Organic Chemistry Research Articles

Structural and Electronic Chirality in Inorganic Crystals: from Construction to Application.

Chirality represents a fundamental characteristic inherent in nature, playing a pivotal role in the emergence of homochirality and the origin of life. While the principles of chirality in organic chemistry are well-documented, the exploration of chirality within inorganic crystal structures continues to evolve. This ongoing development is primarily due to the diverse nature of crystal/amorphous structures in inorganic materials, along with the intricate symmetrical and asymmetrical relationships in the geometry of their constituent atoms. In this review, we commence with a summary of the foundational concept of chirality in molecules and solid states matters. This is followed by an introduction of structural chirality and electronic chirality in three-dimensional and two-dimensional inorganic materials. The construction of chirality in inorganic materials is classified into physical photolithography, wet-chemistry method, self-assembly, and chiral imprinting. Highlighting the significance of this field, we also summarize the research progress of chiral inorganic materials for applications in optical activity, enantiomeric recognition and chiral sensing, selective adsorption and enantioselective separation, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis, and chirality-induced spin polarization. This review aims to provide a reference for ongoing research in chiral inorganic materials and potentially stimulate innovative strategies and novel applications in the realm of chirality.

Umpolung reactivity of strained C–C σ-bonds without transition-metal catalysis

Umpolung is an old and important concept in organic chemistry, which significantly expands the chemical space and provides unique structures. While, previous research focused on carbonyls or imine derivatives, the umpolung reactivity of polarized C–C σ-bonds still needs to explore. Herein, we report an umpolung reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) with electron-deficient alkenes to construct the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond at the electrophilic position of C–C σ-bonds in BCBs without any transition-metal catalysis. Specifically, this transformation relies on the strain-release driven bridging σ-bonds in bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), which are emerged as ene components, providing an efficient and straightforward synthesis route of various functionalized cyclobutenes and conjugated dienes, respectively. The synthetic utilities of this protocol are performed by several transformations. Preliminary mechanistic studies including density functional theory (DFT) calculation support the concerted Alder-ene type process of C–C σ-bond cleavage with hydrogen transfer. This work extends the umpolung reaction to C–C σ-bonds and provides high-value structural motifs.

Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed ortho-Fluorine-Directed C-H Functionalization of (Poly)fluoroarenes in Organic Synthesis.

The synthesis of organic compounds efficiently via fewer steps but in higher yields is desirable as this reduces energy and reagent use, waste production, and thus environmental impact as well as cost. The reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to fluorine substituents in (poly)fluoroarenes with metal centers is enhanced relative to meta and para positions. Thus, direct C-H functionalization of (poly)fluoroarenes without prefunctionalization is becoming a significant area of research in organic chemistry. Novel and selective methodologies to functionalize (poly)fluorinated arenes by taking advantage of the reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to C-F bonds are continuously being developed. This review summarizes the reasons for the enhanced reactivity and the consequent developments in the synthesis of valuable (poly)fluoroarene-containing organic compounds.

Boryl Ancillary Ligands: Influencing Stability and Reactivity of Amidinato‐Silanone and Germanone Systems in Ammonia Activation

AbstractWhile the nucleophilic addition of ammonia to ketones is an archetypal reaction in classical organic chemistry, the reactivity of heavier group 14 carbonyl analogues (R2E=O; E=Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) with NH3 remains sparsely investigated, primarily due to the synthetic difficulties in accessing heavier ketone congeners. Herein, we present a room‐temperature stable boryl‐substituted amidinato‐silanone {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si=O (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) (together with its germanone analogue), formed from the corresponding silylene under a N2O atmosphere. This system reacts cleanly with ammonia in 1,2‐fashion to give an isolable sila‐hemiaminal complex {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si(OH)(NH2). Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the formation of this sila‐hemiaminal is crucially dependent on the nature of the ancillary ligand scaffold. It is facilitated thermodynamically by the hemi‐lability of the amidinate ligand (which allows for the formation of an energetically critical intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅HO hydrogen bond within the product) and is enabled mech‐anistically by a process in which the silanone initially acts in umpolung fashion as a base (rather than an acid), due to the strongly electron‐releasing and sterically bulky nature of the ancillary boryl ligand.

Computation of expected values of some connectivity based topological descriptors of random cyclooctane chains

Cyclooctane is a cycloalkane consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a closed ring structure. Cyclooctane chains can be found in various organic compounds and are significant in the field of organic chemistry due to their diverse reactivity and properties. The atom-bond connectivity index (ABC\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{A}\\mathcal{B}\\mathcal{C}$$\\end{document}), the geometric-arithmetic index (GA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{G}\\mathcal{A}$$\\end{document}), the arithmetic–geometric index (AG\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{A}\\mathcal{G}$$\\end{document}) and the forgotten index (F\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{F}$$\\end{document}) are four well-studied molecular descriptors that have found applications in QSPR and QSAR studies. These topological descriptors have shown significant correlations with different physiochemical properties of octane isomers. In this work, the expected values of four degree based topological descriptors for random cyclooctane chains are calculated. An analytical comparison is given between the expected values of ABC\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{A}\\mathcal{B}\\mathcal{C}$$\\end{document}, GA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{G}\\mathcal{A}$$\\end{document}, AG\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{A}\\mathcal{G}$$\\end{document}, and F\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{F}$$\\end{document} indices of random cyclooctane chains.

Boryl Ancillary Ligands: Influencing Stability and Reactivity of Amidinato-Silanone and Germanone Systems in Ammonia Activation.

While the nucleophilic addition of ammonia to ketones is an archetypal reaction in classical organic chemistry, the reactivity of heavier group 14 carbonyl analogues (R2E=O; E=Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) with NH3 remains sparsely investigated, primarily due to the synthetic difficulties in accessing heavier ketone congeners. Herein, we present a room-temperature stable boryl-substituted amidinato-silanone {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si=O (Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3) (together with its germanone analogue), formed from the corresponding silylene under a N2O atmosphere. This system reacts cleanly with ammonia in 1,2-fashion to give an isolable sila-hemiaminal complex {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si(OH)(NH2). Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the formation of this sila-hemiaminal is crucially dependent on the nature of the ancillary ligand scaffold. It is facilitated thermodynamically by the hemi-lability of the amidinate ligand (which allows for the formation of an energetically critical intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅HO hydrogen bond within the product) and is enabled mech-anistically by a process in which the silanone initially acts in umpolung fashion as a base (rather than an acid), due to the strongly electron-releasing and sterically bulky nature of the ancillary boryl ligand.

Examining students’ problem-solving approaches in organic chemistry and its impact on performance and learning

This research paper examines the intricacies of problem-solving (PS) in organic chemistry (OC), exploring the internal and external factors that influence students’ success in this demanding discipline. Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 128 City College of New York students during Spring and Fall semesters of 2022. The study revealed that students face challenges learning OC, which include memorization, understanding underlying concepts, and effective PS. Notably, there is a gap between students’ professed beliefs about effective PS strategies and their actual practices. While students acknowledge the importance of techniques such as annotation, trial and error, and questioning, they inconsistently apply these strategies in practice. Annotation emerged as a valuable tool, enabling students to externalize complex thought processes and reduce reliance on memorization. Trial and error, coupled with exposure to expert PS techniques, proved effective. The role of confidence in PS was highlighted, and the need to balance memorization of reactions and rules such as naming with a profound understanding of OC concepts was emphasized. Resonance as a justification for answers underscored the importance of understanding and applying principles rather than relying solely on memorization. The data highlights the importance of aligning beliefs with actions in the learning process and the need for a balanced approach that combines knowledge with effective PS techniques. The findings offer valuable implications for educators and students seeking to enhance their performance in OC.

Synthesis and Applications of N-Alkoxymethylated Azaheterocycles

Abstract: Alkoxmethyl heterocycles play a significant role as bioactive compounds in pharmaceutical and bifunctional ligands in synthetic organic chemistry. N-Alkoxmethylation can lead toward multipurpose mixed acetals, natural product precursors, and task-specific functionalized ionic liquids. This report provides a comprehensive account of the synthesis and perspectives applications of alkoxymethyl azaheterocycles. The first part gives a detailed account of the different synthetic strategies employed to access N-alkoxy methyl heterocyclic compounds. The second part deals with their applications, owing to the unique reactivity of the alkoxymethyl group and the nature of heterocycle. Besides diverse biological and synthetic applications, alkoxymethyl benzotriazoles also provide substantial scope as a versatile anion stabilizer that can lead to diverse oxygen functionalities.

α-Silyl amines as electron donors: application in synthetic organic chemistry

α-Silyl amines as electron donors: application in synthetic organic chemistry

Quantum dots: modern methods of synthesis and optical properties

Quantum dots are the most exciting representatives of nanomaterials. They are synthesized by modern methods of nanotechnology pertaining to both inorganic and organic chemistry. Quantum dots possess unique physical and chemical properties; therefore, they are used in very different fields of physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and medicine. It is not surprising that the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2023 was given for discovery and synthesis of quantum dots. In this review, modern methods of synthesis of quantum dots, their optical properties and practical applications are analyzed. In the beginning, a short historical background of quantum dots is given. Many gifted scientists, including chemists and physicists, were engaged in these studies. The synthesis of quantum dots in solid and liquid matrices is described in detail. Quantum dots are well-known owing to their unique optical properties, that is why the attention in the review is focused on the quantum-size effect. The causes for fascinating blinking of quantum dots and techniques for observation of a single quantum dot are explained. The last part of the review describes important applications of quantum dots in biology, medicine and quantum technologies.<br> Bibliography — 772 references.

Targeting KRAS in cancer.

RAS family variants-most of which involve KRAS-are the most commonly occurring hotspot mutations in human cancers and are associated with a poor prognosis. For almost four decades, KRAS has been considered undruggable, in part due to its structure, which lacks small-molecule binding sites. But recent developments in bioengineering, organic chemistry and related fields have provided the infrastructure to make direct KRAS targeting possible. The first successes occurred with allele-specific targeting of KRAS p.Gly12Cys (G12C) in non-small cell lung cancer, resulting in regulatory approval of two agents-sotorasib and adagrasib. Inhibitors targeting other variants beyond G12C have shown preliminary antitumor activity in highly refractory malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. Herein, we outline RAS pathobiology with a focus on KRAS, illustrate therapeutic approaches across a variety of malignancies, including emphasis on the 'on' and 'off' switch allele-specific and 'pan' RAS inhibitors, and review immunotherapeutic and other key combination RAS targeting strategies. We summarize mechanistic understanding of de novo and acquired resistance, review combination approaches, emerging technologies and drug development paradigms and outline a blueprint for the future of KRAS therapeutics with anticipated profound clinical impact.

Tetrazoles Leitmotif: An Intriguing Insight into Contemporary Developments and Biological Activities

Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds with a tetrazole core are of great interest because they represent an important class of synthetic compounds with a wide range of relevant biological properties that have the potential to be clinically translated as treatments for a variety of disorders. Due to their beneficial bioactivities, heterocycles with a tetrazole scaffold have aroused the interest of organic and medicinal chemists and sparked much attention in recent years. Tetrazoles are a form of nitrogen heterocycle found in several natural compounds in addition to their pharmacologically active nucleus. The tetrazole ring is similar to carboxylic acids and acts as a bioisostere analogue. A booster is a set of molecules with identical physiological features, including biological activity. Tetrazole nuclei are found in compounds used to evaluate new antimicrobial, anticancer, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, antimalarial, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory medicines. Tetrazole and its derivatives' broad and potent actions have established them as pharmacologically significant scaffolds. So far, tetrazole ring alterations have proven to be highly efficient, with greater efficacy. This review aims to provide an in-depth recapitulation of recent trends used to synthesize promising Tetrazole incorporated compounds and focus on the clinical significance of functionalized tetrazole analogues, which would essentially aid medicinal chemists in new research exploration and discovery in this field.

Vegetation Loss Following Vertical Drowning of Mississippi River Deltaic Wetlands Leads to Faster Microbial Decomposition and Decreases in Soil Carbon

AbstractWetland ecosystems hold nearly a third of the global soil carbon pool, but as wetlands rapidly disappear the fate of this stored soil carbon is unclear. The aim of this study was to quantify and then link potential rates of microbial decomposition after vertical drowning of vegetated tidal marshes in coastal Louisiana to known drivers of anaerobic decomposition altered by vegetation loss. Profiles of potential CH4 and CO2 production (surface to 60 cm deep) were measured during anaerobic incubations, organic matter chemistry was assessed with infrared spectroscopy, and soil porewater nutrients and redox potentials were measured in the field along a chronosequence of wetland loss. After vertical drowning, pond soils had lower redox potentials, higher pH values, lower soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, lower lignin: polysaccharide ratios, more NH4+ and PO43−, and higher rates of potential CO2 release than vegetated marsh soils. Potential CH4 production was similar in vegetated marshes and open water ponds, with depth‐dependent decreases in CH4 production as soil carbon concentrations increased. In these anoxic soils, vegetation loss exerts a primary control on decomposition rates because flooding drives sustained increases in porewater nutrient availability (NH4+ and PO43, dissolved organic carbon) and decreases in redox potential (from −150 to −500 mV) that lead to higher potential CO2 fluxes within a few years. Without new carbon inputs following wetland loss, the sustained decomposition in open water ponds may lead to losses of stored soil carbon and could influence global carbon budgets.

Inorganic Chemistry Division—Feb 2024 Newsletter

Abstract The Spring 2024 Newsletter of the Inorganic Chemistry Division is now available. It was compiled thanks to Division II members’ input. Please keep sending your items, including pictures, or suggested topics for future issues, via email to the Newsletter Editor: Dan Rabinovich <D_RABINOVIC@uncg.edu>

Sulfur Implantation into Water Ice with Propane: Implications for Organic Chemistry on the Surface of Europa

We performed experiments of implantation of energetic sulfur ions (105 keV) into 2:1 water:propane ices at 80 K and analyzed the resulting refractory organic matter with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Our goal was to characterize the organic matter processed in the surface conditions of Europa, where it would receive a heavy flux of energetic particles, including sulfur ions, and determine whether organosulfurs could be formed in these conditions, using the simplest alkane that can exist in solid form on Europa’s surface. We find that the produced organic matter contains a large variety of both aliphatic and aromatic compounds (several thousand unique formulae), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with masses up to 900 amu. A large number of aromatic hydrocarbons is found along with oxygenated, mostly aliphatic, compounds. Organosulfurs are found in both CHS and CHOS form, demonstrating they can be formed from any organic compound through sulfur implantation. These organosulfurs’ properties (aromaticity, mass) appear similar to the rest of the organic matter, albeit their low quantity does not allow for a thorough comparison. Our results have implications for the type of refractory organic matter that could be observed by the JUICE and Europa Clipper space missions and how the surface of Europa could generate complex organics, including PAHs and organosulfurs, that could then enrich the subsurface ocean. In particular, they indicate that a large diversity of organic matter, including organosulfurs, can be formed from simple precursors in a geologically short time frame under the ion flux that reaches Europa.

Experimental and computational investigation of fluid flow and solid transport in split-and-recombine oscillatory flow reactors for organic chemistry in water

This study analyzes fluid dynamics and solid transport in split-and-recombine oscillatory flow reactors, to improve the understanding of the mechanisms behind the resuspension capacity of solids in flow driven by their efficacy in multiphase reactions. Based on its importance as a sustainable reaction medium, H2O was utilized as liquid phase. Experiments in the HANU 2X 5 flow reactor reveal a six-fold reduction in particle deposition under oscillatory flow with SiO2 slurries compared to constant flow. A DoE approach investigated the influence of oscillation parameters and flow rate, revealing the importance of tuning parameters to achieve homogeneous suspension. Quantitative transport up to 10 wt% SiO2 slurries was achieved. A computational fluid dynamics model revealed the presence of large recirculation and positive upward velocities near the static mixers under oscillatory flow, which facilitate particle resuspension, up to five times compared to stationary flow. Strategic asymmetries within the reactor enhance resuspension. Lagrangian particle tracing was implemented through an original procedure, allowing reduced computational time by 82%. The simulation validated the benefits of oscillations in sustaining particle suspension, explaining the mechanism that prevents deposition at the reactor bottom. The combination of experimental and computational approaches provides valuable insights for optimizing oscillatory flow reactor design.

Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Antihyperglycemic Activity of the New Benzimidazole Derivatives - Imidazoline Receptor Agonists.

The paper presents the results of a study on the first synthesized benzimidazole derivatives obtained from labile nature carboxylic acids. The synthesis conditions of these substances were studied, their structure was proved, and some components were found to have sugar-reducing activity on the model of alloxan diabetes in rats. The study used molecular modeling methods such as docking based on the evolutionary model (igemdock), RP_HPLC method to monitor the synthesis reaction, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and other methods of organic chemistry to confirm the structures of synthesized substances. The docking showed that the ursodeoxycholic acid benzimidazole derivatives have high tropics to all imidazoline receptor carriers (PDB ID: 2XCG, 2bk3, 3p0c, 1QH4). The ursodeoxycholic acid benzimidazole derivative and arginine and histidine benzimidazole derivatives showed the highest sugar-lowering activity in the experiment on alloxan-diabetic rats. For these derivatives, the difference in glucose levels of treated rats was significant against untreated control. Therefore, the new derivatives of benzimidazole and labile natural organic acids can be used to create new classes of imidazoline receptor inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Effectiveness of Blended Teaching on Academic Achievement in Organic Chemistry: A case of Grade-12 Learners from an Underprivileged South African School

In South Africa, particularly in underprivileged high schools, the unavailability of resources means that the use of traditional face-to-face teaching methods that promote passive learning is prevalent. Despite a few of these schools utilising blended teaching methods that can potentially promote active learning, research that evaluates the effectiveness of these methods in promoting academic achievement is limited. Diagnostic reports on National Senior Certificate examinations of South Africa show that Grade-12 learners perform poorly in organic chemistry. Therefore, this study which was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, aimed to determine how effective blended teaching methods are in fostering academic achievement compared to traditional face-to-face teaching, focusing on Grade-12 organic chemistry. In this quantitative study, using Vygotsky’s socio-cultural and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theories as the theoretical framework, two hundred learners were randomly placed into two equal groups. Group-1 (experimental) was taught all organic chemistry concepts stipulated in the South African national curriculum using a blended teaching method while Group-2 (control) was taught the same concepts using traditional face-to-face teaching method. A standardised test (KOOCT) was administered to both groups followed by descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (independent t-tests). Findings showed that Group-1 scores (M = 41.74, SD = 19.533) were higher than those for Group-2 (M = 27.18, SD = 13.039), t (198) = 6.234, p = .00 < .05 showing that using blended teaching approach was more effective in promoting academic achievement than traditional face-to-face teaching only. The effect size (Cohen’s d=.882) ensures practical significance of the study.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Antibacterial Studies of Some N-Phenylpyridinium Chloride Derivatives

Aim and Background: This study represents a dedicated effort to advance organic chemistry and contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic agents through the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and antibacterial activities of N-phenylpyridinium chloride derivatives. Heterocyclic compounds, integral to vital natural products, have spurred interest for their potential incorporation into the design of biologically active molecules. Methodology: The rigorous methodology employed stringent laboratory conditions, utilizing high-grade reagents, and implementing solvent purification through distillation and crystallization. The synthesis involved refluxing pyridine and 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene in ethanol, resulting in N-2, 4-dinitrophenylpyridinium chloride. Derivatization with aniline produced 5-anilino N-phenyl-2, 4-pentadienylideniminium chloride, undergoing cyclization and meticulous purification. Result: Antibacterial evaluations demonstrated significant efficacy, with 1-(2-chlorophenyl) pyridinium chloride exhibiting pronounced sensitivity against E. coli and S. aureus. Paper chromatography revealed strong affinities for the stationary phase, indicative of their inherently polar nature. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provided insights into diverse functional groups. Conclusion: The Meticulous synthesis of N-phenylpyridinium chloride derivatives has yielded compounds with notable antibacterial properties, showcasing their potential applications in both medical and materials science domains. This study concludes by emphasizing the critical importance of continued exploration in this promising research trajectory, highlighting the essential intersection of organic chemistry with advancements in therapeutic innovation.

Development and evaluation of immersive VR laboratories of organic chemistry and physics for students education

In science education, the use of laboratory experiments has a critical role. However, experiments can cause excessive material waste, and safety issues must be taken seriously. Virtual laboratories and simulations have become a useful and effective alternative to in-person, hands-on laboratories as a result of the educational possibilities afforded by information and communication technology. With virtual reality (VR), students can depict scientific phenomena through virtual practical experiments that use computer simulation. In this work, VR-based lab simulations of physics and chemistry experiments were introduced. Chemistry lab includes 3 experiments from organic chemistry (identify aldehydes using Tollen’s test, identify ketones using the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test, and identify carboxylic acids using the sodium carbonate test) and physics lab includes 2 experiments on series and parallel current, accomplished through the use of the real-time 3D graphics and pre-rendered animations. Further, to assess the usability of the developed system, 20 students were surveyed as research subjects and they filled out the SUS survey after conducting the VR experiments in Oculus Quest 2. . The average score for the VR chemistry lab simulations was 92.63%, and, the average score for the physics lab was 93.38%, indicating a high level of performance and achievement among the participants. Further, in the comparative study evaluating knowledge retention and learning experience, the experimental group (VR, N=20) outperformed the control group (traditional, N=13), indicating a more favorable learning experience. All participants from the experiment group reported that virtual labs were easy to use. Overall, findings from the Knowledge Retention survey show that interactive laboratory activities enhance students’ understanding of chemical processes and practical skills.