Organ Condemnation Research Articles

English

Cattle production is an important economic activity worldwide. Its potential, however, is not fully maximized owing to disease conditions, some causing condemnation and wastage of edible organs at slaughter and a threat of zoonoses. This work aimed at establishing definitive causes of organ condemnation and financial losses in cattle from three slaughterhouses (Kaumara, Siaya, and Ugunja) in Siaya County, Kenya, through a cross-sectional study. Out of 112 cattle slaughtered, 75 (67%) had one or more organs condemned. Parasitic infestations [hepatic fasciolosis due to Fasciola infection 58 (51.8%), pimply guts/Oesophagostomiasis 28 (25%) and hepatic hydatidosis 1 (0.9%)], were major causes. Others were pulmonary blood aspiration from lack of stunning 2 (1.8%), inflammatory conditions [muscle abscess due to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection 1 (0.9%)] and splenomegaly [from congestion 1 (0.9%) and hemosiderosis 1 (0.9%)], consequently, 198 kg of edible meat amounting to Kenya Shillings. 94,470 (US$. 935) was lost. The study demonstrated that controllable parasitic and bacterial conditions, as well as poor slaughtering techniques, caused condemnation of the organs, leading to loss of edible organs for consumers and heavy economic losses to livestock farmers and traders. Additionally, the occurrence of hepatic fasciolosis and hydatidosis suggested a possible zoonotic risk. Sensitization of cattle farmers on measures of controlling the conditions at farm level and slaughterhouse workers towards proper slaughter techniques is recommended. Further research using methods such as molecular techniques is needed to determine possible zoonotic transmission. Key words: Zoonotic conditions, post-mortem meat inspection, laboratory diagnosis, condemnation losses, Siaya County.

Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation and Its Financial Losses in Cattle Slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattior, Snnprs, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 with the objective of assessing the major causes and rate of organ/carcass condemnation and to estimate annual financial loses in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattoir, SNNPR, Ethiopia. From all 368 cattle selected randomly and examined 165 (44.8%) and 120 (32.6%) showed both ante-mortem and postmortem abnormalities respectively. Conditions like lameness 52(14.1%), salivation 26(7.1%), branding 24(6.5%), diarrhea 20(5.4%) and rough hair 16(4.3%), lacrimation 10(2.7%), local swelling 8(2.2%) were the major recorded abnormalities in ante-mortem examination. In postmortem examination 65 (17.7%) livers, 41(11.1%/ 280.8kg) carcass due to bruise and abscess, 19(5.2%) lung, 4 (1.1%) hearts and 2 (0.5%) tongues was rejected due to various abnormalities. The major pathological lesions that caused organ condemnations were fasciola 47(12.8%), bruising 36(9.8%), calcification 10(2.7%), hydrated cyst 5(1.3%), abscessation 5(1.3%) and cysticercus bovis 5(1.3%). There was statistically significant association (p<0.05) between liver condemnation and body condition categories of animals. There was no statistical significance (P>0.05) between the origin and age of animals with the condemnation rate of different organs. The annual financial loss due to the rejection of organs and carcass of cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir was estimated approximately 148,643 ETB (5,505.3USD). This huge financial loss indicates that there should be appropriate disease prevention and control program in the study area. Keywords : Abattoir, Ante-mortem, Financial loss, Organ condemnation, Post-mortem DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/74-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Infection rate and biochemical characterization of Cysticercus tenuicollis from sheep in Minoufiya governorate, Egypt.

Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larval stage of Taenia hydatigenia, infects sheep and causes economic losses due to condemnation of infected organs. This study was designed to report the infection rate, risk factors, biochemical, and molecular characterization of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep from Ashmoun, Minoufiya, Egypt. The infection rate was 18%. The age was a risk factor for infection where there was a significant difference in infection rate between sheep more than 3years and sheep under 3years of age. There was no significant difference between infection in male and female groups. The liver had the highest organ distribution followed by omentum. Biochemical analysis of the cyst fluid showed some variations in the levels of ALT, AST, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, urea nitrogen, calcium, sodium, chromium, potassium than the levels identified in Algeria, Iraq, and Iran. PCR and sequence analysis of cox1 and ssrRNA showed that the sequences from Minoufiya, Egypt were highly identical to the related ones from several countries and confirmed the cyst is Cysticercus tenuicollis. This study reported the infection rate, risk factors, biochemical analysis, and molecular characterization of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep from Minoufiya, Egypt.

Major Causes of Organs and Carcass Condemnation and Financial Losses in Cattle Slaughtered at Adama Municipal Abattoir, Adama, Ethiopia

Abattoirs play an important role in examining signs, lesions or specific diseases of surveillance of various diseases that have human and animal health importance. Surveillance at the abattoir allows for all animals passing into the human food chain to be inspected. Monitoring and other conditions at slaughter have been recognized as one way of assessing the disease status of the herd. Abattoir data can be a source of valuable information on the incidence and epidemiology of animal disease conditions, to estimate the financial losses incurred through the condemnation of affected organs. The study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in Adama municipal abattoir, at Adama. The aim of this study was to identify the significant causes of organ condemnation and to estimate the magnitude of the direct financial losses attributed to the condemned organs from cattle slaughtered in the abattoir. Standard antemortem and postmortem inspection procedures were followed throughout the study. The antemortem inspection was carried out on arrival and in the lairage and abnormalities encountered was recorded, followed by postmortem examination through their identification number to detect gross abnormalities and aesthetic reasons that rendered each organ to be rejected from the domestic market. The estimation of financial losses is based on the annual slaughter capacity of the abattoir and considering the market average price of each organ. The study revealed that from a total of 384 slaughtered animals 63 (16.40%) were found to have signs of detectable abnormalities in the antemortem inspection. The clinical signs observed during an antemortem inspection from 63 animals were depression (5.46%), nasal discharge (4.68%), coughing (2.46%), lameness (1.56%) and local swelling ().18%). However, during postmortem inspection offal organs of slaughtered animals shown lesions and subjected to condemnation were liver (62.76%), lung (59.37%), and heart (9.37%). The identified microorganisms responsible for the condemnation of these organs in the study were fasciolosis (30.46%), hydatidosis (32.29%) and pericarditis (5.73%). The condemnation of this much organs resulted in a financial loss estimated to be 3,533,428.50 (ETB) or 152,763.862 USD annually. This study implies that high prevalence organ condemnation, particularly by parasitic infections. This warranties that awareness creation to animal owners on its animal husbandry management and animal health control measures like regular deworming.

Major Causes and Associated Economic Losses of Carcass and Organ Condemnation in Cattle and Sheep in the Northern Part of Palestine.

Major Causes and Associated Economic Losses of Carcass and Organ Condemnation in Cattle and Sheep in the Northern Part of Palestine.

Major Parasitic Causes of Organs Condemnation and Direct Economic Loss Attributed to the Condemned Organs in Sheep and Goats brought from Somali, Afar and Borena Areas and Slaughtered at ELFORA Export Abattoir

The domestication of animals and plants is considered to be one of the most important developments in history and one of the prerequisites for the rise of human civilizations...

Economic Effect of Confiscation of Cattle Viscera Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis, Huancayo Province, Peru.

We report cystic echinococcosis (CE) prevalence in Huancayo Province, Peru, and the associated economic effect of bovine organ condemnation. CE prevalence during the 16-month study period was 42.8% and caused $14,595 in economic losses. CE threatens food security in the region by reducing farmers’ income and viscera supply in markets.

Anthelmintic Activity of Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) Infusion Against Ascaris suum In Vitro

Ascaris suum is a parasite nematode that causes infection in swines with high prevalence rates in host populations and usually associated with liver damages called “milk spots” caused by larvae migration, resulting in organ condemnation. Basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum) phytochemical constituents contains flavonoid, phenol and tannin. Tannins and phenolics are known to interfere with the energy generation in helminth parasites by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and also bind to free proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of host animal or glycoprotein on the cuticle of the parasite and leading to death. This study was aimed to determine the activity of basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum) infusion in several concentrations against A. suum in vitro. This research used six treatments and four replications. This research used 10 A. suum in each treatment with four replication. The observations were done at 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 hours in an incubator at 37oC. Based on the data analysis, basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum) infusion has anthelmintic activity against A. suum in vitro. The greater of the concentration and the longer of time of immersion, will make the death percentage of A. suum become higher. Concentration of basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum) infusion 15% is the effective concentration that can kill 100% of the A.suum during 36 hours of immersion.

Prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and its economic importance in Adama Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia

Hydatidosis is a major parasitic disease condition responsible for low productivity of livestock industry in Ethiopia due to imposing poor weight gains and condemnation of organs. This study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in Adama municipal abattoir to estimate the prevalence, organ distribution of the cyst, and economic importance of bovine hydatidosis. Routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization were conducted. Out of 400 cattle slaughtered at Adama municipal abattoir, 210 (52.5%) animals were found harboring hydatid cysts. The infection prevalence was higher in lung 105(26.2%) than the rest of the organs examined. In the present study, explanatory variables (sex, age, breed, body condition and origin) were found to have statistically significant (p<0.05) association with the prevalence of hydatidosis. Of the total of 970 hydatid cysts counted, 529/731(72.4%) small, 89/100(89%) medium, 42/45(93.3%) large and 20/94(21.3%) calcified cysts were detected in lung. Liver harbored 194/731(26.5%) small, 11/100(11%) medium, 3/45(6.7%) large and 74/94(78.7%) calcified cysts. Out of 208 cysts subjected for fertility and viability testing 120(57.7%), 74(35.6%), 40(54%) 34(46%) and 14(6.7%) were sterile, fertile, viable, non-viable and calcified cysts, respectively. The financial loss due to organ condemnation annually and during the study period was estimated to be 894,505.612 ETB and 17,844.90 ETB, respectively. The prevalence of hydatidosis in such a high proportion implies that the disease is economically important in the study area. Therefore, there should be strict control of hydatidosis by focusing on backyard slaughter practice, unsafe offal feeding of dogs, and proper west disposal. Moreover, awareness creation on its zoonotic importance, route of transmission and the growing stray dog population need to be given special attention.Keywords: Abattoir; Adama; Cattle; E. granulosus; hydatidosis

Economic Losses’ Estimation of carcass and Organ Condemnations From Slaughter Cattle in Thailand, Pará State, Brazilian Amazon

The article identifies the main pathologies found and estimates the economic losses generated in a slaughterhouse in the Thailand municipality, Pará, during the period from March 2010 to October 2014. 55,169 animals were slaughtered, with total economic losses of R$ 1,221,035.90 and ischemia was the most frequent lesion (41.86%). The most frequent condemnation organs were lungs (48.75%), kidneys (41.66%) and liver (3.61%), which produced economic loss of R$ 76,405.65 (6.26%). Tuberculosis was the main cause of carcass condemnation, responsible for R$ 872,783.64 of economic losses. The bovine tuberculosis control can begin in production, with examinations on the farm to slaughter lines, with careful carcass inspection, as advocated by the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT), which increases disease control and minimizes condemnations and economic losses at slaughter.

Cyst Viability and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis in Southern Ethiopia.

Hydatidosis is cystic parasitosis caused by a larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus with immense economic and public health significance. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the city municipal abattoir of Southern Ethiopia with the aim of determining prevalence and cyst fertility and estimating financial losses associated with organ condemnation. The visceral organs of about 400 cattle were examined for hydatid cysts after slaughter. Postmortem examination, cyst characterization, and direct financial loss estimations were carried out. From the total 400 cattle examined, 208 (52%) were found positive for hydatid cyst infection in one or more of their organs. A total of about 395 hydatid cysts were collected from different organs of the infected cattle. Anatomical distribution of the cysts indicated that around 245 (62.03 %) were found in lung, 91 (23.04%) in liver, 26 (6.58%) in heart, 21 (5.32%) in spleen, and 12(3.04%) in kidney. From the total 395 cysts collected, 166 (42.03%) were found fertile and 229 (57.97%) nonfertile. From the total fertile cysts, 70 (42.17%) were found to be viable and 96 (57.83%) nonviable. Furthermore, from the total nonfertile cysts, 204 (89.08%) and 25 (10.91%) were sterile and calcified, respectively. Distribution of cyst calcification was higher in liver and fertility rate was higher in the cysts of lungs. The statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of hydatidosis was found to be significantly associated with age of the studied animals (P<0.05). However, there was no significant association (P>0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and other risk factors such as sex, breed, body condition, and origin of animals. The annual financial loss calculated from organ condemnation was estimated about 58,114.62 USD. This study revealed that hydatidosis is a highly prevalent disease in the study area with a huge economic losses. Therefore, there is a need for immediate intervention by breaking the life cycle of the parasite to alleviate its economic impact and zoonotic risks to humans.

Distribution of Hydatidosis and its Economic Significance in Domestic Small Ruminants in Selected Abattoirs in Belgut, Kenya

Ecchinococcus tapeworm has a complex life cycle involving two hosts; intermediate (herbivores) and definitive as dogs or wild carnivores. The larval stages infect visceral organs of herbivores and humans and develop into fluid-filled cysts that exert pressure to these organs interfering with their normal physiological functions. Identification of the cysts is normally made during post-mortem meat inspection leading to condemnation of infected organs for aesthetic purposes.

Bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence from abattoir-based surveys

Ethiopia is well known for its huge livestock resource that stands number one in Africa and 10th in the world. However, cattle production is constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, lack of support services and inadequate information. This systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of C. bovis in Ethiopia aims to provide a national level prevalence of the parasite from reports conducted in different parts of the country. Due to the expected variation between studies, a random-effects meta-analysis was carried out using the total sample size and number of positives (effect size and standard error of the effect size). Individual study prevalence estimates ranged from 0% to 20% with an overall pooled prevalence of 7% (95% CI = 5%–8%). Studies weighted approximately equal with weights on individual studies ranging from 2% to 2.6% due to high heterogeneity between studies. The meta-analysis indicated that between-study variability was high (τ2 = 0.001; heterogeneity I2 = 99.20% with Heterogeneity chi-square = 4974.9 and, an associated p-value of 0.01). This parasite is indicated to be one of the causes of organ condemnation causing losses of million dollars annually in the country.

Major Causes of Organ Condemnation and Direct Financial Loss in Bovine Slaughter in Hawassa Municipal Abattoir Hawassa, Ethiopia

This study was conducted from November 2009 to April 2010 on cattle slaughter at Hawassa municipal abattoir. An attempted was made to study major causes of organ condemnation and to estimate the direct finical loss due to the condemnation of edible organ. A total of 768 were examined by standard postmortem inspection procedure. Out of the 524 (67.19%) livers 503 (65.4%) lungs 59 (7.7%) heart and 38 (4.95%) kidney was rejected. The main causes of organ condemnation were fasciolosis, 295 (56.2%) hydatidosis (61.8%), nephritis 19 (50%) and cystericuse bovis 27 (45.7%), rendering them unfit for local market on aesthetic ground or zoonotic considering their risks to human being. The total annual financial loss due to condemnation of these organs was calculated to be 1,350,790 per annum. The result of this present work indicate immediate need the prevention of organ condemnation and pathological abnormality through development of animal health delivery enforcement of slaughter policy and training of slaughter house personnel on standard slaughter operation. Keywords: abattoir, cattle, condemnation, organ, Hawassa DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-9-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Study on Major Causes of Organs Condemnation and Financial Loss in Cattle Slaughtered at Hayik Municipal Abattoir

Study on Major Causes of Organs Condemnation and Financial Loss in Cattle Slaughtered at Hayik Municipal Abattoir

Parasitic infections as major cause of abattoir condemnations in cattle slaughtered at an Ethiopian abattoir: 10-year retrospective study.

Abattoirs are vital for gathering information on animal diseases and protecting the public from consuming infected or unhygienic meat. To assess the major reasons for organ and carcass condemnations and their financial implications, we reviewed 10-year abattoir records of slaughtered bovines between January 2005 and December 2014 at Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir, north-east Ethiopia. Of the 46,913 cattle slaughtered during that period, 17,963 (38.3%) had at least one disease condition. Lungs (10.67%) and liver (25%) were the most affected and condemned organs, followed by heart (1.53%), head (0.56%), tongue (0.17%) and kidney (0.32%). The major conditions responsible for condemnation were fasciolosis (49.89%), hydatid cyst (55.55%), pericarditis (78.2%), hydronephrosis (35.8%), abscess (71.7%) and abscess (43.9%), in liver, lung, heart, kidneys, head and tongue, respectively. The direct financial losses incurred from organ and carcass condemnation over the 10-year period amounted to ETB 1,219,399 (USD 61,946.9), with parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis and hydatidosis accounting for ETB 256,837.5 (USD 13,047.64) and ETB 170,827.5 (USD 8678.23) in losses, respectively. This study describes a significant loss of cheap and reliable sources of protein due to non-utilization of infected organs or carcasses, emphasizing the need to implement integrated approaches in disease surveillance and control programmes.

Cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered cattle at Addis Ababa Abattoir enterprise, Ethiopia

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, is responsible for hydatid cysts in the lungs, liver and other organs of intermediate hosts. A cross-sectional Abattoir study was conducted from October 2015 to May 2016 at Addis Ababa Abattoir enterprise, Ethiopia. For this purpose a total of 1209 cattle were examined using the classical meat inspection procedure for the presence of hydatid cysts. An overall prevalence of 21% (254/1209) of hydatid cyst was recorded in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir enterprise. The prevalence of hydatid cyst was statistically significantly higher (P<0.05) in cattle with the age group of >6 years than those cattle with all other age categories. The study showed that lungs and livers were the most affected organs of cattle. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher overall number of hydatid cysts were observed in the lungs (63.9%; 1324/2071) than in the livers (35.4%; 734/2071). The study revealed the presence of an overall of 84.1% (333/396) sterile, 12.2% (48/396) calcified and 4.3% (17/396) fertile cysts. Of the total of 17 fertile hydatid cysts tested for viability, 17.6% (3/17) viable and 82.3% (14/17) nonviable cysts were observed. Overall, findings of the present study showed the widespread occurrence of hydatid cysts in internal organs of cattle that possibly incur significant economic losses through condemnation of edible organs rendering unfit for human consumption. Molecular studies on the role of intermediate host species, genotypes of E. granulosus, zoonotic impact and economic significance of echinococcosis are needed in different parts of Ethiopia.

A systematic review on modelling approaches for economic losses studies caused by parasites and their associated diseases in cattle.

Parasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal-1 day-1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal-1 year-1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

English

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by either Fasciola hepatica or Faciola gigantica. These parasitic infections are of global significance causing diseases in different mammalian species including humans. In this study, the prevalence and economic significance of Fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered at Gondar Elfora abattoirs was assessed. A total of 400 cattle were examined and 85 cattle (21.2%) were affected by fasciolosis. This findings indicated that, the prevalence of cattle fasiolosis is significantly affected by the age of the animals (P &lt; 0.05), where young animals (27.7%) were more affected than the adult ones (17.1%). Body conditions disclosed a significant relation with Fasciola infection. Poor body conditioned animals showed the highest prevalence (30.8%) followed by medium (19.5%) and good body conditioned animals (17%). There were statistical significant differences between the different geographical locations. Highest prevalence of fasciolosis was exhibited in animals originated from Dembiya (50%) followed by Debarq (31.6%), Wogera (15%), Gondar zuria (13.5%), Belesa (12.9%), Dansha (11.9%) and Metema (4.7%). As recorded, due to cattle fasciolosis livers were condemned for human consumption. Thus, based on retail value of cattle liver, the direct economic loss from fasciolosis in Gondar Elfora abattoir was estimated to be 63,600 Ethiopian Birr (2316.948 USD) annually. In conclusion, cattle fasciolosis is one of the major parasitic diseases in the study area. Therefore appropriate control measures should be designed and implemented so as to reduce financial losses that may occur from organ condemnation and loss of animals from the disease. Key words: Cattle, economy, Elfora abattoir, fasciolosis, prevalence.

Parasitic causes of organ condemnation in cattle slaughtered in Fako abattoirs, South-West region of Cameroon, and estimate of financial losses.

An abattoir study was carried out between May and October 2016 to determine the parasitic causes of organ condemnation during meat inspection and to evaluate the attendant financial losses in Fako abattoirs, in the South-West region of Cameroon. Organs (liver, lungs, heart, tongue, kidney, spleen and intestine) were examined at meat inspection following standard procedures and the financial loss was estimated by considering the total weight of condemned organs and the price per kilogram of marketable organs, obtained from the local market. The organs of 1472 cattle were examined, of which 357 (24.38%) were condemned. The organs condemned because of parasitic infestations were the liver (333) and small intestine (24), and the infections were caused by flukes of Fasciola sp. and proglottids of Moniezia sp., respectively. Hydatid cysts and cysticerci were absent. The prevalence of fasciolosis and monieziosis was 22.62% and 1.63%, respectively. Condemnation deprived the region of 665.457 kg of meat, with an associated financial loss of CFA 1,330,902 (USD 2505), during the study period. Parasitic diseases worsen the food insecurity situation as they result in the withdrawal of a considerable amount of meat from the food chain. Fasciolosis, the leading parasitic cause of meat condemnation in Fako, is also zoonotic. It is therefore important that effective control measures are implemented countrywide against this parasitosis.