Digestive Organs Research Articles

Cytotoxicity of amine-modified polystyrene MPs and NPs on neural stem cells cultured from mouse subventricular zone

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are found in various environments such as aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial areas. Once ingested and inhaled, these tiny plastic debris damaged the digestive and respiratory organ systems in animals. In humans, the possible connection between MPs and various diseases such as lung diseases has been raised. Yet, the impact of MPs on the human nervous system has been unclear. Previous research using animals and cultured cells showed possible neurotoxicity of MPs and NPs. In this study, we used neural stem cells cultured from mouse subventricular zone to examine the effects of polystyrene (PS) NPs and MPs with sizes of 0.1 μm, 1 μm, and 2 μm on the cell proliferation and differentiation. We observed that only positively charged NPs and MPs, but not negatively charged ones, decreased cell viability and proliferation. These amine-modified NPs and MPs decreased both neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Finally, fully differentiated neurons and oligodendrocytes were damaged and removed by the application of NPs and MPs. All these effects varied among different sizes of NPs and MPs, with the greatest effects from 1 μm and the least effects from 2 μm. These results clearly demonstrate the cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity of PS-NPs and MPs.

Microplastics analysis in the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fishermen’s catch at Belawan River North Sumatera, Indonesia

Microplastics produce from macro sized plastics which are degraded into particles size 0.1 – 5 mm. Fish ingest microplastics because their mistake for food, with microplastics sizes as the size of category plankton species which are the food supply for fish microplastics ingest to the digestive organ and the gills. The research was catching a total of 93 specimens of the fish Oreochromis mossambicus, Channa striata, Plotosus canius, Scatophagus argus and Lutjanus indicus in February 2023 at Belawan River. Microplastics isolation analysed in animals’ laboratory, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara Indonesia. According to the results, there was three shapes of microplastics, fiber, fragments, and films. A total of 134 microplastics particles were 5 species of sample, O. mossambicus were 9.7 abundance of microplastics, C. striata were 3.6 abundance of microplastics, P. canius were 12 abundance of microplastics, S. argus were 6.0 abundance of microplastics and L. indicus were 4.3 abundance of microplastics . The colour of microplastics was found in 46 black, 32 green, 24 blue, 23 orange, 7 brown and 2 red.

Identification of the Students’ Misconceptions about the Digestive System

The aim of this study is to determine the students’ misconceptions about the digestive system. In this quantitative research, the study group comprised totally 259 sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students. The data were collected through a three-tier diagnostic test and analyzed in terms of scientific knowledge, the lucky guess, lack of knowledge, and misconception levels of students on digestive system. According to the findings, 20.1% of the students’ answers were in the scientific knowledge category and 9.1% were in the lucky guess category. On the other hand, 39.7% of the answers were in the lack of knowledge category and 26.0% were in the misconception category. The most prominent findings in the study were the students’ misconceptions in a few questions, especially about physical and chemical digestion. In addition, some students did not fully understand the distinction between the excretory and digestive organs and the functions of some accessory. They also gave incorrect answers about the organs where the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats begins and ends. At the end of the study, suggestions were made to eliminate the misconceptions.

Features of topography and macroscopic structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the lack of detailed information on the structure and topography of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). The purpose of this study was to find out the specific features of changes in body weight, topography, and structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon, to determine their morphometric parameters in animals from 1 day to 1 year of age. The research material included the tongue, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas of chameleons of different sexes of 9 age groups. The data obtained were processed by one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the topography, macroscopic structure and surface of the mucous membrane, there are three intestines in the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and two intestines in the large intestine: the colon with a diverticulum and the rectum, which passes into the cloaca. A feature of the serous membrane of the chameleon intestine is that it is coloured black by melanin. From 1 day to 1 year of age, the body weight of chameleons increased 185.9 times, the snout-vent length (SVL) increased 6.7 times, the length of the digestive tract increased 3.8 times, and the ratio of the length of the digestive tract to SVL decreased from 3.2 to 1.8 times. The most intensive increase in body weight and SVL occurred during the second and third months of life. The relative length of the small intestine in chameleons of different age groups was 65.1- 81.6%, with the longest part being the jejunum. The increase in the morphometric parameters of the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas was asynchronous. The most pronounced changes in their relative weight were determined in animals of 2-3 months of age. The obtained materials supplement and clarify the information on the topography and structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon, and therefore they will be useful in X-ray and ultrasound examination during veterinary manipulations

Evolution of modes of nutrient absorption in entomoparasitic nematodes of the order Tylenchida revealed by structural and phylogenetic analysis

Summary Adult female entomoparasitic nematodes of the order Tylenchida have degenerate digestive organs and body surfaces that lack cuticles and are covered with microvilli. These morphologic features indicate that tylenchids absorb nutrients via the integument. A previous study hypothesised that the nutrient intake of entomoparasitic tylenchids evolved from oral to transdermal in a step-by-step manner, and this evolutionary process is reflected in the development of the integument ultrastructure of these species. However, the evolution of the nutrient absorption of entomoparasitic tylenchids remains unclear. This evolution has not been phylogenetically examined because of a lack of information on the integument structure associated with phylogenetic relationships. In the present study, we examined the integument ultrastructure and molecular sequence of four entomoparasitic tylenchids: Bradynema sp., Contortylenchus sp., C. genitalicola and Deladenus sp. The body surface of Bradynema sp. was covered with microvilli, suggesting that Bradynema sp. absorbs nutrients via the integument. By contrast, the body surfaces of Contortylenchus sp., C. genitalicola and Deladenus sp. were covered with a thin cuticle-like layer and well-developed epidermis without microvilli, suggesting that these species absorb nutrients only partially via the integument. We also classified the nutrient absorption mode based on the integument ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic tylenchids in previous studies. Our maximum parsimony analysis supported the step-by-step evolution hypothesised in the previous study. However, the parsimony analysis also generated new evolutionary processes in which atavism and/or saltation occur instead of stepwise evolution.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE ADULT HELMINTH Heterakis gallinarum SCHRANK, 1788 (NEMATODA: HETERAKIDAE)

Species of the Heterakidae family are similar in appearance. These signs cause difficulties in determining the systematic position of the species. For this purpose, the digestive organs of adult H. gallinarum nematode were studied at the ultrastructural levels by light and electron microscopic methods. The obtained results were compared with the structures of other species of the family. The digestive organs of adult H. gallinarum nematode are divided into 3 parts - stomodeum, intestine and proctodeum. The esophagus in turn is divided into procorpus, metacorpus and bulb. Its wall consists of basement membrane, muscle cells and cuticle. In the bulb, the muscle cells are large and relatively large in number. The intestine is divided into ventricular, middle and prerectal areas. It consists of a thick basement membrane, a single-layered epithelium with microvillas. Epithelial cells are divided into 5 areas that differ from each other according to their structure. The smooth membranes of the epithelial cells create a barrier connection with each other. Sphincter cells are noted at the end of the intestine. After that part, the rectum was found in females and the cloaca in males nematodes. The lumen of both is covered with cuticle. The ultrastructural features of the digestive organs of the nematode H. gallinarum are consistent with the main systematic features of the family.

Differential expression of neuropeptide F in the digestive organs of female freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle

Neuropeptide F is a key hormone that controls feeding in invertebrates, including decapod crustaceans. We investigated the differential expression of Macrobrachium rosenbergii neuropeptide F (MrNPF) in the digestive organs of female prawns, M. rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle. By using RT-qPCR, the expression of MrNPF mRNA in the esophagus (ESO), cardia (CD), and pylorus (PY) of the foregut (FG) gradually increased from stage II and peaked at stage III. In the midgut (MG), hindgut (HG), and hepatopancreas (HP), MrNPF mRNA increased from stage I, reaching a maximal level at stage II, and declined by about half at stages III and IV (P < 0.05). In the ESO, CD, and PY, strong MrNPF-immunoreactivities were seen in the epithelium, muscle, and lamina propria. Intense MrNPF-ir was found in the MG cells and the muscular layer. In the HG, MrNPF-ir was detected in the epithelium of the villi and gland regions, while MrNPF-ir was also more intense in the F-, R-, and B-cells in the HP. However, we found little colocalization between the MrNPF and PGP9.5/ChAT in digestive tissues, implying that most of the positive cells might not be neurons but could be digestive tract-associated endocrine cells that produce and secrete MrNPF to control digestive organ functions in feeding and utilizing feed. Taken together, our first findings indicated that MrNPF was differentially expressed in digestive organs in correlation with the ovarian cycle, suggesting an important link between MrNPF, the physiology of various digestive organs in feeding, and possibly ovarian maturation in female M. rosenbergii.

Occupational health risk for women employed in industries with harmful working conditions

The preservation and strengthening of the health of the able-bodied population is the most important indicator of the socio-economic potential of the country.&#x0D; A modern working woman experiences the complex impact of adverse factors of the production environment and the labor process, which are potentially dangerous to health, contribute to the formation of production-related and occupational diseases.&#x0D; The study aims to analyze the occupational health risk of women employed in jobs with harmful working conditions at the processing plant of the mining and processing plant and the petrochemical complex of the Republic of Bashkortostan.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The authors studied the state of health by analyzing the occupational risk of female workers in contact with harmful production factors of a processing enterprise (407 people) and a petrochemical complex (473 people). The experts used clinical, functional, clinical and statistical research methods in their work and analyzed the levels and structure of chronic non-communicable diseases to determine the degree of industrial conditionality. The calculations were performed using the Microsoft Excel program.&#x0D; The combined effect of a complex of harmful production factors of the mining and processing plant (dust of polymetallic ores, chemicals, noise and severity of labor — class of working conditions 3.1) contributes to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in female workers in 80.3±2.0% of cases, versus 54.6±4.4% of cases in the control group. A number of identified diseases have the character of production-related, while a very high degree of its conditionality is characteristic of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (RR — relative risk = 4.3, EF — etiological proportion = 75%), a high degree was inherent in respiratory diseases (RR=3.1; EF=67.7%). Diseases of the circulatory system (RR=1.6, EF=37.5%) and diseases of the nervous system (RR=1.58, EF=36.7%) had an average degree of occupational &#x0D; conditionality.&#x0D; In the workers of the main group of the petrochemical complex, chronic non–communicable diseases were diagnosed significantly more often than in the control, respectively — 84.0±1.7 and 67.0±3.5% of cases, p&lt;0.01. The combined effect on the workers of the complex of chemicals in combination with the intensity of the labor process associated with the 3-shift nature of work (class of working conditions 3.1), was the cause of the industrial conditionality of diseases of the nervous system, circulatory system, blood, digestive organs of moderate degree.&#x0D; Female employees of the enterprises of the concentrating plant of the mining and processing plant and the petrochemical complex, engaged in work with harmful working conditions, represent a "risk group" for the occurrence of changes from various organs and systems, depending on the current etiological production factors. Based on the indicators of the degree of occupational conditionality of a number of diseases in female workers, mining and petrochemical complexes belong to industries with a high and medium occupational risk of health disorders.&#x0D; Ethics. The survey of female employees was conducted with their informed consent, approved by the bioethical committee of the Institute. The fundamental documents are: "Ethical principles of conducting scientific medical research with human participation" (amendments 2008) of the Helsinki Declaration, as well as "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" (approved by Order of the Ministry of Health dated 06/19/2003 No. 266).

Carboxylesterase-mediated imaging tool for diagnosis of liver injury and surgical resection navigation of pancreatic cancer

The liver and pancreas are both very important digestive and metabolic organs. Once a patient's liver and pancreas show lesions, such as accompanied by tumor proliferation or acute inflammation, their digestive function will be significantly damaged. The malfunction of carboxylesterase (CE) would indicate various metabolic diseases. Monitoring and utilizing the activity changes of CE of liver and pancreas related metabolic diseases will help to discover the pathological mechanisms and interaction between different organs, which would further provide indications for diagnosis and treatment. In this work, we developed a turn-on red fluorescent probe MG-CE with lysosome targeting for CE sensing in vitro and in vivo imaging showed a decrease of CE level in a hepatitis cell model and in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse. The fluorescence intensity was higher in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) than that in both cancerous and normal cells. Our results show that CE could promote the prodrug irinotecan activation and cause more significant damage to PDAC cells. Therefore, this work would provide a new molecular tool for the diagnostic imaging of NASH and PDAC, which is helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of NASH and the early diagnosis of NASH and PDAC.

Chronic widespread pain and cause of death: a 25-year follow-up study.

Chronic widespread pain (CWP) has been suggested as a risk factor for mortality in cardiovascular diseases and malignancies. Different definition of CWP makes it difficult to compare previous studies. The aim was to study whether mortality and certain causes of death were increased among people with CWP and whether the definition of CWP influenced outcome. This 25-year follow-up study included 2425 people from the general population, at baseline divided into 3 pain groups: CWP, chronic regional pain, and no chronic pain (NCP). Chronic widespread pain was defined according to the ACR1990 (CWPACR1990) and the more stringent WP2019 (CWPWP2019) criteria. Causes of death were derived from official national register. Mortality, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and smoking habits were analyzed with Cox regression. Overall mortality was not higher in people with CWPACR1990 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, P = 0.484) compared with NCP but significantly higher when using CWPWP2019 (HR 1.32, P = 0.033). People with CWPWP2019 had a higher mortality in diseases of the circulatory system (HR 1.32, P = 0.033) but not for neoplastic diseases. CWPACR1990 showed an increased mortality in malignancies of digestive organs. An increased mortality in influenza, pneumonia, acute kidney failure, and chronic kidney disease was observed for the CWPWP2019 definition. The more stringent WP2019 definition of CWP showed an excess risk for death, especially within diseases of the circulatory system. The results suggest that WP2019 defines a more vulnerable group in the population. Chronic widespread pain should be acknowledged in the clinic as a risk factor for increased mortality.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING REGIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MONITORING THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE POPULATION OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

HighlightsWe have developed an integrated assessment framework for assessing regional quality of life of the population residing in the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2017-2021 that includes four indices: Social-geographical, Demographic, Economic and Industrial-environmental. The study results have confirmed the importance of the influence of regional quality of life on the health of the Russian population residing in the regions. Further assessment of the validity of the indices is needed to analyze the impact on individual health indicators and to study subjects in more depth, including within the framework of a specific nosology or nosology groups. AbstractAim. To develop an integrated assessment framework for assessing regional quality of life of the population residing in the regions of Russia, followed by an analysis of its association with mortality rates in 2017–2021.Methods. The publication “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators” published by the Federal State Statistics Service for 85 subjects for the period from 2017 to 2021 was used as the source data material. Factor analysis, the principal component method, was used to identify hidden variables or factors, reduce the number of variables based on classification and determine the structure of relationships. To assess the validity of the developed indices, an analysis of their associations with mortality rates for 2017–2021 was carried out. A linear regression analysis of the effect of indices on mortality rates was carried out.Results. The analysis revealed 4 distinct indices, which included 25 indicators. With an increase in the Social-geographical Index, there is an increase in total mortality by 3.8%, mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases by 36%, neoplasms by 8.8%, diseases of the circulatory system by 5%, respiratory organs by 10.6%, digestive organs by 12.3%, external causes by 23.3%. With an increase in the Demographic Index, there is a decrease in mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases by 12.9%, an increase in total mortality by 19%, mortality from neoplasms by 16.3%, diseases of the circulatory system by 21.4%, respiratory organs by 13%, digestive organs by 19.2%. With an increase in the Economic Index, total mortality decreases by 7.8%, mortality from neoplasms by 5.6%, diseases of the circulatory system by 10%, respiratory organs by 7.8%. With an increase in the Industrial-environmental Index, there is an increase in total mortality by 3.1%, mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases by 27.2%, and neoplasms by 3.3%.Conclusion. We have identified the regional indices reflecting the current quality of life of the Russian population, the validity of which is confirmed by significant association with mortality in the regions. Further use of indices is possible for a detailed assessment of individual subjects, focusing on a specific index showing the most significant relationship with the health of the population.

Dnttip2 is essential for 18S rRNA processing and digestive organ development in zebrafish

Dnttip2 is one of the components of the small subunit (SSU) processome. In yeast, depletion of dnttip2 leads to an inefficient processing of pre-rRNA and a decrease in synthesis of the mature 18S rRNA. However, the biological roles of Dnttip2 in higher organisms are poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that dnttip2 is a maternal gene in zebrafish. Depletion of Dnttip2 leads to embryonic lethal with severe digestive organs hypoplasia. The loss of function of Dnttip2 also leads to partial defects in cleavage at the A0-site and E-site during 18S rRNA processing. In conclusion, Dnttip2 is essential for 18S rRNA processing and digestive organ development in zebrafish.

Hyperuricemia, gout and digestive system pathology: common links of pathogenesis

The aim: to study and present scientists opinions on the direct and indirect clinical and pathogenetic purine compounds metabolism relationships with the digestive system physiological and pathological processes in normal uric acid levels conditions and in hyperuricemia and gout cases. Material and methods. A comprehensive analysis of available modern scientific official sources and regulatory documents for the last decade in the Scopus, PubMed.com, E-library databases. Conclusion. Based on the modern scientific literature data and numerous studies, we can say that there is a pathogenetic relationship between the level of uric acid and the digestive organs defeat.

Turning fishery waste into aquafeed additives: Enhancing shrimp enzymes immobilization in alginate-based particles using electrohydrodynamic atomization

Alternative protein ingredients are gradually replacing fish meal in aquafeeds. However, farmed animals often struggle to digest the provided feed, which leads to inefficient nutrient assimilation. This results in a high feed conversion ratio and in water quality deterioration. Fish waste-derived proteases show great potential as bioactive ingredients to enhance protein digestibility. To achieve this, a suitable carrier is essential to include exogenous proteases in the fish feed formulation. Therefore, this research aimed to immobilize a shrimp enzyme extract into different alginate-based microcapsules through electrodynamic atomization and compare their structural and functional properties. Morphology, physicochemical and thermal properties, and in vitro protein release were evaluated for the following microcapsules made from various materials: alginate (A), alginate-chitosan (AC), alginate-bentonite (AB), alginate-bentonite previously subjected to a sonication treatment (ABs), and a combination of all materials (ABsC or ABC). The average sizes ranged from 360 to 790 μm (wet) and 260–516 μm (freeze-dried), confirming the expected differences, with larger sizes for those including chitosan and bentonite. ABsC proved to be the most suitable system for immobilizing exogenous proteases, as these particles exhibited high encapsulation efficiency in both wet and freeze-dried versions and displayed controlled protein release under typical conditions of the proximal intestine. This was further confirmed through an in vivo trial. Two bioassays were conducted with tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (n = 42, 2.6 ± 0.58 g) to evaluate the distribution of ABsC-rodamine labeled particles in digestive organs and digestive enzyme activity. ABsC remained in the intestine for over 7 h, and a significant increase in total proteolytic activity was observed 60 min after feeding. These findings suggest that ABsC microcapsules could serve as effective carriers for exogenous proteases in feeds for aquaculture.

Ginger And Its Constituents Role in Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer

One of the most prevalent cancers worldwide is gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, which affects several digestive system organs. Some of these tumours have extremely high incidence and fatality rates. Even though a wide range of chemotherapeutic medicines have been developed in recent decades to treat gastrointestinal cancer, the majority of them are highly costly and have undesirable side effects. Consequently, the safe and reasonably priced substances that come from natural sources are required. One of the most often used natural remedies for nausea, dysentery, indigestion, flatulence, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, infections, cough, and bronchitis is ginger (Zingiber officinale). According to experimental research, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, two of ginger's active ingredients, have anticancer properties against GI cancer. Ginger's potential to influence several signalling molecules, including NF-κB, STAT3, MAPK, PI3K, ERK1/2, Akt, TNF-α, COX-2, cyclin D1, cdk, MMP-9, survivin, cIAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, caspases, and other cell growth regulating proteins, is thought to be responsible for its anticancer properties. The findings supporting the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of ginger extract and its active ingredients have been outlined in this review utilising in vitro experiments, animal models, and human subjects.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and psoriasis: mechanisms of comorbidity and approaches to therapy

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease of a multifactorial nature, characterized by accelerated proliferation of keratinocytes and impaired differentiation, an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, with frequent involvement of the musculoskeletal system in the pathological process. The etiology of psoriasis is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified, including family history, smoking and obesity. The high prevalence of obesity, diseases of the cardiovascular system and digestive organs in patients with psoriasis allows us to consider it as an indicator of the patient’s metabolic disorders. In the structure of comorbidity of patients with psoriasis, special attention is drawn to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which occupies a leading position in the structure of the incidence of chronic diffuse liver diseases among the adult population in many countries of the world, including Russia. Patients with psoriasis are more often diagnosed with NAFLD, regardless of the presence of metabolic syndrome and other traditional risk factors. The presence of NAFLD is associated with more severe psoriasis and worse outcomes. On the other hand, a negative effect of psoriasis on the course of liver pathology has been noted. In this regard, it seems particularly relevant to study the etiological factors and pathogenetic links underlying this comorbidity, as potential targets for targeted therapy, which can improve the effectiveness of treatment for this cohort of patients. The purpose of this review publication is to summarize and systematize the available data on the prevalence of comorbidity of psoriasis and NAFLD in the population, the mechanisms of its formation and approaches to patient management.

Evaluation of oral supplementation of free and nanoencapsulated Minthostachys verticillata essential oil on immunological, biochemical and antioxidants parameters and gut microbiota in weaned piglets.

Early weaning is an important stressor that impairs the piglet´s health, and essential oils appear as promising candidates to improve it instead of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of free and nanoencapsulated Minthostachys verticillata essential oil (EO and NEO, respectively) on immunological, biochemical and antioxidants parameters as well as on gut microbiota in weaned piglets. EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and nanoencapsulation was performed by high-energy method using Tween 80 and Span 60 as surfactants. EO and NEO were chemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cytotoxic effects of both EO and NEO was evaluated on Caco-2 cell line. For in vivo assay, male weaned piglets (age: 28 days, mean initial body weight: 11.63 ± 0.37kg) were randomly distributed in six groups of six animals each (n = 6) and received orally EO (10.0mg/kg/day) or NEO (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0mg/kg/day), named hereinafter as EO-10, NEO-2.5, NEO-5 and NEO-10, for 30 consecutive days. Animals not treated or treated with surfactants mixture were evaluated as control and vehicle control. Subsequently, histological, hematological and biochemical parameters, cytokines production, oxidative markers, CD4+/CD8+ T cells and gut microbiota were evaluated. GC-MS analysis was similar in both EO and NEO. The NEO was more toxic on Caco-2 cells than EO. Oral supplementation of EO-10 or NEO-10 improved growth performance compared to control group NEO-2.5 or NEO-5 (p < 0.05) groups. NEO-2.5, NEO-5 and NEO-10 did not alter the morpho-physiology of digestive organs and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver compared to control (p < 0.05) or EO-10 groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). In addition, NEO-10 showed an increase in CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio (p < 0.001), and induced the highest serum levels of IL-10 (p < 0.01). Serum triglycerides levels were significantly lower in animals treated with EO-10 or NEO-2.5, NEO-5 and NEO-10 compared to control group (p < 0.001). Gut microbiota analysis showed that NEO-10 favor the development of beneficial intestinal microorganisms to improve parameters related to early weaning of piglets. In conclusion, EO and NEO improved parameters altered by early weaning in piglets however, NEO was safer and powerful. Therefore, NEO should be further studied to be applied in swine health.

Retroperitoneal fasciae as barriers for nerve and arterial passages connecting the retroperitoneal region to the peritoneal organs.

The fascia of the pancreatic head is referred to as the retropancreatic fascia of Treitz, and that of the body and tail of the pancreas is named the retropancreatic fascia of Toldt. However, the spatial relationship between the nerves, fascia, and the distribution of the fascia on the dorsal side of the pancreas remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the distribution of these fasciae and elucidate the spatial relationship between the nerves and arteries connecting the retroperitoneal space and the peritoneal organs by studying eight cadavers using macroscopic anatomical examination, wide-range serial sectioning, and three-dimensional reconstruction. The fasciae of Treitz and Toldt converge caudally to the root of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), forming a narrower gap around the roots of the celiac trunk and SMA than in the celiac plexus. The fasciae eventually get closer to each other, and the boundary between them becomes obscured, providing coverage to the anterior surface of the aorta between the SMA and the inferior mesenteric artery. The celiac plexus does not penetrate the fascia but converges before spreading into the pancreas. Similarly, the arteries pass through this gap in the fasciae. Our findings suggest that the retroperitoneal space and peritoneal organs are connected through a narrow no-fascia area, with the distribution of the fascia relating to nervous and vascular pathways. Our findings reveal that the distribution of the avascular plane may provide a crucial anatomical foundation for abdominal digestive organ surgery by reducing bleeding volume and determining the dissection region.

Смертність через провідні непухлинні хвороби учасників ліквідації наслідків аварії на ЧАЕС та мешканців радіоактивно забруднених територій у віддаленому періоді після аварії

The purpose of the study: Based on a descriptive analysis, to determine the post-accident changes in the level and structure of mortality of participants in the chornobyl cleanup workers of the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ULNA) and residents of RADIATION- contaminated TERRITORIES )residents of the RZT) of Ukraine from the main non-neoplastic diseases depending on age, time since the date of the accident and gender. Materials and methods: Mortality from non-neoplastic pathology in 1986-1987 in ULNA, numbering 64,762, and residents of RZT, numbering 174,860, aged 18-60 on the date of the accident as a result of the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, was studied based on clinical-epidemiological and dose data of the State Register of Ukraine. Epidemiological, medical-statistical, analytical methods were used during the research. Research results: On the basis of descriptive analysis, a description of the level and structure of mortality from non-neoplastic diseases of the ULNA and the residents of the RZT was provided, both for the entire post-accident period and for five-year periods. In ULNA, mortality increased with each five-year period and in recent years has increased by 15.7 times compared to the initial period. In residents of the radioactively contaminated territory of Ukraine, the mortality rate increased for 25 years after the accident, with the highest rate in the period 2008-2012, regardless of age, with subsequent stabilization of the indicators. The structure of mortality among participants of the ULNA and residents of the RZT throughout the entire observation period remains unchanged and almost does not differ from the general mortality trends of the population of Ukraine. Diseases of the circulatory system, digestive organs, and respiratory organs are stable in terms of the frequency of the causes of death. Age, sex, and temporal differentiation of mortality, differences in nosological causes among defined categories of victims of the consequences of the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant were revealed. Conclusions: During the post-accident observation period (1988-2017), diseases of the circulatory system, digestive organs, and respiratory organs remained the main causes of mortality in ULNA in and among residents of RZT aged 18–60 on the date of the Chornobyl accident. The dynamics of mortality in ULNA was characterized by growth during the entire period of observation, in residents of RZT – growth over 25 years with subsequent stabilization. It is necessary to take into account during dispensation the revealed features of mortality of ULNA and RZT in order to develop comprehensive measures to reduce the mortality of this contingent.

Сучасний стан та просторово-часові тенденції аліментарно-залежної захворюваності дитячого населення України

The purpose of the study is a spatio-temporal analysis of the peculiarities of the national and regional dynamics of nutritional morbidity among the children of Ukraine. Research materials and methods: The study design included a retrospective analysis of official statistical data on the prevalence and incidence of food addiction in children and a review of the results of original studies. The research materials included statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on certain food-dependent pathologies of the children’s population of Ukraine. The retrospective evaluation of statistical data was 18 years (2000-2017), national and regional data were evaluated. Research methods included statistical evaluation of factual and analytical material. The results: The analysis of trends in the prevalence and incidence of foodborne diseases in children in different age periods during 2000-2017 determines important features of the dynamics of these indicators in different age groups. The total share of alimentary diseases in the total structure of diseases is 9.88-10.00% at the age of 0-14 years old and 17.98% at the age of 15-17 years old. The general analysis shows a trend towards a decrease in the prevalence and incidence of food borne diseases among children of certain age groups over the course of 18 years. This especially applies to diseases of blood organs and the endocrine system. In the group of children aged 0-6 years old, there is an intense decrease in the registration of primary forms of diseases. At the age of 7-14 years old, during 2000-2017, there is an intensive decrease in the incidence and prevalence of diseases of the endocrine system and digestive organs, and at the age of 15-17 years old, there is a significant increase in growth and growth rates according to most indicators. Conclusions: the age-specific features of food-dependent pathology of the children's population, spatial-temporal trends in national and regional sections are determined. The need for further research and monitoring in order to form a policy for the management of food-dependent pathology is shown.