environment should be strictly limited. There was no significant carcinogenic risk to humans. This study would provide the basic reference for the current situation and risk assessment of farmland soil microplastics pollution in the loess hilly gully area of China.

Green Coal Machine: Innovative Solution for Processing Organic Soil Enhancer from Compost and Coal Testing Waste

The Eco Green Campus Program adopted by Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS) aims to create a campus that is sustainable and environmentally friendly with a focus on cultivating healthy organic soil. However, tillage Organic soil require organic materials which are quite expensive and difficult to obtain, such as organic fertilizer. Therefore, innovative solutions are needed through utilization of abundant local resources such as remaining coal samples with compost that called Green Coal which was made into quality organic soil enhancer. Coal has very complete nutrients and can be used as fertilizer. In addition, the use of coal as fertilizer can reduce the potential for degradation of the quality of agricultural land. In order to meet the needs in ITS parks, coal from the rest of the laboratory testing samples can also be used as a source of soil fertilizer. However, the results of the production is still lacking by number so sometimes the compost is applied though its still half ripe. To increase its effectiveness, organic compost waste is used as a soil conditioner through the use of coal. ITS has succeeded in developing a soil enhancer product named Green Coal from residual coal sample. However, the process of making Green Coal is done manually and is constrained by time constraints. Therefore, in this research, a 3-in-1 Green Coal machine was carried out to increase the efficiency of Green Coal production. The 3-in-1 Green Coal machine consists of a chopping machine, a sieving machine and a mixing machine in one machine so it can simplify processes, cost and time efficiency in the production process. The results of this research showed that a 3-in-1 Green Coal machine can produce 10 kg/minute of Green Coal soil enhancer products.

Low-Temperature Fermented Straw Compost Regulates Rice Growth and Yield by Affecting Soil Physicochemical Properties and the Expression of Important Signaling Pathway Genes

Soil physicochemical properties affect crop growth and yield. The addition of fertilizers can improve the soil quality during crop cultivation, leading to increased agricultural production. Organic fertilizers may be produced by composting straw that would otherwise be discarded as agricultural waste, with potential implications for sustainable agricultural development. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of straw compost on crop growth is unknown. In this study, a microbial agent suitable for straw decomposition in cold regions was used for a large-scale biological fermentation. Organic compost was obtained after the decomposition of straw. The straw compost was mixed with soil in different proportions and then used to cultivate Songjing 2 rice plants. The addition of straw compost significantly increased the growth and yield of the rice plants and enhanced various physiological indices. Moreover, the straw compost treatment significantly improved soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, enzyme activity, nutrient composition, and microbial diversity) and optimized the soil conditions for crop growth. In addition, the application of straw compost influenced the expression of genes in rice metabolic pathways as well as pathways mediating secondary metabolite synthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. The study data reflect the potential applicability of low-temperature straw fermentation technology for maximizing crop production.

Effect of Water Holding Capacity on Composting Yield of Organic Market Waste

The increasing volume of market waste that continues to occur makes people think negatively of waste, but on the other hand waste can provide positive things by composting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of Water Holding Capacity (WHC) in organic compost made from market waste. The composting process uses the Open Windrow method with aerobic Composting Bag container media. Composting was carried out for fifteen days with variations in the addition of bioactivators to accelerate the maturation of different composts are 50 ml, 75 ml, 100 ml, 125 ml, and 150 ml with one control compost. The bioactivator used is a type of local microorganism (MOL) made from market waste. Based on the results of this study, compost with a variation of 150 ml bioactivator addition produced an optimal WHC content of 75%, the best water content of 49.24%, C/N 15.57%, temperature 32.29°C, and pH 7.

Impact of Long-Term Organic Manure Application on Yield, Zinc, and Copper Uptake in Maize, Peas, and Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Cropping System

To evaluate the impact of the long-term application of organic manures on yield, uptake of zinc and copper in maize, peas and summer mungbean cropping systems, a field study was conducted at the integrated farming system of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The treatment combinations were; T1: 50% N through recommended NPK + 50% N was substituted through FYM, T2: 100% N through FYM, T3: T2 + intercropping (marigold in pea, cowpea in maize), T4: T2 + agronomic practices for weed and. pest control, T5: 50% N as FYM + rock phosphate to substitute the P requirement of crops + phosphate solubilizing bacterial. cultures (PSB), T6: T2 + biofertilizer (consortium) containing N and P carriers and T7: 100% Recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers. Significant increases in the yield, micronutrient content and uptake were recorded due to the application of 50% nitrogen through farmyard manure (FYM) and 50% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (T1) followed by 100% N through FYM + biofertilizer containing. N and P, carriers (T6). The highest grain yield of maize (5.72 t ha-1), pea (16.2 t ha-1) and summer mungbean (11.6 t ha-1) were recorded in treatment T1, surpassing the 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (T7) by 13.7%, 20% and 10.4 %, respectively. The concentration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the grains of maize, pea and summer mung bean was 38.3%, 14.1%, 29.6% and 53.4%, 22.8 % and 19.8% higher in treatment T1 as compared to treatment T7. Moreover, the concentration of copper and zinc in the grains of maize, pea and summer mung bean was 32.1%, 24.2% and 29.5 % and 21.7%, 17.6% and 11.6% higher in treatment T1, respectively, compared to treatment T7. Similarly, the increase in the uptake of Cu and Zn was observed in both grain and straw of maize, pea and summer mung bean. The study concluded that the integrated nutrient management (INM) treatment is to substitute a portion of chemical fertilizers with a more sustainable and environmentally safe organic compost in order to mitigate soil degradation, improve crop production, and protect the environment.

Effect of Enriched Organic Compost and Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Ragi (Eleusine coracana L.)

Effect of Enriched Organic Compost and Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Ragi (Eleusine coracana L.)

Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Stem Cuttings Under 3-Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) Treatment

Abstract Stevia rebaudiana is a high-value crop because of its metabolites, such as steviol glycosides. However, it only produces a few seeds, resulting in low productivity. Therefore, an appropriate propagation method is required to enhance its productivity. This study aimed to assess stevia’s morphological and physiological characteristics upon treatment with three doses of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) [mg/L] through stem-cutting propagation. The cuttings were treated with IAA at 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/L by dipping them in the IAA solution for 1 minute, then planting in growth media (garden soil, organic compost and coco peat with a ratio of 2:1:1) and keeping them in the greenhouse. The survival percentage, root length and number, plant height, leaf number, total chlorophylls, and stomata length and number were assessed in the 3rd week. The application of 40 mg/L IAA resulted in a significant improvement in all parameters. However, IAA treatment also causes stomata abnormalities. This result suggested that stem cutting and IAA treatment significantly contribute to stevia propagation.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos Organik Limbah Rumah Tangga Pada Ibu-Ibu Pkk Rt 03 Rw 05 Kalurahan Mojo Kecamatan Pasar Kliwon Surakarta

Residents of RT. 03RW. 05 Mojo Village, Pasar Kliwon District, Surakarta, totaling 20 families. and the majority of the population work as entrepreneurs and casual laborers. Most of the PKK members' mothers (wives) are housewives. They really need additional financial income to meet family needs. They have never received counseling or training on making organic compost from universities or other institutions. From the results of interviews, several female PKK members wanted counseling and training in making organic compost fertilizer as an alternative to increase their income financially. For this reason, the Biology Education Study Program Abdimas Team will provide training to PKK RT 03 members on making organic compost from family waste. The objectives of this community service are 1. Provide training on how to make organic compost. 2. Provide training/skills in applying organic compost with planting media. The training was held 2 times. The method used is lectures and questions and answers, as well as practical guidance on how to make and apply organic compost. The target of this training is to increase understanding of how to make organic compost by 20%, and a skill score of &gt;70. From the results of the training on making organic compost for women from PKK RT 03 RW 05, Mojo sub-district, it can be concluded that: There is an increase in understanding of the process of making organic compost from an average score of 38.23 to 89.14, meaning there is an increase in understanding of 51.25 ( 153.04%). For the skill scores for making compost and its application to media and plants, PKK members obtained scores of 88.92 and 88.71, which means that all participants are skilled in making fertilizer and applying it to plants.

Utilization of waste empty palm oil bunches as a medium for seeding and nursery for UNIB hybrid chilies

Lawang Agung Village is situated in Air Periukan District, Seluma Regency, directly adjacent to plantation land owned by PT. Agri Andalas. Waste empty palm fruit bunches (TKKS) or 'jangkos' are an organic compost that can support plant growth. This community service aims to provide training and practical experience in seeding and breeding UNIB hybrid chilies using jangkos compost as an organic medium. In its implementation, activities begin with training, preparing seeds, tools, and materials. They then continue with seeding and nursery practices involving 20 PKK cadres. The hybrid chilies sown include the UNIB Pi, P3, P5, and P7 hybrid chilies. On November 28, the seedlings, which were 34 days old, were transplanted into polybags measuring 40 x 40 cm in the village nursery. Based on the activity evaluation, the partners demonstrated an understanding of the process of seeding and breeding UNIB hybrid chilies and successfully used jangkos as a planting medium.

Analisis Implementasi Food Waste Management

This research aims to investigate the phenomenon of food waste and the implementation of food waste management at hotel Novotel Jakarta Cikini, Central Jakarta, as part of their efforts to reduce leftover food waste. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The respondents in this research consist of 5 individuals who are employees of hotel Novotel Jakarta Cikini from various departments directly involved in the food waste management implementation. The research was conducted in June 2023. Data collection techniques included interviews, observations, and documentation.The research findings indicate that the food waste management implemented by hotel Novotel Jakarta CIkini is quite effective, resulting in a reduction of approximately 63 percent in the amount of food waste, from 123 kg per day to around 77.5 kg per day. The food waste management practices at hotel Novotel Jakarta Cikini align with several supporting theories, such as adjusting the size of food portions, processing leftover food materials, donating reprocessed food, and creating organic compost from food waste. Additionally, the study identifies some challenges faced by the hotel employees in educating guests and dealing with internal issues, which have impacted the implementation of food waste management. Furthermore, the research identifies the causes of food waste, ranging from leftover guest meals to unused food ingredients scheduled for processing, as well as the methods employed by hotel Novotel Jakarta Cikini to reduce the accumulation of food waste.

INISIASI KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT PENGELOLA SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN BUDIDAYA MAGGOT BSF (BLACK SOLDIER FLY) DI PADUKUHAN DUKUH, SINDUHRJO, NGAGLIK, SLEMAN, D.I YOGYAKARTA

Waste is an unresolved government problem. The largest waste collection site (TPS) in Yogyakarta, TPS Piyungan, is starting to get tired of collecting waste from various corners of Yogyakarta. One of the efforts to overcome this problem, the government instructed the Waste Sorting Movement. Based on the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), the composition of waste in Indonesia is dominated by organic waste, which reaches 57% of the total landfill. Organic waste can be processed by cultivating BSF Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens). BSF is a black fly whose maggots (larvae) can degrade organic waste. Maggots (maggots) produced from black fly eggs are very active in eating organic waste. This bioconversion process by maggots can degrade waste more quickly, is odorless, and produces organic compost, and the larvae can be a good source of protein for poultry and fish feed. Maggots have the ability to break down organic waste 2 to 5 times their body weight for 24 hours. One kilogram of maggot can consume 2 to 5 kilograms of organic waste per day. Maggots that have become prepupae and BSF fly carcasses can still be used as animal feed because they are rich in protein. The cocoons can also be used as fertilizer. This process was socialized to Sub Urban groups in the Padukuhan Dukuh, Sidoharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman areas, as a response to the unresolved waste problem. Activities are carried out by: Carrying out outreach related to waste problems and BSF maggot cultivation, Carrying out waste sorting training, Carrying out training on BSF maggot cultivation, Distribution of rubbish bins to residents (partners) as containers to accommodate organic waste, Creation of organic waste storage areas, Construction of BSF Maggot houses , Breeding activities, maintenance and harvesting of BSF maggots, Packaging of BSF Maggot products, Sales of BSF Maggot products