Organ Printing Research Articles

Realization of Open Software Chain for 3D Modeling and Printing of Organs in Simulation Centers: Example of Renal Pelvis Reconstruction

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has many uses in healthcare such as in surgical training. It is becoming an interesting tool finding new pedagogical purposes in medical simulation. In this study, using a process consisting of 3D modeling, a simulator dedicated to pyeloplasty was designed, manufactured, and evaluated by experts. With the aid of open-source software and computer-aided design software, 3D models of a renal parenchyma, a renal pelvis and a ureter were created. This renal apparatus was processed and crafted with additive manufacturing using soft polymer materials. Polyvinyl alcohol material was used to print the components in order to make them dissectible and to evaluate their use in surgical teaching. Seven expert surgeons evaluated the model by performing a pyeloplasty sequence established in a previous work. An evaluation grid with 8 items related to surgical movement was rated on a 5-point Likert scale to assess how similar working with the model was to actual surgery. Three items were rated with a score greater than or equal to 4 (Needle penetration, Thread-sliding, and Cutting Strength). Suture strength was rated with a score above 3.5 for both renal pelvis and ureter, whereas elasticity was rated below 3. Handling and mobility properties were rated above 3 for the renal pelvis and below 3 for the ureter. The cost of the unit was $0.30 per renal unit. The primary difference identified was a difference in elongation between polyvinyl alcohol material and real biological tissue. It is feasible to generate and print a low cost upper urinary tract model from patient data imagery using environmentally friendly products that can be used effectively in surgical training. The simulator has been able to reproduce sensations related to surgical movements for a low cost. Hereafter, research into the pedagogical benefits provided to students, and through them, patients, should be performed. 3D printing models can offer new opportunities for healthcare simulation specific to different surgical fields.

Organ Printing

Organ Printing is a branch of regenerative medicine. We aimed to demonstrate this presentation to minimize the death rate of patients who dies only due to the inefficient human organs at the right time. This topic revolves around "The Branch of regenerative Medicine. The contents of the research work are all about the definition of organ printing or bioprinting, its technical types, its process, its benefits and challenges, its estimated marketing rate, and how it can be implemented successfully. The most significant developments in 3Dprinting have come in external prosthetics, cranial or orthopedic implants, and custom airway stents. But it has also proven helpful in surgical planning and has been used in complex open planning and has been used in complex open-heart surgeries, and even Cleveland clinic's total face transplant. Talks of printing human tissues have suggested than organ transplants may one day be obsolete. Mind-blowing innovations are coming to medicine and healthcare almost every single day; hope the research paper is one among them with its own unique characteristics.

Transparent support media for high resolution 3D printing of volumetric cell-containing ECM structures

3D bioprinting may revolutionize the field of tissue engineering by allowing fabrication of bio-structures with a high degree of complexity, fine architecture and heterogeneous composition. The printing substances in these processes are mostly based on biomaterials and living cells. As such, they generally possess weak mechanical properties and thus must be supported during fabrication in order to prevent the collapse of large, volumetric multi-layered printouts. In this work, we characterize a uniquely formulated media used to support printing of extracellular matrix-based biomaterials. We show that a hybrid material, comprised of calcium-alginate nanoparticles and xanthan gum, presents superb qualities that enable printing at high resolution of down to 10 microns, allowing fabrication of complex constructs and cellular structures. This hybrid also presents an exclusive combination of desirable properties such as biocompatibility, high transparency, stability at a wide range of temperatures and amenability to delicate extraction procedures. Moreover, as fabrication of large, volumetric biological structures may require hours and even days to accomplish, we have demonstrated that the hybrid medium can support prolonged, precise printing for at least 18 h. All these qualities make it a promising support medium for 3D printing of tissues and organs.

Three‐dimensional printing: The potential technology widely used in medical fields

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is one of the hottest research fields nowadays, which has influenced the treatment methods in the medical industry. In order to explore the progress of 3D printing technology in medical applications, the authors conducted English retrieval with the keywords "three-dimensionalprinting," "bioprinting," and "3D printing" in PubMed, and extracted information related to this exploration. This review firstly introduces the 3D printing materials, types of technology, and printing procedures in medical fields, then elaborates the current applications of 3D printing in medical devices, in vitro anatomical models, organ printing, implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and the leap from 3D medical printing to four-dimensional (4D) medical printing, finally put forward the shortage of the medical 3D/4D printing and possible solutions of them.

Emerging Organ Models and Organ Printing for Regenerative Medicine

Engineered materials that integrate advances in polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, and biological sciences have the potential to create powerful medical therapies. Our group aims to engineer tissue regenerative therapeutics using water‐containing polymer networks called hydrogels that can regulate cell behavior. Specifically, we have developed photo‐crosslinkable hybrid hydrogels that combine natural biomolecules with nanoparticles to regulate the chemical, biological, mechanical and electrical properties of gels. These functional scaffolds induce the differentiation of stem cells to desired cell types and direct the formation of vascularized heart or bone tissues. Since tissue function is highly dependent on architecture, we have also used microfabrication methods, such as microfluidics, photolithography, bioprinting, and molding, to regulate the architecture of these materials. We have employed these strategies to generate miniaturized tissues. To create tissue complexity, we have also developed directed assembly techniques to compile small tissue modules into larger constructs. It is anticipated that such approaches will lead to the development of next‐generation regenerative therapeutics and biomedical devices.

3D printing applications for the treatment of cancer

PurposeAdditive manufacturing (AM) is an innovation in today's medical field. It helps create a patient-specific 3D model of bones, nerves, organs and blood vessel. Now, doctors and surgeons have successfully applied this technology to plan different types of treatments and also cancers. The purpose of this paper is to study the requirements and applications of AM for cancer treatment. MethodsToday AM is used for the application of regenerative medicine. It can help develop and improve in-vitro models in the tumour microenvironment. Thus, to identify its applications, related research papers on AM for cancer are studied. Results3D printing technology has a unique capability to manufacture tumour models. It helps to understand the status of the whole tumor. Here in this paper, we studied the capabilities of AM technologies for cancer treatment. This study discusses necessary process steps, followed by 3D printing and finally identified significant applications of these technologies for cancer treatment with a brief description. Conclusion3D printed tumor helps to provide faithful studies on metastasis. These models create a promising platform to construct biomimetic models. By accurate manufacturing of in vitro model, this technology seems to be the best tool to facilitate complex treatment, surgery and therapies. It shows great potential for the printing of organs. This technology is time-saving and avoids time-consuming processes. It has been analysed that AM helps in reducing the duration of treatment of a cancer patient. Researchers are focusing on reducing pain during therapies. They have also tested 3D printed tumor models for different drugs, to eliminate the risks. These models play a significant role in courses of treatments.

Progressive 3D Printing Technology and Its Application in Medical Materials.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables patient-specific anatomical level productions with high adjustability and resolution in microstructures. With cost-effective manufacturing for high productivity, 3D printing has become a leading healthcare and pharmaceutical manufacturing technology, which is suitable for variety of applications including tissue engineering models, anatomical models, pharmacological design and validation model, medical apparatus and instruments. Today, 3D printing is offering clinical available medical products and platforms suitable for emerging research fields, including tissue and organ printing. In this review, our goal is to discuss progressive 3D printing technology and its application in medical materials. The additive overview also provides manufacturing techniques and printable materials.

Novel bioinks from UV-responsive norbornene-functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose macromers

3D printing has significantly progressed in the past decade and become a potentially powerful biomanufacturing approach for tissue and organ printing. Availability of diverse hydrogel-based bioink formulations, particularly bioinks allowing biochemical functionalization, stimuli responsiveness, and control over mechanical and degradation properties are crucial for bioprinting to reach its full potential. In this study, we report two novel bioink platforms from norbornene modified cellulose-based macromers, either with an amide, norbornene CMC (NorCMC), or an ester linker, carbic (norbornene) functionalized CMC (cCMC). Both of the bioink formulations show autogelation in the absence of UV light, which allow us to adjust the viscosity of the ink formulation. Bioinks rapidly form cell-laden hydrogels when exposed to UV light due to photoinduced thiol-ene crosslinking mechanism. Bioink viscosity and printability as well as bioprinted construct mechanics are controlled by bioink concentration and thiol to norbornene (T:NB) ratio. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are successfully bioprinted using our novel bioink formulations. Considering the high abundance, low cost, ability to selectively tether molecules or control crosslinking properties, norbornene modified cellulose-based bioink platforms have a significant potential to enable 3D bioprinted constructs with increased complexity.

Evolving Cell-Based and Cell-Free Clinical Strategies for Treating Severe Human Liver Diseases.

Liver diseases represent a major global health issue, and currently, liver transplantation is the only viable alternative to reduce mortality rates in patients with end-stage liver diseases. However, scarcity of donor organs and risk of recidivism requiring a re-transplantation remain major obstacles. Hence, much hope has turned towards cell-based therapy. Hepatocyte-like cells obtained from embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells bearing multipotent or pluripotent characteristics, as well as cell-based systems, such as organoids, bio-artificial liver devices, bioscaffolds and organ printing are indeed promising. New approaches based on extracellular vesicles are also being investigated as cell substitutes. Extracellular vesicles, through the transfer of bioactive molecules, can modulate liver regeneration and restore hepatic function. This review provides an update on the current state-of-art cell-based and cell-free strategies as alternatives to liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver diseases.

Designing vascular supportive albumen-rich composite bioink for organ 3D printing

Bioink plays a major role in 3D printing of tissues and organs. Alginate is a widely used component for bioinks but its cellular responses are limited, which limits its clinical translation. In this study, we demonstrate the printability and cellular compatibility of composite bioink consists of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and egg white, also called albumen. The experimental conditions necessary for 3D printing composite bioink were optimized by changing different concentration ratios of Albumen/NaAlg and their various physicochemical properties were studied. The structural characteristics of the 3D printed scaffold was also investigated. In vitro experiments showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells can successfully attach to the printed scaffold and maintain high viability during the course of study. Interestingly, vascular sprouting and neovascular network formation was observed inbetween fibers within the printed scaffold. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that 3D printed Albumen/NaAlg composite bioinks with favorable biological functionality hold a great potential in tissue and organ engineering.

Üç Boyutlu Biyobasıma Bir Bakış ve Organ Basımı

Üç Boyutlu Biyobasıma Bir Bakış ve Organ Basımı

Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) for Bioprinting.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of human tissues and organs has been an exciting area of research for almost three decades [Bonassar and Vacanti. J Cell Biochem. 72(Suppl 30-31):297-303 (1998)]. The primary goal of bioprinting, presently, is achieving printed constructs with the overarching aim toward fully functional tissues and organs. Technology, in hand with the development of bioinks, has been identified as the key to this success. As a result, the place of computer-aided systems (design and manufacturing-CAD/CAM) cannot be underestimated and plays a significant role in this area. Unlike many reviews in this field, this chapter focuses on the technology required for 3D bioprinting from an initial background followed by the exciting area of medical imaging and how it plays a role in bioprinting. Extraction and classification of tissue types from 3D scans is discussed in addition to modeling and simulation capabilities of scanned systems. After that, the necessary area of transferring the 3D model to the printer is explored. The chapter closes with a discussion of the current state-of-the-art and inherent challenges facing the research domain to achieve 3D tissue and organ printing.

3D organ printing: Review on operational challenges and constraints

3D printing has been developing successfully over the last few decades with its vast applications in various fields. The technology brought out disruptive innovation in the field of medicine by successfully producing printed organs. Organ transplantation has been on the rise for many years, and most cases of failure are not due to a lack of technology, but the unavailability of compatible organs. Despite all the positive aspects of 3D organ printing technology, this paper discusses the practical constraints and challenges in designing functional 3D organs within the required time frame with the most appropriate tissue materials. Also the organ demand is so abrupt in nature and it requires high customization which varies from patients to patients.

Bio-Medical applications of Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Additive Manufacturing (AM) finds multiple applications in a variety of fields such as aviation, defense, manufacturing, automotive sector, industrial, education and research, but most importantly in Bio-Medical, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries because of its ability to fabricate complex customized parts with extensive ease, flexibility and with various biomaterials. This review presents the Bio-medical applications of AM so far. This review concisely highlights the healthcare sectors that are revolutionized by AM, such as bio-printing, Tissue Engineering, Dentistry, printing patient-specific customized implants, Medical devices/Surgical tools, orthopaedics and prosthesis, Drug delivery and also virtual surgical planning. Also, the different bio-inks and Biomaterials utilized for printing cell-seeded tissues, 3DP implants, replacement organ printing and scaffolds, are presented. Thus AM ensures safety, innovation and ease in healthcare sector. Despite these, AM still has tremendous promise and scope for further improvement in pharmaceutical, drug delivery and bio-medicinal sectors.

3D printed tissue and organ using additive manufacturing: An overview

BackgroundResearch papers on Additive Manufacturing (AM)/3D printing in tissue/organ printing are studied to understand its capability for tissue and organ printing with and new advancement in the medical field. Aim of the researchTo study and discuss the advantages and limitations of AM when used for printing of customised scaffold, tissue and organ, which are a challenge to the medical field. Materials and methodsThis literature-based study understands the creation of innovation in the medical field and its different areas to address upcoming challenges. Thus, relevant research papers from the Scopus database are identified and purposefully analysed. ResultStudied the main components of additive manufacturing as required for tissue and organ printing and process used to create tissue/organ by using this technology. We have further identified different materials based requirements for tissue and organ printing and how this technology can fulfil this requirement to save the life of the patient. Finally, this paper identifies eight significant advancements of AM in the medical field with a brief description and limitations when additive manufacturing is used for tissue and organ printing. ConclusionIn the current scenario, tissue engineering and cell therapy employ an innovative approach to reduce the mortality rate. However, the main challenge for this is customisation, which is somewhat taken up by AM technologies. This technology has already addressed different challenges in the medical field. For tissue and organ printing, this technique seems better as compared to 2D conventional cell technique. With the help of scanned data, 3D printing allows us to create intricate internal structures. Thus, it can be used to develop bone tissues, which are required for clinical applications towards the treatment of bone defects. It also plays an outstanding role in cardiac masses, heart disease, physiology, electrophysiology, tested for diagnosis and better treatment of valvular heart disease. Doctors and surgeon easily understand the aortic valve of the patient. It improves post-surgery, blood flow and helps proper selection of devices including stents. AM is to take up the challenge for the development of artificial bone with biomechanical properties as similar to bone. It uses the material in the form of powder, wire and ceramic. It has promising applications to print liver tissue and liver cell and fulfils the requirement of customisation in different fields.

Sodium Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogels for Direct Bioprinting-The Effect of Composition Selection and Applied Solvents on the Bioink Properties.

Hydrogels tested and evaluated in this study were developed for the possibility of their use as the bioinks for 3D direct bioprinting. Procedures for preparation and sterilization of hydrogels and the speed of the bioprinting were developed. Sodium alginate gelatine hydrogels were characterized in terms of printability, mechanical, and biological properties (viability, proliferation ability, biocompatibility). A hydrogel with the best properties was selected to carry out direct bioprinting tests in order to determine the parameters of the bioink, adapted to print with use of the designed and constructed bioprinter and provide the best conditions for cell growth. The obtained results showed the ability to control mechanical properties, biological response, and degradation rate of hydrogels through the use of various solvents. The use of a dedicated culture medium as a solvent for the preparation of a bioink, containing the predicted cell line, increases the proliferation of these cells. Modification of the percentage of individual components of the hydrogel gives the possibility of a controlled degradation process, which, in the case of printing of temporary medical devices, is a very important parameter for the hydrogels’ usage possibility—both in terms of tissue engineering and printing of tissue elements replacement, implants, and organs.

USAGE OF 3D PRINTER TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS: A REVIEW

Along with the developing technology, 3D printers have found broad applications in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Precise digital control over layer by layerprinting given by 3D printers allows drugs, cosmetics and medical devices like prostheses to be personalized for treatment. Additionaly, the physical structure of 3D printed productsand theirvisualization is effective on surgical planning, educational and research applications alleviating the endeavior of surgeons,students and scientists, respectively. Since FDA’s first 3D printed drug approval in 2015, the research for new approaches has been growing although the manufacturers need regularity certainty. However this technology exists for a long time and it is of public interest now due to the approval of 3-D printed tablet and other medical devices and also with the advent of USFDA’s guidance on technical considerations specific to devices using additive manufacturing which encompasses 3-dimensional (3D) printing has triggered many thoughts about this technology which needs to be considered for successful delivery of intended product. As for 3D organ printing, it remains the great expectation albeit some attempts.
 This review is aimed at giving brief explanations about 3D printing achievements and applications in medical and pharmaceutical fields.

Problems of Legal Regulation of Contractual Relations in the Process of Creating Bio-Print Human Organs

Additive manufacturing, 3D printing and bio-printing are technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Currently, due to the possibility of hacking the human genome, it is important to define the concept of legal regulation of relations concerning bioprinting and creation of a regulatory framework for their legal regulation, which would determine who should be held responsible for the defect takes place when printing a human organ (a creator of a digital template, a manufacturer of a 3D printer or a person who operates the 3D printer), what obligations arise with regard to the template, who owns the rights to it, what contracts mediate the relationship between the template creator, the printer manufacturer, the material manufacture, the person who manages the printer and the consumer. One more question is what are the limits of the principle of freedom of contract in the field of 3D printing, in particular in the field of bioprinting. When considering the issues of 3D printing of human organs, inevitably arises the question of rights, obligations and responsibility of a medical organization within which the medical organization would carry out medical intervention in order to implant and transplant printed organs. One more issue that needs consideration is the legal framework of printed organs. It is obvious that before they are implanted in the human body, they can be subject to the regulatory framework applicable to things. After implantation, the printed organ should lose the properties of things and it should be subject to the legal regulation that is applied to intangible things. To this end, the author suggests that it is necessary to introduce certain restrictions on the principle of freedom of contract in this area and the possibility of carrying out medical intervention only by certain entities (medical organizations) authorized to perform such operations.

APPLICATION OF BIOPRINTING IN CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE (REVIEW)

3D printing is an advanced recent technology, which can be a revolutionary alternative with a variety of applications in the transplant and healthcare industry in general. 3D printing research is investigated in various fields within the healthcare industry; some of which are discussed in this article. 3D printing of human tissue and organs can revolutionize the healthcare industry by extending the average life expectancy and greatly improving the quality of life for millions of people. Organ recipients will no longer have to wait months or years for a donor with the correct blood type, organ transplant rejection will be abolished, illegal human trafficking for organ harvesting can be minimized, and war and accident amputees can once again gain full mobility. 3D Bioprinting may have unprecedented consequences on regenerative medicine and quality of life while minimizing social and legal issues which currently surround human embryo techniques.

Novel Technique Produces Micropores, Allowing Diffusion of Nutrients in Biofabricated Tissues

Dr Yang Wu is a postdoctoral fellow and lab manager at the 3D Bioprinting Lab at Penn State. His research interests involve 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine, such as development of tissue strands as bioink for osteochondral tissue bioprinting, skin bioprinting and pancreatic organ printing in the field of diabetes research. As a postdoctoral scholar at Penn State, he has been leading several fundamental studies. Prior to this, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the department of mechanical engineering, National University of Singapore, where he also completed his PhD in the field of 3D bioprinting. He received his BEng in Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.