Organic Carbon Status Research Articles

Effect of Liquid Microbial Consortium on Physio Chemical Properties of Rice Field (Oryza Sativa) in a Vertisol

A study was conducted during kharif 2020 on "Effect of liquid microbial consortium (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB (Pseudomonas mallei, Pseudomonas cepaceae, Penicillium sp.) and KSB) on physio chemical properties and microbial population of rice field (Oryza sativa) in a Vertisol" at the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya's Research cum instructional farm in Raipur (C.G.). Experiment included seven treatments viz. control (no fertilizer, no liquid NPK microbial consortia), two independent applications of 75 % RDF (90:45:30) and 100% RDF ((120: 60: 40) N, P2O5, and K2O kg ha-1 and four various combinations of seed and soil application of liquid NPK microbial consortia. Seed coating with NPK consortia @5ml kg-1, with 75% and 100% RDF and Seed coating with NPK consortia @5ml kg-1 + Soil application of NPK consortia @3 L ha-1 at 21 DAS with 75%RDF and 100%RDF. In the experiment, liquid biofertilizer products, such as liquid microbial NPK consortia were used. The population of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB), potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) and total bacterial population were significantly influenced by application of consortia as seed treatment @ 5ml kg-1 only and by a combination of seed treatment @ 5ml kg-1 seed + soil application @ 3 L ha-1 at 21 DAT with 75 or 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers and showed statistically significant higher microbial population in comparisons with the treatments of untreated alone applications of 75 or 100 % RDF. The results showed that the soil reaction, (pH) salt concentration (Electrical conductivity) and organic carbon status were not significantly influenced by the different treatments of fertilizer levels and microbial consortia applied. Slight decrease in the soil reaction (pH) and slight increase in the OC status after the harvesting of rice were observed from their initial soil values (before application of treatments). It might be due to the addition of organic matter as plant residues (straw and roots) of rice crop gown in the field. As compared to untreated- control (T1) a slight decrease in pH and increase in organic carbon content due to application of fertilizer and microbial consortia were also recorded. The residual available nitrogen in the soil after the harvesting of rice was not significantly influenced by the fertilizer levels and NPK consortia applied. The initial status of the experimental soil was low for available nitrogen (224 kg ha-1), medium for available phosphorus (24.5 kg ha-1) and high for available potassium (384 kg ha-1). Due to the addition of nitrogen through the fertilizer (90-120 kg ha-1) and less uptake of native nitrogen from the soil, a marginal increase in the residual available N in the soil from the initial level was observed in all treatments except the control (no fertilizer, no consortia). The residual status of available potassium was also not significantly influenced by the applied fertilizer doses and NPK consortia. A marginal decrease in the residual available K status after the harvesting of rice was observed in all treatments. A decrease was found in the control plot. A decrease in the K status (from the initial level) was observed less where a full dose of NPK fertilizers (100%) was applied with the NPK consortia. Ramlakshmi et al. [1], also observed slight reduction in soil pH and increase in organic carbon content in biofertilizer inoculated treatments as compared to the un-inoculated control soil [2].

Effect of Application of Elemental Sulphur Incubated with Different Organic Amendments on Yield and Quality of Groundnut in Sulphur Deficient Inceptisol Soil

Aim: Under intensive farming system, use of high analysis fertilizers with rare use of organic manures, depleted the organic carbon status in the soil leads to decrease in productivity though applying improved technologies. After N, P, K fourth major nutrient now days considered as S (Sulphur) which play important role in oilseed and pulse crop productivity and its application with organics to soil found beneficial. Considering this, the proposed research as “Effect of Application of Elemental Sulphur Incubated with Different Organic Amendments on Yield and Quality of Groundnut in Sulphur Deficient Inceptisol Soil.” was carried out with five organic amendments having different quality and maturity parameters which showed the significant results with yield and quality of Kharif groundnut. Study Design: Randomized Block design with seven treatments and four replications. Place and Duration of the Study: The field research trial was conducted during Kharif 2019 at Post Graduate Farm, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Methodology: As per the treatments details, the five organic amendments viz: FYM, Vermicompost, Press mud compost, Poultry manure, and City waste compost were incubated with 40 kg ha-1 elemental Sulphur for 30 days prior to application in field plots. The treatment wise incubated organic amendments and RDF applied to groundnut crop. The initial soil analysis, initial and after incubation, the characteristics and quality and maturity parameters of five organic amendments were analyzed by using standard methods. The growth observations and post-harvest observation of groundnut crop were recorded and data were analyzed statistically. Results: The application of different organic amendments incubated with elemental Sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 namely FYM, Vermicompost, Press mud compost, Poultry manure, and City waste compost along with RDF to Kharif groundnut in Sulphur Deficient Inceptisol soil, significantly improved yield contributing characters, dry pod, haulm yields, protein and oil content as compared to absolute control and RDF. Amongst the different organic amendments, application of good quality and maturity poultry manure and vermicompost found significantly superior over rest of organic amendments incubated with Sulphur for improving the growth, dry pod, haulm yields, protein and oil content as compared rest of organic amendments.

Coastal Salinity Management and Cropping System Intensification through Conservation Agriculture in the Ganges Delta

Soil salinity is the major constraint for cropping system intensification in the coastal region of the Ganges Delta. Salts build up on the soil surface, as well as in the crop root zone, due to the capillary rise in underground brackish water, hampering the growth and development of crops and resulting in mortality and low yields. We studied, for three years (2020–2021 to 2022–2023), the effect of conservation agricultural practices (zero tillage planting, crop residue recycling, and crop rotations) on the major soil properties (soil salinity and organic carbon status), crop performance (yield and economics), and water footprint. Conservation agricultural practices significantly reduce soil salinity, build soil organic carbon, reduce water footprint, and increase the profitability of cropping systems compared to tillage-intensive conventional practices. Under conventional agriculture, the sole cropping of rice is more profitable than double and triple cropping systems.

Edaphological Description of the Type Habitat of Coptis' Teeta Wall. - an Endangered Species of Medicinal Importance in Arunachal Pradesh

The edaphic conditions of the habitat of Coptis tetla Wall. have been discussed. The soils, where this species grows either under cultivation or in wild are moderately acidic to highly acidic, poor in surface porosity, very rich in silica content and possess insufficient amount of inorganic binding agents. However, the soils in cultivated fields are satisfactory in organic carbon status, water-holding ability and cation exchange capacity but inadequate presence of liming material and temperate climate adversely effect their energy materials. The 3oils at Malenja where this species is growing wild have textural limitation and anthropogenic interference. In the end the paper is concluded with suggestions. Results depict that the reasons for rarity and depletion of this species are not only anthropogenic but also environmental.

Evaluating the Soil Quality Indicators in Various Yield Zones of Pulses in Tamil Nadu, India

Background: In recent years, there is growing demand for pulses in Tamil Nadu and the government has implemented various schemes and programmes to promote cultivation. However, the evaluation and categorization of soils for pulse production is crucial in determining the suitability of land for pulse cultivation and offer improvement through the adoption of improved crop management practices. Methods: A systematic soil quality assessment survey was taken up during 2020-2022 in the major pulse growing blocks of Virudhunagar district viz., Sattur, Aruppukottai and Thiruchuli based on past ten years yield data and it was classified into three categories viz., low yielding ( less than 400 kg ha-1), medium (400 to 700 kg ha-1) and high yielding ( greater than 700 kg ha-1) categories. Three hundred samples were collected from these zones. Results: The positive effects of soil physical, chemical, and biological qualities on the yield of pulse crops were justified through the yield data of the high yielding zone which ranged from 769 to 989 kg ha-1 with an average pulse yield of 880 kg ha-1. This may be attributed to more favourable soil physical environment in terms of soil texture (sandy clay loam), higher mean percentage of water stable aggregates (51%) and a favourable pH of 7.52. These parameters coupled with lower bulk density (1.23 Mgm-3), optimum infiltration rate (1.76 cm hr-1) and maximum mean organic carbon status (1.38 mg kg-1) contributed to higher range of soil cation exchange capacity (28.7 to 47.2 cmol p+ kg-1). In addition, the presence of avilable nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and availability of mean micronutrient contents viz., DTPA iron and DTPA zinc resulted in better quality of these soils contributing to maximum pulse productivity in this zone. Soil respiration rate with mean respiration rate of 4.48 mg CO2 kg-1 d-1 in high yield category compared to that of 2.34 mg CO2 kg-1 d-1 in low yield category, which is well correlated with better soil organic matter content in the former than the latter group of soil. Therefore, this study formulates a clear understanding of the variations in soil quality parameters for adopting efficient nutrient management practices towards obtaining maximum productivity of pulse crops.

Mapping Nutrient Status of Phosphate, Soil pH and Organic Carbon of Paddy Fields In Meijan Village Balige District Toba Regency

The purpose of this research is to survey and mapping nutrient status of total phosphate, available phosphate, soil pH and organic carbon at paddy fields Meijan Village Balige District Toba Regency and its influence on rice production. Soil samples was analyzed at the Analytical Laboratory of PT Socfindo Indonesia North Sumatera Province. Which began in October to December 2023 The method used is Free Grid Survey semidetailed level survey and analysis of nutrient data total phospate by Acid destruction method (HClO4), available phosphate by Bray II method, soil pH by H2O extraction and organic carbon by walkley & black method and then interpret to the map nutrient status. The result of research showing that status total phosphate classified by 3 status such as, medium (81,59 ha), high (81,15 ha) and very high (27,26 ha). Available phosphate classified in 3 nutrient status such as very low (39,11 ha), low (137,40 ha) and medium (13,49 ha). Soil pH classified in 2 status such as moderately acidic (30,16 ha) and strongly acidic (159,84 ha). Organic carbon classified by 3 nutrient status such as very low (3,06 ha), low (135,84 ha) and medium (51,10 ha). Available phosphate and organik carbon affect rice production in Meijan Village Balige District Toba Regency.

Fifteen-years of continuous application of organic materials improve the soil aggregation, organic carbon status and sustain the productivity of the basmati rice-wheat system

The rice-wheat cropping system covers a considerable area of the Indo-Gangetic Plain zone (IGPZ) due to agro-pedological compatibility. The nutrient requirements of the rice-wheat system in an organic mode are met through locally available organic matter (OM) is a subject of investigation from the viewpoint of declining the underlying mechanisms. A long-term organic farming experiment was carried out at the research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Locally available sources of OM’s such as Sesbania green manuring, Leucaena green leaf manuring, farmyard manure (FYM), blue-green algae, and Azotobacter were evaluated for changes in soil physico-chemical properties and crop yield response after 15 years continuous applied of OM’s. Our results indicate that treatment involving applied Sesbania green manure + farmyard manure + blue-green algae to rice + Leucaena green leaf manuring + farmyard manure + Azotobacter to wheat [SFB(R) + LFA(W)] showed a sharp decline in soil pH by 5.5%, soil electrical conductivity (EC) by 24.0%, and soil bulk density by 14.0% over the control within the 0–15 cm soil depth. While, the treatment SFB(R) + LFA(W) improved the soil large macroaggregate (>2.0 mm) by 85.0% in 0–7.5 cm, and 92.8% in 7.5–15 cm in soil depth. Similarly, the treatment SFB(R) + LFA(W) showed 3.2-, 2.8-fold higher mean weight diameter (MWD) in corresponding soil depths of 0–7.5 cm, 7.5–15 cm compared to the control. Treatment SFB(R) + LFA(W) increased in soil organic carbon (SOC) holding by 5-folds in soil large macroaggregate, 4-folds by soil small macroaggregate (2.0–0.25 mm), 5-folds by micro-aggregate (0.25–0.053 mm), and 9-folds by silt + clay fraction (<0.053 mm) than control in 0–15 cm soil depth. These observations strongly support greater carbon recalcitrance with a higher half-life in soil silt + clay fraction than in other soil fractions. Further, treatment SFB(R) + LFA(W) maintained higher SOC by 79.4% and carbon stock by 76.6% over control in 0–15 cm soil depth. These responses on soil aggregates and SOC changes translated into significant crop responses. The treatment SFB(R) + LFA(W) thus, showed correspondingly higher grain yield (5.41 Mg ha–1 and 4.69 Mg ha–1) of rice and wheat. Our study though showed on par agronomic response between low-quality OM’s and mixed-quality OM’s in 15-years. But considering the loading of SOC in the silt + clay fraction of soil, the study foresees a higher recalcitrant of SOC compared to any other soil fractions. This could well strengthen the process of soil aggregation having cascading response on other soil health-defined parameters a requisite for sustaining the rice-wheat sequence in the IGPZ.

Effect of Organic Farming Practices on Soil Chemical Properties

A survey was conducted in the Bellary district Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka (zone-3). Only those farmers who had been practicing it for more than five years were selected and information on the type and quantity of organics used by them in different cropping systems viz., Groundnut, Ragi, Onion, Drumstick and Maize was collected, Soil samples from the selected 30 organic farms and the neighboring conventional farms under the same cropping system were also collected. The results revealed that organic farming approaches enhance the chemical composition of soil, augment the availability of macro and micronutrients, and elevate the soil's organic carbon status—all of which are critical for sustainable crop yields. It is possible to draw the conclusion that organic agricultural practices positively impact soil characteristics and sustainable yield, hence improving soil health.

Soil nutrient mapping of the Lakhimpur district of Assam using geospatial technology

Soil Nutrient Mapping of Lakhimpur District of Assam comprises the status of soil reaction (pH), organic carbon (OC), available primary nutrients (N, P and K) , one secondary nutrient (S) and two important micronutrients (Zn and B) of surface soils (0-15cm) collected from geo-reference points at 2.5 km grids and neighbouring points within 1 km radius of the grid. The analytical database was fed to GIS platform (ArcGIS) to obtain the nutrient status map. The results reveal that strongly acid (5.1-5.5) and medium acid (5.6-6.0) soils were predominant in the district followed by very strongly acid (4.5-5) soil reactions covering 40.15, 22.00 and 21.33 per cent, respectively. Only 9.22, 3.46, 2.11, 1.25 and 0.48 per cent soils were under slightly acid (6.1-6.5), neutral (6.6-7.3), mildly alkaline (7.4-7.8), extremely acid (&lt;4.5) and moderately alkaline (7.9-8.4) in soil reaction, respectively. Medium soil organic carbon (OC) was predominant in the district covering 37.18 per cent area followed by high (24.59 %), low (22.38 %), very high (10.18%) and very low (5.67%) status of organic carbon. Major portions of the soils in the district comprised of medium level of available nitrogen (64.46%) followed by low (25.26%), very low (9.22%) and high (1.06%) levels of the nutrient. Medium level of available phosphorus (P2O5) was predominant in the district covering 48.70 per cent samples followed by low (35.93%), very low (14.41%) and high (0.96%). Medium level of available potassium (K2O) was also predominant in the soils of the district covering a 42.07 per cent area followed by low (26.8%), very low (11.14%), high (10.57%) and very high (9.41 %) status of available potassium. Medium level of available sulphur was also predominant in the district covering 45.44 per cent area followed by high (31.99%), very high (13.74%), low (8.45%) and very low (0.38%) levels of Sulphur in soil. DTPA extractable zinc (Zn) was found to be deficient in 25.36 per cent soil samples while 33.43 % samples were found to be deficient in available boron. Available nitrogen (N) ranged from 37.33 kg/ha to 687.76 kg/ha with an average of 280.94 kg/ha. Available P2O5 ranged from 2.47 kg/ha to 81.28 kg/ha with an average of 24.52 kg/ha. Available K2O ranged from an extremely low value of 13.84 to 1211.14 kg/ha with an average of 234.1 kg/ha. Organic C ranged from 0.05 to 2.00 per cent with an average of 0.66 per cent. Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (CaCl22H2O) extractable available sulphur ranged from 4.51 mg/kg to 63.63 mg/kg with an average of 16.43 mg/kg . DTPA (C14H23N3O10) extractable Zn ranged from 0.10 to 3.98 mg/kg with an average of 0.89 mg/kg , while hot water-soluble B ranged from 0.03 mg/kg to 1.81 mg/kg with an average of 0.56 mg /kg.

Long Term Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Organic Carbon Status and Yield of Sunflower in Alfisols

Permanent manurial experiment was started from the year 1909 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, in order to assess the impact of continuous addition of organic and mineral fertilizers on crop yield and soil quality. Conducting a long-term experiment at fixed site with continuous cropping will help to monitor the changes in soil quality and crop yields sustainability and also guide in developing strategies for fertilizer management while minimizing the environmental degradation. From the results revealed that the application of 100% NPK + Farmyard manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1 (INM) increased the seed yield (1879 kg ha-1) and straw yield of sunflower crop (3916 kg ha-1) when compared to control. Highest carbon build up was observed in the application of 100% NPK + Farmyard manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1 (INM) 9.8 g kg-1when compared to control (5.4 g kg-1).The present hypothesis showed that, the application of chemical fertilizer along with FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 had positively impact on yield sustainability and soil health.

Mapping of Soil Fertility Status in a Coastal Village of Odisha Using Geospatial Technology

The most fundamental decision-making tool for sustainable soil nutrient management is the assessment of soil fertility in a region. During 2021, a soil fertility status inventory was prepared through National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) model village at Achyutadaspur in the Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha. A total of 125 surface soil samples were randomly collected from a depth of 0-15 cm with GPS locations and evaluated for soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available N, P, K, S, Zn, and B using standard analytical procedures. GIS maps have been prepared using Arc GIS software based on the analysis report. The majority of the soil was found acidic around 62.4% area of the village, followed by neutral soil pH in 33.6% area. The organic carbon status of the soil was found low (79.2%) to medium (20.8%), available N was found low in 88% area and medium in 12% area, available P was found medium in 82.4% area and high in 17.6% area, available K was low in 27.2% area, medium in 64% area, and high in 8.8% area, and available S was low in 37.6% area and medium in 62.4% area, respectively. Among the available micronutrients, Zn was found low in 79.2% of the area and medium in 20.8% of the area. Similarly, hot water extractable boron was found low in 85.6% of the region and medium in 14.4% of the area. By adopting soil map based fertilizer recommendation with improved practices in the Achyutadaspur village, 17.92% yield was increased over farmers practices. The benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) of rice was found to be 1.89 whereas 1.65 in farmers practices.

The Status and Stock of Soil Nutrients under Different Land Ownership Management of Rice Fields in Kuranji District Padang West Sumatra

This study aims to determine the status and stock of soil nutrients in three types of land ownership management. This research was conducted on smallholder farmers (SF), tenant farmers (TF), and owner farmers (OF) in Kuranji District, Padang, West Sumatra, and at the Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University from March to September 2022. The range of nutrient status in the three types of land ownership is 0.06-0.35% C-organic and 0.06-0.13% N. The concentration ranges of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, and Si, respectively, were 0.52-0.79; 0.58-1.34; 0.07-0.12; 0.03-0.09 cmol.kg-1and 2.52-12.7; 31.73- 49.33 ppm. The results showed that each management type’s status of organic carbon in soil was deficient. This result was presumably due to miss management of straws. The highest concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and Na were found in smallholder farmers’ fields (SF), while the lowest concentrations were found in tenant farmers’ fields (TF). The stock of soil nutrients shows a similar trend to the nutrient status of the soil. The dose of fertilizer by SF and TF was 129.5 kg/ha N; 37.5 kg/ha P2O5; 37.7 kg/ha K2O, while OF is 176 kg/ha N, 65 kg/ha P2O5, 45 kg/ha K2O. The soil nutrient status among the farmer groups is not significantly related to the amount of fertilizer application. It is recommended to give a dose of fertilizer following the recommendations that have been set and balanced with the proper management of remaining straw after harvest for sustainable soil fertility and agriculture production.

LBNF Practices Combined with Crop Diversification Achieves Soil Organic Carbon Principle ‘4p1000’ under Tropical Conditions

Three separate field experiments were carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, India during 2019-22 with the aim of assessing the possibility of achieving soil organic carbon principle '4p1000' a recent initiative in restoring soil health, through a novel farming system of Low Budget Naturalway Farming by cultivating millets and pulse crops,. The experiments focused on monocropping of millets, sequential multiple cropping and intercropping of millets, and pulses. The studies continuously assessed soil organic carbon status of the cultivated fields to see whether 4p1000 is feasible under tropical conditions. The results of the trials revealed that, despite the LBNF practice of using tree leaf biomass as a source of nutrients, monocropping failed to realize the principle. However, it was feasible to accomplish this when a millet-pulse system was employed and a black gram pulse crop was introduced to the system. The intercropping of pulses and millets would contribute further to the accumulation of soil organic carbon in the cultivated fields. The study proved that the 4p1000 principle is achievable in the tropics.

Soil Fertility Evaluation and Mapping of Burugamaradoddi Microwatershed of Ramanagara Taluk, Ramanagara District, Karnataka

The present investigation was conducted to know the soil fertility status of Burugamaradoddi microwatershed of Ramanagara district. The soil samples were collected from 0-15 cm soil depth from 70 locations. Soil fertility maps were prepared for pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and available sulphur, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, available boron and available micronutrients viz., iron, manganese, zinc, copper and zinc. Results revealed that the soils were slightly acidic (pH: 5.35-8.32) to moderately alkaline and electrical conductivity of soil were non- saline to slightly saline. The organic carbon status ranged from low to high (0.15-0.90%), and available nitrogen was mostly low. The soil available phosphorus was low to medium; available potassium was in low to medium range and exchangeable calcium and magnesium were found in sufficient range, available sulphur was in low to high range. Regarding available micronutrients, boron and zinc were in low category and level of copper, iron and manganese were in sufficient range. The assessment of soil fertility in Burugamaradoddi micro-watershed revealed that, watershed had better soil fertility status in soil.

STATUS C-ORGANIK DAN KADAR N-TOTAL PADA LAHAN PENGEMBANGAN KELAPA SAWIT DI WAWOLAHUMBUTI KECAMATAN PONDIDAHA KABUPATEN KONAWE

study aims to determine the status of soil organic carbon (C-organic), total nitrogen (N-total), and soil pH in oil palm development areas in Wawolahumbuti Village, Pondidaha Sub-District, Konawe Regency. The research was conducted in Wawolahumbuti Village, covering a research area of 365 hectares. Soil testing was carried out at the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, from January to March 2022. The research was conducted using a survey method. The study location consisted of 6 land units. Soil samples were collected using a composite method. Soil samples were taken at approximately ±25 meters intervals in each cardinal direction, then mixed and homogenized at a depth of 0-100 cm, and approximately 1 kg of composite soil was collected. The variables measured were soil organic carbon (measured using the Walkley &amp; Black method), total nitrogen (measured using the Kjeldahl method), and pH (measured using a pH meter). The research results showed that the status of soil organic carbon in the oil palm development areas in Wawolahumbuti Village, Pondidaha-Konawe ranged from very low (0.87%) to low (1.57%). The status of total nitrogen ranged from low (0.11%) to moderate (0.24%), and the soil pH ranged from very acidic (4.42) to acidic (5.12). Management efforts that can be undertaken to enhance the productivity of oil palm plants in Wawolahumbuti Village include the application of organic materials.

Evaluating the Soil Nutrient Status using GIS and Remote Sensing Technology-A Case Study at Coimbatore District

Background: Soil nutrients are the major source of plant nutrition that helps for the plant growth. Soil resource is currently facing threats due to various soil nutrients deficiency. Assessing the spatial variability of soil nutrients quality is necessary for agriculture. Quickly and efficiently monitoring soil nutritional status using remote sensing technology is of great significance for farmland soil productivity, food security and sustainable agricultural development. Methods: The present study focuses on spatial variability of soil quality. Current research has been conducted to estimate and map soil nutrient contents in large areas using GIS technology and other related maps were prepared from remote sensing data in ArcGIS 10.1. 288 soil samples were collected for the study from different Blocks of the Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. The Organic carbon, N, P, K, pH and EC status of the soil were analysed and reported. Result: The organic carbon status of the soil is very low in most of the parts of Coimbatore and the pH status is slightly alkaline. The primary nutrients N, P and K were found to be low and found to have micronutrient imbalance which is highly influenced by the changes in pH.

Growth and Production Beneng taro (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) Accessions on Several Status of Soil Organic Carbon

Beneng taro is a perennial of Araceae and becomes a new commodity in Indonesia. The research aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of beneng taro on various statuses of soil organic carbon (SOC). Three genotypes of taro, i.e., beneng Banten, beneng Bondowoso, and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) fodder taro were planted in three SOC levels, i.e., 1.79, 2.94, and 4.09% in a randomized split block design in the Leuwikopo Experimental Station, IPB from April to December 2021. SOC was designed by adding cow manure. The results showed that there was no interaction between genotypes and SOC. The increase in SOC from 1.79 to 4.09% did not significantly affect growth but significantly affected the diameter and yield of beneng and NTT fodder taro. An increase in SOC above 1.79% markedly decreased tuber diameter, but conversely increased fresh tuber weight. Tuber weight increased by 5.6% and 12.1% with an increase in SOC from control to 2.94% and 4.09%, respectively. The increase in tuber weight was supported by the trend of increasing biomass weight and the number of roots. SOC source in the present study was cow manure which may also contribute some nutrients, therefore, further research is needed using neutral organic carbon sources to determine the effect solely.&#x0D; Keywords: Araceae; SOC; growth; manure; NTT taro; talas beneng Banten

A Spatial Distribution of Organic Carbon status in Koppal and Yadgir Taluks of Karnataka, India using GIS and Geostatistics

Abstract Spatial distribution of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) status is necessary for enhancing crop and soil productivity. In this study, soil samples were collected from Koppal and Yadgir taluks (Northern dry zone and Northeastern dry zone) of Karnataka at 320 m grid interval at 0-15 cm depth and assessed for organic carbon and map was prepared under GIS using Arc GIS 10.4 Geo-wizard Kriging method. The results of the study showed that, SOC was medium in 37 per cent and high in 26 per cent of the total area (1,38,298 ha) in Koppal taluks. Whereas, in Yadgir taluks, SOC status was medium in 38 per cent and high in 31 per cent of the total area (1,71,060 ha). The descriptive statistics were positively skewed with positive kurtosis value. The spatial variability showed a moderate spatial dependence with spherical model in both the taluks. Therefore, the study showed that, most of the soils were medium in SOC status. There is a need of integrated nutrient management with additional emphasis for enhancing SOC for sustainable crop production.

Effects of Fungi on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Enzyme Activity under Agricultural and Pasture Land of Eastern Türkiye

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from fresh plant tissues to highly decomposed humus at different stages of decomposition. Soil organic carbon (SOC) status is directly related to the amount of organic matter in soil and therefore is generally used to measure it. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (C) containing substances from the atmosphere and its storage in soil C pools. The soil microbial community (SMC) plays an important role in the C cycle, and its activity is considered to be the main driver of differences in C storage potential in soil. The composition of SMC is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem services, as the structure and activity of SMC also regulate the turnover and distribution of nutrients, as well as the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Here, we applied fungi on the soils taken from two fields, one used as a pasture and one for agriculture (wheat cultivation), in a histosol in the eastern part of Türkiye and investigated the changes in the organic carbon and enzyme activity contents of the soils at the end of the 41-day incubation period. In the study, four different fungal species (Verticillium dahliae (SOR-8), Rhizoctonia solani (S-TR-6), Fusarium oxysporum (HMK2-6), and Trichoderma sp.) were used and catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were examined. Results showed that the values of SOC were V. dahliae (7.46%), Trichoderma sp. (7.27%), R. solani (7.03%), Control (6.97%), and F. oxysporum (6.7%) in pastureland and were V. dahlia (4.72%), control (4.69%), F. oxysporum (4.65%), R. solani (4.37%), and Trichoderma sp. (4.14%) in agricultural land, respectively. SOC and soil enzyme activities were significantly affected by land use types (p &lt; 0.05). The higher SOC and enzyme activities were observed in pastureland. Finally, it was determined that soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities were affected by fungi. This study is important in terms of revealing that the effects of fungi on soil organic carbon and enzyme activities are different in various land types.

Soil Organic Carbon Status and Macronutrient Availability As Affected by Different Density Plantations of Bombax ceiba L. Based Agrisilvicultural System In Calcareous Soil

Soil Organic Carbon Status and Macronutrient Availability As Affected by Different Density Plantations of Bombax ceiba L. Based Agrisilvicultural System In Calcareous Soil