Organ Weight Ratios Research Articles

Kidney toxicity and transcriptome analyses of male ICR mice acutely exposed to the mushroom toxin α-amanitin

Amatoxins are responsible for most fatal mushroom poisoning cases, as it causes both hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, studies on amatoxin nephrotoxicity are limited. Here, we investigated nephrotoxicity over 4 days and nephrotoxicity/hepatotoxicity over 14 days in mice. The organ weight ratio, serological indices, and tissue histology results indicated that a nephrotoxicity mouse model was established with two stages: (1) no apparent effects within 24 h; and (2) the appearance of adverse effects, with gradual worsening within 2–14 days. For each stage, the kidney transcriptome revealed patterns of differential mRNA expression and significant pathway changes, and Western blot analysis verified the expression of key proteins. Amanitin-induced nephrotoxicity was directly related to RNA polymerase II because mRNA levels decreased, RNA polymerase II-related pathways were significantly enriched at the transcription level, and RNA polymerase II protein was degraded in the early poisoning stage. In the late stage, nephrotoxicity was more severe than hepatotoxicity. This is likely associated with inflammation because inflammation-related pathways were significantly enriched and NF-κB activation was increased in the kidney.

Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Boscia Senegalensis in Rabbits

Introduction Diabetes is a serious chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not properly use the insulin produced. A distinction is made between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which increases the risk of death. This work aims to study the anti hyperglycemic effect of B. senegalensis used in Chad to fight type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Methodology The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was carried out, causing hyperglycemia in rabbits, followed by the incorporation of aqueous extract of Boscia senegalensis in the treatment batch. Then, a toxicity study was carried out using a standard method. Results The results showed that in treated rabbits, the incorporation of aqueous extract of B. senegalensis after glucose administration, led to a drop in blood sugar (1.35mg/dl to 1.22 mg/dl). The increase in blood glucose in control rabbits (1.23 mg/dl to 1.38 mg/dl) due to glucose administration persisted. The ratio of organ weight and body weight of the two lots of rabbits showed no significant difference. Conclusion This study confirmed the safety of B. senegalensis extract and reduce significantly the rate of glucose in the blood fighting against type 2 diabetes.

Toxicity Test of Inggu (Ruta angustifolia (L)) Ethanol Leaves Extract to Male White Mice (Mus musculus)

Inggu leaf (Ruta angustifolia (L.) is one of the medicinal plants that is widely used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine for various diseases. One of the properties of the inggu plant can be used to treat fever, toothache, heartburn and ulcers. Toxicity testing ethanol extract of guinea leaf using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments with stratified doses of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16,000 mg/kg BW and control. Parameters observed after administration of the extract were diarrhea, changes in breathing, changes in aggressive behavior and decreased movement activity. Liver and kidney organs were taken to determine the organ weight ratio. The results showed that the ethanol extract of inggu leaves with graded doses up to a dose of 16,000 mg/kg BW in experimental animals did not cause death, which was included in the practically non-toxic category. Administration of ethanol extract of guinea leaves at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW to 16,000 mg/kg BW caused a decrease in locomotion activity in experimental animals during the 4-hour observation time. The ratio of organ weight of mice from the test results of the ratio of liver, right kidney and left kidney of mice was not different from that of control animals.

English

Essential oils are potent medicinal substances which can control multiple diseases by their antioxidant actions. In current research, anticoccidial potential of the Amomum subulatum essential oil was estimated in broiler chicks. 270 broiler chicks were divided equally into 6 groups, each having 3 replicates. All the groups, except infected nonmedicated control group, were given sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. First three groups received essential oil of A. subulatum @ 1%, 2% and 3% (v/w) in the feed and their activities was evaluated in comparison to the Symocox® (Toltrazuril) treated groups and infected nonmedicated groups. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, weight gain, rates of mortality, organ weight ratios, fecal scores, lesion scores and oocyst per gram of feces were taken as the parameters of the study. Blood parameters and serum metabolites were also evaluated. A. subulatum essential oil @ 3% concentration had the best FCR, survival rates, and feed intakes. A. subulatum essential oils also significantly reduced lesion lowered oocyst counts and improved the fecal scores. Hematological and serum profiles were also improved by the 3% essential oil of A. subulatum in the feed. This research concluded that the A. subulatum essential oil @ 3% concentration can be used for the treatment of avian coccidiosis however formulation of dose requires further studies on broiler chicks.

Comparative Biological Pathotyping of Newcastle Disease Virus Sub-genotypes VIIg, VIIh, and VIIi in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Chickens

Newcastle Disease (ND) is an infectious viral disease in poultry caused by the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). The NDV that causes ND cases in Indonesia is genotype VII with various sub-genotypes. This study was conducted to compare the in vivo pathogenicity of ND virus sub-genotypes VIIg, VIIh, and VIIi in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. The virus isolates were isolated and identified as ND virus sub-genotypes VIIg, VIIh, and VIIi. The level of pathogenicity is known by calculating the mean death time (MDT) and the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI). The comparations of lesions of NDV were analyzed descriptively and statistically based on clinical signs, the ratio of lymphoid organ weight, and lesions in hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Isolate confirmation was conducted by harvesting the lung organs. ND was detected using Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers of the fusion (F) fragment gene. The sequence was compared with that of other NDVs from GenBank and Analyzed using MEGA-6 software. The analysis results showed that the VIIh and VIIi sub-genotypes were virulent strains due to the MDT <60 hours with IVPI value index of 3.0, the lymphoid organs showing atrophy and lymphocyte depletion. On the other hand, the VIIg sub-genotype was a less virulent strain because it had an IVPI index of 0.0 with MDT >60 hours, and the lymphoid organs showed mild lymphocyte depletion. Based on the in vivo results with the sequence analysis at the cleavage site showed that ND isolates Sub-genotypes VIIh (112RRQRRF117) and GVIIi (112RRQKRF117) were virulent strains, but Sub-genotype VIIg (112GRQGRL117) was less virulent.

Semi-chronic toxicity study of the extracts from different parts of burmese-grape Baccaurea ramiflora fruits of Ha Chau variety using mouse model

This study evaluated the semi-chronic toxicity of seed, peel, and pulp extracts from burmese-grape fruits of Ha Chau variety on Swiss albino mice. The ethanolic extract from peels and seeds as well as fruit juice from squeezing pulp were dried under a vacuum to obtain the crude extracts. The distilled water (control group) or these extracts at a daily dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight were directly inserted into the stomach of mice for 90 days. The mice were observed for toxicity signs, externally morphological features of organs, and histopathology after 45- and 90-days of treatment. The results revealed that there were no toxicity signs and statistically insignificant differences in body weight gain, the ratio of organ weight to body weight, and blood glucose level at 45 days of treatment. At 90 days of treatment, similar results were observed, except that the ratio of kidney weight to body weight significantly increased in peel extract mouse group as compared to the control. The semi-chronic toxicity assessment showed that Ha Chau fruit (HCF) seed and pulp extracts were safe at a daily dose of 400mg/kg for 90 days in mice and that HCF peel extract was safe when orally...

Acute Toxicity LD50 Fraction Ethyl Acetate Aquilaria malaccensis, Ficus benjamina, Mikania micrantha, and Fraction Water Cinnamomum burmanii in Mus Musculus

Research on the acute toxicity of LD50 had been carried out on the ethyl acetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis), beringin leaves (Ficus benjamina), sembung rambat leaves (Mikania micrantha), and kayu manis cortex (Cinnamomum burmanii) water fraction the base of use as traditional treatment by the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) empirically obtained from ancestors. This research methodwas experimental and it used male and female mice. The control group was given a 1% NaCMC doses of 625 mg/kg body weight, 1,250 mg/kg body weight, 2,500 mg/kg body weight, and 5,000 mg/kg body weight. The test preparation was administered orally once per day. The Thomson-Weil method was used for the measurement of LD50 values. The weight ratio of organs was applied for heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and stomach. The results showed that the LD50 value for male mice was 2454mg/kg body weight; 2454mg/kg body weight; 1546 mg/kg body weight and 2065mg/kg body weight respectfully. The LD50 value for female mice was a pseudo LD50. The value of the organ weight ratio in each sample showed P&lt;0.05 values that were obtained in gaharu leaves in the liver and kidney organs (male); heart in females. Beringin leaves value P&lt;0.05 lung organs (male). Sembung rambat leaves P&lt;0.05 values of the heart, liver, and stomach organs (male); heart and stomach (female). Cinnamomum cortex value P&lt;0.05 liver and stomach organs (male). The conclusions showed that the LD50 value of the ethyl acetate fraction of gaharu leaf, sembung rambat leaf, beringin leaf, and kayu manis cortex in male mice was slightly toxic, while in female mice it could not be counted.

Hepatoprotector Effect of Corn Silk Ethanol Extract (Stigma maydis) on Paracetamol-Induced White Male Rats

Objectives: Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is one part of the corn plant that contains useful chemical compounds, including flavonoid compounds. The ability of flavonoid compounds to capture free radicals that cause liver damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of corn silk ethanol extract on male white rats induced by paracetamol and to determine the effect of varying doses of corn silk ethanol extract as a hepatoprotector.&#x0D; Data Sources Study Selection: This study is an experimental study testing the hepatoprotective effect of corn silk ethanol extract using male white rats&#x0D; Summary of contents of the article:This study using 20 male white rats which were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control given NaCMC, positive control induced by toxic dose of paracetamol, and group of corn silk ethanol extract doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg/kgBW. The measurement parameters were the levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes, the ratio of liver weight, and histopathological examination of the liver. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively, statistically with two-way and one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test and. The results showed that administration of corn silk ethanol extract could reduce levels of SGOT and SGPT enzymes, and analysis using two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in levels of SGOT and SGPT in the test group with (p&lt;0.05). The ratio of liver weight was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results showed that there was no significant difference to the ratio of organ weight in the test group with (p&gt;0.05). Histopathological picture showed improvement of liver parenchymal morphology on administration of corn silk ethanol extract.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the presence of a hepatoprotector effect on the ethanol extract of corn silk and that there was an influence of the dose variation on the hepatoprotector effect with a dose of 1000 mg/kgBW was more effective as a hepatoprotector.&#x0D;

The relative weight of internal organs and digestive tract in native chickens age 12 weeks that are given various levels of BSF larvae meal (Hermetia illucens L) in the ration

The feed consumed is one factor that influences the development and anatomy of the internal organs and the digestive tract. This study was conducted to determine the effect of BSF larvae meal on the ratio of internal organ weight in native chickens. According to a completely randomized design, one hundred and forty one-day-old chicken (DOC) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments with four replications for each treatment. The treatment were: P0 = basal ration + 15% fish meal + 0% BSF larvae meal, P1 = basal ration + 11.25% fish meal + 3.75% BSF larvae meal , P2 = basal ration + fish meal 7.5 % + 7.5% BSF larvae meal , P3 = basal ration + 3.75% fish meal + 11.25% BSF larvae meal , P4 = basal ration + 0% fish meal + 15% BSF larvae meal . The results showed that P3 (3.75% fish meal + 11.25% BSF larvae) had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the percentage of heart weight and the percentage of the small intestine weight. Also, the treatment tends to increase the percentage of caecum weight. However, the treatment did not affect the liver, gizzard, pancreas, spleen, and colon weight. In conclusion, the use of BSF larvae meal does not negatively affect the internal organs and digestive tract of native chickens.

Antioxidant Properties and Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Pulcria crispa on Biochemical and Hematological Parameters of Albino Rats

Background: Pulcria crispa (P. crispa) is an herbal plant traditionally used to treat common ailments.&#x0D; Objective: In this study, we investigated P. crispa for its phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and effects on biochemical and hematological parameters as well as safety in albino rats.&#x0D; Methods: Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of P. crispa was conducted using standard procedures. In vitro 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay were used for the investigation of antioxidant activity of extract. Acute effects on physical and behavioral changes and mortality were monitored up to 72 h after administration of different doses of C. crispa Chronic effects on body to organ ratio, biochemical and hematological parameters were measured after administration of rats with different doses of P. crispa extract for 30 days.&#x0D; Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins were the most abundant constituents found in P. crispa extract, which displayed a significant antioxidant activity measured by reducing power and DPPH assays. No physical, behavioral changes and mortality were noted following the acute treatment of rats with the extract. Similarly, no significant change in body to organ weight ratio was observed after chronic treatment. Hematological parameters including RBCs, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC values were unaltered while W.B.C count was elevated in P.crispa administered rats compared to control.&#x0D; &#x0D; crispa extract significantly reduced glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, bilirubin, AST and ALT levels, whereas, triglycerides and total protein levels were increased in response to P.crispa treatment.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions: This study demonstrates that P. crispa extract is rich in bioactive compounds and possesses significant antioxidant properties. Extract was also found to be safe and had no significant adverse effects on hematological parameters and exerted beneficial effects on biochemical parameters.

The antiresoptive effects of recombinant Lingzhi-8 protein against retinoic acid-induced osteopenia

The antiresorptive agents still are the mainstay of osteoporosis treatment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of recombinant Lingzhi-8 (rLZ-8) on osteoclast in vitro and bone resorption in vivo. The rLZ-8 protein was derived from Ganoderma lucidum transformation and produced by a genetic system. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand induced RAW 264.7 cells to differentiate into osteoclastic cells in vitro. Cells were exposed to different doses of rLZ-8 for 7 days to measure differences of osteoclastic differentiation, apoptosis rate and gene expression. rLZ-8 was labeled with Alexa Fluor 568 to observe its intracellular distribution under super-resolution light microscopy. In addition, retinoic acid was administered to female rats for 14 days to develop osteopenia changes. Different doses of rLZ-8 were simultaneously administered to rats treated with retinoic acid to observe changes of bone mineral density, biochemical parameters and organ weight ratio. Results indicated that rLZ-8 regulated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β (RANK) - tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) - c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, by which rLZ-8 inhibited osteoclastic differentiation and promoted osteoclastic apoptosis. Through 3D-structured illumination microscopy, it was observed that rLZ-8 entered RAW264.7 cells and accumulated gradually into the cytoplasm but little into nucleus. Administration with rLZ-8 reversed loss of bone mass and improved ALP activity in osteoporotic rats. Low-to high-dose rLZ-8 treatments displayed little toxic effects on rat organs and did not seem to impact their overall health. All data suggested that rLZ-8 has possible action against osteoporosis.

Assessment of ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea L. gaud) as an animal feed supplement in P.R. China.

Tropical and subtropical regions were quite short of high-quality protein forage. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) leaves as crop by products, are rich in protein and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Thence, the development and utilization of ramie is of great significance to animal production in these regions. But it contained high level of tannins and total phenols, which may produce potentially adverse effect. It is very essential to evaluate the safety of ramie leaves before they are used as feed supplements. To evaluate potential toxic level of ramie leaf, control group, low dose and high dose (0, 1, 2g/kg·BW) groups of ramie leaf were conducted orally in Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats). Body weight, hematology, and histopathology was assessed during 28 d of treatment and 14 d of recovery period. The results showed that there were no toxic symptoms appeared in the treated and control groups. There were a few individual indicators showed abnormal, but most indices of body weight, organ weight ratios and hematology were normal. And compared to control group, it showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Histopathological examination of the high dose group and control group showed that there was no lesions related to ramie administration. The pathological changes appeared in the liver, and lungs of rats in individual rat of both groups were common and spontaneous, and had no significant differences (P>0.05). These results suggest that under this experimental condition, up to 2g/kg·BW intragastric administration of ramie leaf did not produce adverse effect to SD rats. These findings would provide available information for ramie leaf to utilize as a feed supplement, particularly in P.R. China.

Feasibility of Postmortem Imaging Assessment of Brain: Liver Volume Ratios with Pathological Validation

Introduction: Organ volumes at postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) should reflect autopsy organ weights, and thus brain:liver volume ratios on imaging could be a surrogate for weight volume ratios at autopsy to indicate fetal growth restriction (FGR). This study aims to determine whether imaging-based organ volume ratios can replace autopsy organ weight ratios. Materials and Meth ods: An unselected cohort of perinatal deaths underwent PMMR prior to autopsy. Semiautomated brain and liver volumes were compared to autopsy organ weights and ratios. Ratios were compared using Bland-Altman plots, and intra- and interobserver variability was assessed. Results: A total 49 fetuses (25 male, 51%) at 17–42 weeks gestation were ­assessed. There was a reasonable correlation between autopsy-derived brain:liver weight ratios (AB:LwR) and imaging-derived brain:liver volume ratios (IB:LvR; r = 0.8). The mean difference between AB:LwR and IB:LvR was +0.7 (95% limits of agreement range –1.5 to +2.9). In a small subset where FGR was present, the optimal IB:LvR ≥5.5 gave 83.3% sensitivity and 86.0% specificity for diagnosis. There was acceptable agreement within readers (mean difference in IB:LvRs 0.77 ± 2.21) and between readers –0.36 ± 0.68. Conclusion: IB:LvR provides a surrogate evaluation of AB:LwRs, and may be used as a marker of FGR where autopsy is declined.

Evaluation of the Toxicity Profile and Analgesic Property of Ethanol Extract of Lophira alata Stem Bark in Rodents

IntroductionLophira alata a woody tree found in West Africa is used in the management of pain, schizophrenia and convulsion. This study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity profile and analgesic activity of the of ethanol extract of Lophira alata in rats and mice respectively.MethodsStem bark of Lophira alata obtained were identified, authenticated, dried and reduced to fine powder. Phytochemical screening and determination of the mean lethal dose were carried out. Rats (n=30) in different groups were treated with 100–800 kg/mg of the extract daily for 28 days and monitored for weight loss and signs of toxicity. These animals where sacrificed at the end of the study and visceral organs isolated for histo‐pathological, biochemical and hematological assays.Analgesic property was evaluated in mice treated with graded doses (50–800 mg/kg) of the Lophira alata and subjected to either the mouse writhing assay or hot plate test. The tail flick test was used to determine analgesic activity in rats.ResultsThe mean lethal dose was determined to be 5000 mg/kg. No significant difference was observed between weights of animals treated with Lophira alata and the control groups. There was also no significant difference in organ weight ratios between treated and untreated animals. In the hematological assays, there was a decrease in erythrocytes with 800 mg/kg dose levels while a reduction in low density cholesterol was observed in the treated animals. In the mouse writhing test, treatment with Lophira alata decreased number of writhes but did not significantly affect the latency time in the tail flick test.ConclusionLophira alata is relatively safe for use and reduces algesia possibly via peripherally mediated mechanisms.Support or Funding InformationNo honorarium receivedThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral safety studies of phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol

Phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol, a carrier of hydroxytyrosol under the form of phospholipid with high antioxidant capacity, is being actively studied as a potential ingredient of functional foods and supplements. To support the safety, phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol has been examined in an acute and in a 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity studies in rats. Phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol administered in a single oral gavage dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight (bw) resulted in no adverse events or mortality. In addition, phosphatidyl-hydroxytyrosol administered as a daily dose of 2000 mg/kg bw for 28 days by gavage resulted in no adverse events or mortality. No evidence or treatment related toxicity was detected during both studies. Data analysis of body weight gain, food consumption, clinical observations, blood biochemical, haematology, organ weight ratios and histopathological findings did not show significant differences between control and treated groups. It is concluded that phosphatidyl-hydroxytirosol orally administered to rats was safe and that no treatment-related toxicity was detected even at the high doses investigated in both acute (2000 mg/kg bw) and repeated dose (28-day) oral (2000 mg/kg bw) toxicity studies.

Prediction of volume of distribution in preclinical species and humans: application of simplified physiologically based algorithms

The present study was aimed at developing simplified physiologically based semi-mechanistic algorithms to predict Vss and interspecies scaling factors to predict tissue-Kps which require minimum input parameters, diminish the computing complexity and have better predictability.Vss of 86 structurally diverse compounds in preclinical species and 27 compounds in humans were predicted using only lung- and muscle-Kp as inputs. Interspecies scaling factor (s) were developed based on fold-differences in individual tissue lipid contents, relative organ blood flow: relative organ weight ratio between two species. Tissue-Kps were predicted for 34 compounds using the newly developed interspecies scaling factors.The predicted-to-experimental Vss values for all the 113 compounds was 1.3 ± 0.9 with 83% values being within a factor of two. The tissue-Kps in rat, dog and human were predicted using experimental tissue-Kp data in rodents and interspecies scaling factors and here also, 83% of tissue-Kps were within two-fold of the experimental values.In conclusion, simplified physiologically based algorithms have been developed to predict both volume of distribution and tissue-Kps, in which required input parameters as well as computing complexity have been noticeably reduced.

Toxicologic evaluation of chronic feeding of glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean GTS40-3-2 meal to rats

To assess the safety of glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean, the transgenic soybean GTS40-3-2 meal and its non-transgenic counterpart parent A5403 were fed to first- and second-generation Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Rattus norvegicus) for 195 days. The soybean meal made up 20% of the total weight of the feed. Body weight, food consumption, hematology, blood biochemistry, and pathological observations were monitored weekly. The results showed that rats of each group experienced good growth and development, and although results of some organ weight ratios and serum biochemistry between the groups were significantly different (P&lt;0.05), they were of no biological significance because the variations were within the normal range. These results indicate that glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean GTS40-3-2 meal is as safe as its non-transgenic parent soybean A5403 in a long-term SD rat feeding study. The study provides experimental evidence for the safe usage of transgenic soybean GTS40-3-2.

Uji Toksisitas Subkronis Fraksi Etil Asetat Kulit Buah Asam Kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) terhadap Fungsi Hati dan Ginjal Mencit Putih Betina

Pengujian toksisitas subkronis fraksi etil asetat kulit buah asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) terhadap fungsi hati dan ginjal mencit putih betina telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 18 ekor mencit putih betina berusia 2-3 bulan dengan berat badan 20-30 gram digunakan sebagai hewan uji. Hewan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu 1 kelompok kontrol dan 2 kelompoj perlakuan yang diberi fraksi etil asetat kulit buah asam kandis dengan dosis 500 dan 1000mg/kgBB sekali sehari secara oral selama 60 hari. Parameter yang diamati yaitu aktivitas SGPT dan rasio berat hati untuk fungsi hati dan aktivitas kreatinin serum dan rasio berat ginjal untuk aktivitas ginjal. Data aktivitas SGPT, kreatinin serum dan rasio berat organ hati dan ginjal dianalisis dengan ANOVA dua arah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa aktivitas SGPT, Kreatinin serum dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh dosis (p&lt;0,05) dan untuk rasio berat hati dan ginjal tidak dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh dosis dan lama pemberian (p&gt;0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dosis pemberian fraksi etil asetat kulit buah asam kandis memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna terhadap aktivitas SGPT dan kadar kreatinin serum mencit putih betina. Lama pemberian tidak memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna terhadap peningkatan kadar kreatinin serum mencit putih betina dan rasio berat hati dan ginjal mencit putih betina.

Organ weights and ratios for postmortem identification of fetal growth restriction: utility and confounding factors.

The postmortem fetal brain:liver weight ratio is commonly used as a marker of nutrition for diagnosis of fetal growth restriction (FGR). However, there are limited data regarding the effects of intrauterine retention, fetal maceration and postmortem interval on organ weights and their ratios at autopsy. Our aims were to examine the relationships between gestational-age-adjusted and sex-adjusted fetal organ weights at autopsy, cause of intrauterine death and effects of intrauterine retention, and to determine whether the brain:liver weight ratio is a reliable marker of FGR in intrauterine death. As part of a larger study examining autopsy findings in intrauterine death, data from two specialist centers in London were collated in a specially designed database. Autopsy and clinical information for > 1000 intrauterine deaths between 2005 and 2013 were extracted. Adjusted (delta) organ weights were calculated by plotting against gestational age female and male brain, liver, thymus, heart, combined kidney, combined lung, spleen and combined adrenal gland weights. Polynomial regression was used to determine best fit and to calculate expected (50th centile) organ weights and deviations from expected. We compared adjusted organ weights and body:organ weight ratios in fetuses which were small-for-gestational age (SGA) at autopsy (birth weight < 10th centile for normal live births) vs those in fetuses which were not, and in macerated vs non-macerated fetuses. The majority of fetal organs (brain, liver, heart, thymus, lungs, kidneys and thyroid) in SGA fetuses were significantly lighter than those in non-SGA fetuses. Body:organ weight ratios for thymus, liver and spleen were significantly greater in SGA fetuses, indicating these organs to be disproportionately small. The majority of organs were significantly lighter in macerated compared with non-macerated fetuses and body:organ weight ratios for most organs (liver, thymus, lung, pancreas, adrenal gland, kidney, heart) were significantly greater in macerated compared with non-macerated fetuses. When SGA cases with demonstrable placental histological abnormalities were compared with other SGA cases, there was a significant difference in the brain:liver weight ratio (median, 6 vs 3.5). Changes after intrauterine death lead to loss of fetal weight, with preferential weight loss of visceral organs such as the liver. Maceration therefore affects the brain:liver weight ratio and adjustment should be made for such changes during interpretation of ratios. Fetal organ weights may be affected significantly by mechanism of death and postmortem changes. The fetal brain:liver weight ratio may provide useful information regarding intrauterine growth status at time of death, provided that adjustment is made for effects of intrauterine retention and that appropriate cut-off values are used. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Leaky Gut and Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin B1 Does Not Increase Gut Permeability in Broiler Chickens

Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have demonstrated that intestinal barrier function can be adversely affected by diet ingredients or feed restriction, resulting in increased intestinal inflammation-associated permeability. Two experiments were conducted in broilers to evaluate the effect of three concentrations of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; 2, 1.5, or 1 ppm) on gastrointestinal leakage and liver bacterial translocation (BT). In experiment 1, 240 day-of-hatch male broilers were allocated in two groups, each group had six replicates of 20 chickens (n = 120/group): Control feed or feed + 2 ppm AFB1. In experiment 2, 240 day-of-hatch male broilers were allocated in three groups, each group had five replicates of 16 chickens (n = 80/group): Control feed; feed + 1 ppm AFB1; or feed + 1.5 ppm AFB1. In both experiments, chickens were fed starter (days 1–7) and grower diets (days 8–21) ad libitum and performance parameters were evaluated every week. At day 21, all chicks received an oral gavage dose of FITC-d (4.16 mg/kg) 2.5 h before collecting blood samples to evaluate gastrointestinal leakage of FITC-d. In experiment 2, a hematologic analysis was also performed. Liver sections were aseptically collected and cultured using TSA plates to determine BT. Cecal contents were collected to determine total colony-forming units per gram of Gram-negative bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), or anaerobes by plating on selective media. In experiment 2, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were removed to determine organ weight ratio, and also intestinal samples were obtained for morphometric analysis. Performance parameters, organ weight ratio, and morphometric measurements were significantly different between Control and AFB1 groups in both experiments. Gut leakage of FITC-d was not affected by the three concentrations of AFB1 evaluated (P > 0.05). Interestingly, a significant reduction in BT was observed in chickens that received 2 and 1 ppm AFB1. An increase (P < 0.05) in total aerobic bacteria, total Gram negatives, and total LAB were observed in chickens fed with 2 and 1.5 ppm of AFB1 when compared with Control and 1 ppm chickens. The integrity of gut epithelial barrier was not compromised after exposure to the mycotoxin.