Oregon City Research Articles

A hybrid neural network based solar PV power classification with time series data for bend, Oregon

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic (PV) power classification model has become a significant alternative to PV power point forecasting model in which classes of future PV powers are estimated. In this work, a novel PV power classification model which could be realized using feed forward neural network (FFNN) trained with a hybrid meta-heuristic approach is proposed to forecast the classes of future PV powers. The insisted classification model is implemented to classify three classes of PV power for the location Oregon city of United States of America (USA) with latitude 43.8041 0 N , longitude 120.5542 0 W , and altitude of 1124 m. The meta-heuristic approach comprising of Levy Flight (Levy)-Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA)-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized for training the parameters of FFNN by minimizing the root mean square error RMSE . The results disclose that the proposed approach attained the most accurate prediction of PV power with % MAPE = 2.38 for the month of November as well as high classification accuracy with PCA = 94.96 % in the month of April. Based on the obtained results, the proposed LF-SCA-PSO trained FFNN outperformed the existing hybrid models in both prediction and classification and hence possess the potential to be a new alternative to assist engineers in predicting the PV power of solar systems at short- and long-time horizons.

The Archaeological Potential of Artificial Ground in Postindustrial Landscapes: A Case Study at the “Lowell of the Pacific Coast,” Oregon City, Oregon

The Archaeological Potential of Artificial Ground in Postindustrial Landscapes: A Case Study at the “Lowell of the Pacific Coast,” Oregon City, Oregon

The Northwest Gardens of Lord & Schryver by Valencia Libby

Reviewed by: The Northwest Gardens of Lord & Schryver by Valencia Libby David Porter THE NORTHWEST GARDENS OF LORD & SCHRYVER by Valencia Libby Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 2021. Illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 256 pages. $29.95 paper Valencia Libby exhaustively recaps the lives and work of Elizabeth Lord and Edith Schryver, life partners who founded the first women-owned landscape architecture firm in the Pacific Northwest. The two women met by chance in the dining salon of an ocean liner in 1927. The voyage was the first leg on a tour of Europe’s great gardens and monuments. Their chance meeting and felicitous first encounter made them traveling companions. After docking in Edinburgh, Scotland, the tour took them across the Continent. It is easy to imagine their journey had a flavor of romantic adventure worthy of the cinema. On side trips, for example, they flew to Spain and Morocco; the Moorish gardens inspired some of their later designs. They discovered shared perceptions and tastes as they traveled. Ultimately, they believed that they would find opportunity in their profession if they started out in Oregon where Lord’s family connections could help them succeed. Schryver, daughter of an industrious entrepreneur from New York, and Lord, child of a leading family in Salem, Oregon, found much in common. Both were passionate about gardens, design, and landscape architecture. Schryver at age twenty-six was already employed in a New York firm, while Lord, age thirty-nine, was studying at Lowthorpe, a landscape program in Massachusetts that trained women professionals who could be economically independent. Gardening with her mother had sparked Lord’s horticultural interest. In 1922, her work improving the grounds of a local country club won praise, which led her to Lowthorpe and eventually Schryver. After the two women launched their firm, they cultivated clients eager to own knowledgeably conceived and constructed gardens. The firm’s early years were challenging as the Great Depression unfolded. Libby describes their fortitude facing challenges, their willingness to do the necessary work themselves, and the steady growth of their reputation for designing gardens that not only pleased the eye but also “stir the imagination” in the words of their friend Alice Brown Powell (p. 72). The book recounts the development and construction of ten private gardens in the Pacific Northwest. Undoubtedly, Lord’s social connections helped the firm succeed. During those years, they also took on public projects, such as an extensive design for Breitenbush Hot Springs in the Willamette National Forest. Also notable was their work in 1938 developing a landscape plan at historic McLoughlin House in Oregon City. Closest to their heart was the design and construction of their Salem home, Gaiety Hollow, and its gardens. Lord and Schryver’s reputation later prompted the Portland Garden Club to hire them to design its headquarters in Portland. Lord and Schryver had a notable effect on regional landscape architecture. They helped the profession build its credibility with architects, horticulturists, and contractors, making clear that women were capable practitioners in all of these areas. They brought new perspectives on garden design, incorporating novel elements they had seen in their far-ranging travels. They broadened the plant palette employed in Northwest gardens with knowledge of plants from the East Coast and other areas where they had made connections. This book will satisfy readers who are deeply interested in these women and in landscape design’s evolution through the twentieth century. [End Page 315] David Porter Gresham, Oregon Copyright © 2022 Oregon Historical Society

Baby, I Was Born This Way! How Local Teens Helped a Library Deliver an LGBTQ Collection

While the organization We Need Diverse Books has increased the number of high-quality LGBTQ books being published by mainstream publishers, it hasn’t gotten easier for teens to find them on library shelves. They often don’t know the books exist and aren’t comfortable asking for assistance from library staff. In order to bridge this gap, librarians working with teens need to be more proactive in designing collections and spaces that improve access to LGBTQ resources. In this article, we outline how Oregon City Public Library worked with a local group of LGBTQ teens to develop a Teen LGBTQ collection. By sharing our experiences and the resources we utilized, we hope to provide other libraries with a process they can use to meet the unique needs of teens in their communities. While a dedicated LGBTQ collection was the best choice for us, something different might work better for you.

The Oregon School Case: Its Forgotten Benefactors

In November 1922, the state of Oregon passed the Compulsory Education Law, which required all children aged eight to sixteen to attend public school. This law was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in June 1925. After the ruling, the National Catholic Welfare Conference took sole gratitude in the successful repeal of the law. Yet, the Conference forgot that without the help of the Knights of Columbus and Hill Military Academy the case might not have been filed for lack of funds. The Knights offered to finance the Archdiocese of Oregon City's legal fight before the NCWC had secured the necessary funds. The Knights/financing of the suit was crucial, making them vital benefactors in the case.

Dangerous Subjects: James D. Saules and the Rise of Black Exclusion in Oregon by Kenneth R. Coleman

429 Reviews REVIEWS DANGEROUS SUBJECTS: JAMES D. SAULES AND THE RISE OF BLACK EXCLUSION IN OREGON by Kenneth R. Coleman Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 2017. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 240 pages. $19.95, paper. Discussions of race in Oregon almost inevitably return to the origins of the state’s overwhelming whiteness. Scholars and nonacademics who seek to explain Oregon’s striking lack of racial diversity look to the distant past, to its 1840s and 1850s statutes that prohibited African American migration and residence. Although the Oregon judiciary rarely enforced these anti-Black laws, and the Fourteenth Amendment nullified them in the 1860s, they seemingly cast a long shadow. African Americans continued to view Oregon as a bastion of white supremacy and largely avoided settling there. In Dangerous Subjects, historian Kenneth Coleman investigates this narrative of Oregon’s racial history and complicates it substantially. Coleman uses the life of James D. Saules, an early Black migrant to the Oregon Country, as a vehicle for exploring the origins of racial exclusion in the Pacific Northwest. Prior to Coleman’s research, Saules stood as a shadowy figure in the region’s early history. His involvement in the Cockstock Affair — an 1844 skirmish between Euro-Americans and Mollala people in Oregon City — and his later alleged threat to join Native resistance against neighboring whites, has long led historians to speculate that he was the inspiration for Oregon’s first Black exclusion laws. Coleman not only examines these two incidents and the anti-Black sentiment that swirled around them, he also reconstructs Saules’s life and places it in the broader context of settler colonialism that gave rise to a distinctly white supremacist legal and political regime in Oregon. What emerges from Coleman’s analysis is a complicated portrait of Saules as both an agent of empire who helped advance the United States’ conquest of the Pacific Northwest and a man who suffered from the colonial racial regime that arrived with Euro-American settlers. The documentary record on Saules is frustratingly thin, but Coleman conducts impressive detective work in genealogical sources, government records, and personal manuscripts to piece together the life of his enigmatic subject. He traces Saules’s origins to the burgeoning maritime industry of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard during the first third of the nineteenth century. Saules was a sailor whose career and travels frequently intersected with American imperial ventures. As a crew member aboard American whaling ships, Saules helped extend U.S. commercial power across the Pacific. Later, he played a more direct role in American imperialism by joining the United States Exploring Expedition (U.S. Ex. Ex.) as a ship’s cook. The voyages of the U.S. Ex. Ex. aimed both to collect data that could advance American commercial interests in the Pacific and to present a show of U.S. force to Indigenous people. As a member of the expedition , Saules may have participated in a string of violent encounters with Pacific Islanders, including massacres in Fiji and the Drummond Islands. When Saules finally deserted the expedition after his ship ran aground in the Oregon Country, he was already well versed in the workings of American colonial violence. Coleman ably demonstrates how Saules stood at the cusp of two modes of colonization in the Oregon Country. The first, merchant capitalism, had as its central aim the extraction of the Pacific Northwest’s wealth in animal pelts and exploited a diverse pool of non-white laborers. This was the world of the Hudson’s Bay Company with its small British population, multiracial workforce, and “middle ground” policies of compromise and accommodation with Native people. Overland migrations from the United States brought a new mode of settler colonialism, in which invading newcomers 430 OHQ vol. 119, no. 3 431 Reviews sought to displace and dispossess Native people , seize and settle their land, and exclude all but whites from access to productive property and political rights. Saules was able to make his way in the first colonial society by marrying a Native woman and engaging in small-scale commercial ventures such as ferrying and family farming. He fit less well in the new American regime that made whiteness a prerequisite...

Modeling of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Its Hysteresis Behavior in Rivers Using Wavelet Transform‐Based Hybrid Models

Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is an indicator to evaluate environmental health in many riverine systems. In this study, two hybrid models, the wavelet‐based regression model (WR) and the wavelet‐based artificial neural network model (WANN), are proposed for short‐interval (1 day ahead) and long‐interval (31 days ahead) prediction of DO concentration in Clackamas River near Oregon City, OR, USA. It was found that both in the short‐ and long‐prediction intervals, the hybrid models performed better than the multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models. Also, the performance of the models to predict seasonal DO variations, low (DO < 10 mg/L) and high (DO > 14 mg/L) DO ranges and simulating its hysteresis was evaluated. For the short‐interval modeling, results of the WR model were better than those of the other three models. For the long‐interval modeling during spring and summer, the WANN model presented better predictions of DO. And during autumn and winter, the WR model presented higher accuracy than the others. In addition, these hybrid models were able to simulate DO daily hysteresis behavior. The most accurate WR model predicted DO with the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.097 mg/L and the maximum Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) of 0.996 for the short interval. For the long interval, the best performing model was the WANN model with RMSE and E‐statistics of 0.744 mg/L and 0.766, respectively.

Selected Letters of A.M.A. Blanchet, Bishop of Walla Walla & Nesqualy, 1846–1879 by Roberta Stingham Brown and Patricia O'Connell Killen Roberta Stingham Brown

 OHQ vol. 115, no. 2 pation in the West morphed along racial lines into a national era of exclusion. Smith excels at illustrating her arguments with the stories of real people struggling to make a living and find their place in California ’s society and polity. Rather than abstract nameless victims of bound labor and a legal system dominated by faceless white men of power and greed, she reconstructs individuals with agency, motive, and history. Smith mines information from newspapers, memoirs, letters , and legal cases, introducing readers to a parade of characters who illustrate the ambiguity and historical contingency of unfree labor.Readers meet indentured Indian servant Augustín, a New Mexican genízaro, who along with Mexican debt peons Benito Pérez and his wife, travelled from Sonora to California to dig gold and wash laundry for their patrone Antonio Francisco Coronel. There is James Brown, who legally converted his hereditary slaves,Richard and Lucy Brown,to contractual employees in order to use California’s legal system, which had banned slavery, to protect his rights to the Browns’labor until they could meet his emancipation fee. Smith describes Oliver Wozencraft and hisYuki Indian domestic servant, Shasta, held under legal guardianship as his ward, as well as Lucy Young of the Lassik people, stolen, sold, escaped, captured, and traded between white owners most of her life. And then there is the story of Ma Ho, her six-year-old daughter Quin Ti, and the Chinese man Chu Quong,who was either Ma Ho’s wronged husband or the person who held her in prostitution and kidnapped her daughter to do the same. These are poignant portraits of the visceral reality of unfree labor, race, and the law in a free state. Freedom’s Frontier is thoroughly researched, but it is also well written and a pleasure to read. Smith makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on the antebellum West and the complicated story of human bondage that unifies western history with our national history of slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. David Rich Lewis Utah State University Selected Letters of A.M.A. Blanchet, Bishop of Walla Walla & Nesqualy, 1846–1879 by Roberta Stingham Brown and Patricia O’Connell Killen translated by Roberta Stingham Brown University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2013. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 288 pages. $40.00 cloth. Although the Roman Catholic Church played a major role in the Pacific Northwest during the nineteenth century, for many decades research on the church’s activities was largely the realm of Catholic scholars,such as Wilfred P. Schoenberg, S.J., author of A History of the Catholic Church in the Pacific Northwest (1987). With the publication of the Selected Letters of A.M.A. Blanchet, Bishop of Walla Walla and Nesqualy, 1846–1879, editors Patricia Stringham Brown and Patricia O’Connell Killen have provided a useful resource that will appeal to a wider audience. Following extensive research on the A.M.A Blanchet collection of some 900 missives, Brown and Killen selected forty letters addressed to a diverse group of historical figures and organizations ,includingA.M.A.Blanchet’s brother F.N. Blanchet, Bishop of Oregon City; church officials in Quebec, the eastern United States, Europe, and the Vatican; the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in France; federal officials and military officers in both Washington Territory and Washington City; and local clergy and missionaries in Blanchet’s bishopric.  Reviews Brown and Killen open the volume with a preface that outlines the scope of the project, their method and approach to editing the letters, and their attention to three “sensitive topics”: the use of ethnic labels, relations between missionaries and Native peoples, and the connection (or distance) between the perspectives of the editors and those expressed in the letters (p. xii). In the introduction, the editors provide a concise overview of Blanchet’s biography and his career, beginning with his ordination in Lower Canada in 1821.As Brown and Killen observe, Blanchet’s life spanned a dramatic and tumultuous period in the Pacific Northwest, and his correspondence provides a window in the multi-cultural, “cosmopolitan reality of the Washington Territory” during the 1800s (p...

The Potassium Channel Interacting Protein 3 (DREAM/KChIP3) Heterodimerizes with and Regulates Calmodulin Function

Downstream regulatory element antagonistic modulator (DREAM/KChIP3), a neuronal EF-hand protein, modulates pain, potassium channel activity, and binds presenilin 1. Using affinity capture of neuronal proteins by immobilized DREAM/KChIP3 in the presence and absence of calcium (Ca(2+)) followed by mass spectroscopic identification of interacting proteins, we demonstrate that in the presence of Ca(2+), DREAM/KChIP3 interacts with the EF-hand protein, calmodulin (CaM). The interaction of DREAM/KChIP3 with CaM does not occur in the absence of Ca(2+). In the absence of Ca(2+), DREAM/KChIP3 binds the EF-hand protein, calcineurin subunit-B. Ca(2+)-bound DREAM/KChIP3 binds CaM with a dissociation constant of ∼3 μM as assessed by changes in DREAM/KChIP3 intrinsic protein fluorescence in the presence of CaM. Two-dimensional (1)H,(15)N heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra reveal changes in chemical shifts and line broadening upon the addition of CaM to (15)N DREAM/KChIP3. The amino-terminal portion of DREAM/KChIP3 is required for its binding to CaM because a construct of DREAM/KChIP3 lacking the first 94 amino-terminal residues fails to bind CaM as assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The addition of Ca(2+)-bound DREAM/KChIP3 increases the activation of calcineurin (CN) by calcium CaM. A DREAM/KChIP3 mutant incapable of binding Ca(2+) also stimulates calmodulin-dependent CN activity. The shortened form of DREAM/KChIP3 lacking the NH(2)-terminal amino acids fails to activate CN in the presence of calcium CaM. Our data demonstrate the interaction of DREAM/KChIP3 with the important EF-hand protein, CaM, and show that the interaction alters CN activity.

Miles Lowell Edwards: History of pumps and valves in industry and medicine

nt matter & 2012 .2012.01.004 190. n.sochman@ike This year is associated with 30 year death anniversary of one of pivotal inventors playing his role in technical aspect of mechanical heart valve creation. Miles Lowell Edwards, who would be known as ‘‘Lowell’’ only was born on January 18, 1898 near Oregon City in a family of Clarence J. Edwards. All the Edwards family was interested in engineering: Clarence purchased an electricity generator, powered it with a steam engine, and illuminated the streets of Newberg for the first time. It was in 1904. In 1913 Clarence moved the family to Tillamook, where he found an electric power generation plant and made it profitable. All these technical activities deeply influenced young Miles on his study growth. Edwards graduated technical school of engineering in Corvallis and further was involved in General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. In 1927, Edwards returned to Tillamook, Oregon. He became a respected authority in issues of electrical matters, circuits, hydraulics as well as pumps performance. Startlingly Edwards well invested in pump industry, and this action helped him to survive in a difficult times of the Depression. At this time he was involved in the improvement of wood pulp–paper and lumber mills. Edwards invented a new type of a special centrifugal pump eliminating boiling water bubbles with their destructive influence on the fluid flow. In 1942 he solved successfully the problem, which was a real nightmare of Boeing Aircraft Company engineers with their new B-17 bomber. The aircrafts’ engines’ lost performance during an ascent to over 20,000 feet due to fuel vapor

Before Seattle Rocked: A City and its Music by Kurt E. Armbruster

 OHQ vol. 113, no. 4 Atkinson made eight trips to New England to gain support for churches and schools, to recruit teachers and missionaries, and to promote Oregon.Sevetson might have mentioned thatAtkinson’s first trip had much in common with those made by Rev. Jason Lee and Dr. MarcusWhitman for similar purposes.Eastern church organizations who sent both Whitman and Atkinson as missionaries also expressed concern about the excesses of missionary Rev. Henry Spalding. Atkinson failed to raise the money he sought,but he recruited Sydney Harper Marsh for Tualatin Academy. As the first president of Pacific University,Marsh became an important regional educator. On his return to Oregon, Atkinson served as superintendent of Clackamas County Schools and attempted to finance a girls’ seminary in Oregon City. Atkinson faced other difficulties during his time in Oregon, including quarrels over theology and personal issues by fellow clergymen, the death of two children, and the devastating Willamette River flood of 1861.In 1863, he took up permanent residence in Portland,becoming pastorof itsCongregationalChurchandSuperintendent of Multnomah County Schools, a position that the author stresses. Some issues Atkinson addressed seem modern, including minority education, funding, family support, and orderly school grounds. Sevetson summarizes Atkinson’s difficulties with Marsh over church and school issues and his noted debate with Oregonian editor Harvey Scott over the value of public schools. He helped establish seminaries in Oregon and Washington, and played a critical role in launching Whitman College as a Congregational institution. Involved in various public affairs, he frequently presented his views in the Oregonian. He visited many state prisons seeking details that would help the state legislature establish a humane institution,and he faulted the nation’s Indian policy and the use of the term“squaw.” Atkinson won public support for advocating for the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad, whose service, he insisted, would strengthen the region’s economy. A standard Pacific Northwest history,Dorothy O. Johansen’s Empire of the Columbia, provides little detail about Atkinson or his more famous AHMS colleague, Thomas Condon. Robert Clark’s The Odyssey of Thomas Condon summarizesAtkinson’s career.Although Sevetson ’s much shorter biography is more modestly published, it fills a long-standing need and is an important addition to the growing emphasis on Oregon’s cultural history. While the biography has a few organizational problems and many lengthy quotations that will bother some readers, everyone will appreciate the author’s solid research and useful coverage of Oregon’s history, especially the state’s educational developments, during the last half of the nineteenth century. G. Thomas Edwards Whitman College Before Seattle Rocked: A City and Its Music by Kurt E. Armbruster University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2011. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 384 pages. $26.95 paper. Before Seattle Rocked documents the role of music in the transformation of Seattle’s social and cultural life, beginning with the establishment of the first non-Native cultures on the shores of Puget Sound. The first brief chapter, “Song of the Duwamish,”outlines Native music traditions, tracing the forced eradication of the culture from the city limits in the late nineteenth century. Subsequent chapters pick up around 1890 and tell the colorful stories of music performers and performance contexts — from saloons to concert halls — from a city that has endured many cycles of boom and  Reviews bust, tracing the diverse popular genres of the early days (Tin Pan Alley,workers’songs,brass bands, classical music) through the growth of jazz and big band styles dominant through the midtwentieth century. Armbruster draws portraits of music performance contexts,and as often as possible,lets the voices of their original players speak,paying particularly good attention to the perspectives of women in the generally male-dominated field. Archival photos enhance the text. The survey stops in 1979, and as the title suggests, does not cover rock genres except as they are peripherally connected to rhythm and blues and the lives of working musicians during the 1960s and 1970s. Although connecting rock cultures to traditional players and scenes in the city would have been useful and made the book more appealing to younger readers, the history of rock in Seattle does not...

Atkinson: Pioneer Oregon Educator by Donald J. Sevetson

 Reviews African American population in the development , which was critical to the thesis around the erased community narrative. Comerford’s success in gathering images new to the public from private collections as well as from archives is laudable. The array of photographs offers a comprehensive and inspiring look at Northwest Portland spanning 150 years of growth. The text is approachable but unfortunately has an excessive number of typos and errors, prompting the author to create an errata sheet to complement the first addition. Paragraphs on pages 105 and 106, for example, contain the same text. The Forestry Building is described as both made of “peeled whole logs” (p. 28) and “gigantic unpeeled fir logs” (p. 32) (the images show unpeeled logs). A blimp at the 1905 Lewis & Clark Exposition is described as “driven by TS Baldwin” on page 29, but later identified as piloted by Lincoln Beachey on page 31. The historical errors are more critical. Amos King,for example,did not“give”the land to the city forWashington Park (City Park).He charged $32,624 in 1871, which was considered excessive.Comerford describes theAmos King claim extending to Lovejoy Street, yet the map on page 12 shows a different boundary to his property. On page 32, the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition is described as“the first time electric lights had been used for decorative purposes.” The World Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1883, however, had 90,000 incandescent electric light bulbs illuminating the fair with“celestial fire.”A photo on page 37 describesoneof thehousesbelowtheThurman Street Bridge as possibly belonging to Danford Balch, but the image is of a shanty from the Chinese enclave in that region. Despite these problems, the book succeeds in defining boundaries and enhancing the community’s knowledge and connection to history by detailing the evolution of seven discrete neighborhoods within Northwest Portland , from the renowned Pearl District to the recently reclaimed Slabtown. In defining each sub-community within Northwest Portland, Commerford forms a straightforward framework in which each urban community attains a historically enhanced, unique sense of place. The non-confrontational, accessible writing style flows, making the text as approachable as the graphics. For those who live in or simply want to explore the northwest section of Portland ,A History of Northwest Portland: From the River to the Hills will sharpen their grasp of its early settlement and development. Tanya March Portland, Oregon Atkinson: Pioneer Oregon Educator by Donald J. Sevetson CreateSpace, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2011. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. 292 pages. $14.99 paper. Organized by the Presbyterian and Congregational churches, the American Home Missionary Society (AHMS) of NewYork City sent GeorgeAtkinson (1819–1889) as a missionary to frontier Oregon. Born into a well-established family residing in Newburyport, Massachusetts , Atkinson came to share his father’s interest in education and railroads. The son became well educated at Dartmouth College and Andover Seminary. Soon after his ordination,Atkinson and his wife traveled by ship to Oregon City in June 1848. An energetic young man, he established a small Congregational church, sold school text books, helped organize Congregational and Presbyterian ministries, set up Sunday schools in nearby settlements, and played an important role in founding Tualatin Academy and Pacific University. Territorial Governor Joseph Lane enlisted his help in establishing public schools. Atkinson, thereby, achieved a lifetime reputation as an advocate of public and private schools.  OHQ vol. 113, no. 4 Atkinson made eight trips to New England to gain support for churches and schools, to recruit teachers and missionaries, and to promote Oregon.Sevetson might have mentioned thatAtkinson’s first trip had much in common with those made by Rev. Jason Lee and Dr. MarcusWhitman for similar purposes.Eastern church organizations who sent both Whitman and Atkinson as missionaries also expressed concern about the excesses of missionary Rev. Henry Spalding. Atkinson failed to raise the money he sought,but he recruited Sydney Harper Marsh for Tualatin Academy. As the first president of Pacific University,Marsh became an important regional educator. On his return to Oregon, Atkinson served as superintendent of Clackamas County Schools and attempted to finance a girls’ seminary in Oregon City. Atkinson faced other difficulties during his time in Oregon, including quarrels...

Wagons Ho! (review)

Reviewed by: Wagons Ho! Elizabeth Bush Hallowell, George . Wagons Ho!; by George Hallowell and Joan Holub; illus. by Lynne Avril. Whitman, 2011. [32p]. ISBN 978-0-8075-8612-9 $16.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 2-4. Pulling up roots and transplanting a family clear across country never is and never has been easy. In this lively picture-book account of westward migration, Jenny Johnson and her family's covered-wagon trek from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon is portrayed alongside that of Katie Miller, whose family is now following the same route by car, trailer, and moving van. The Johnsons' five-month journey is marked by regret over friends and items left behind, the needling antics of a younger brother, worries about whether they can find their way, friends briefly made and lost, and long periods of boredom. Not much different, actually, from the scenes that play out among the Millers. On the whole, most kids will agree Katie has the sweeter deal, with hotel pools, plenty of snacks, paved roads, bridges, and a ready-made house waiting for her at trail's end. Still, there are moments over the five interminable days in which Katie might envy Jenny's campfires, easy access to "bathrooms" (behind just about any bush), and the sheer joy of hopping off the vehicle and walking alongside to stretch the legs. Parallel layouts of the breezy cartoon-styled jaunt make comparisons easy, and the overlap of the stories at Independence Rock, where the Johnsons inscribe their names and Millers read them, invites the past into the present for a young audience. The final panels realistically situate the families in their new surroundings, with Jenny far from school and the nearest friend, and Katie pretty close to just about everything, including the mall. And, happily, both gals can envision good times ahead in their new Home Sweet Homes. [End Page 147] Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Climatic analysis to determine where to collect and release Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of yellow starthistle

Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis is an autoecious rust fungus that is native to areas of Afro-Eurasia with a Mediterranean climate. An isolate collected near Sivas, Turkey was released for classical biological control of yellow starthistle (YST), which is an invasive alien weed in California, USA. The fungus has been released throughout California, but long-term establishment rates are generally low, apparently because this ecotype is not well adapted to the climate where the weed is most invasive. Using a site with excellent establishment as a target, the Match Climates function in CLIMEX climate modeling software identified similar sites in and around the San Francisco Bay Area, east to the Central Valley and Sierra foothills, and along the coast of Southern California. Similar sites in other states include Walla Walla, Washington, Pendelton, Oregon and Salt Lake City, Utah. A Compare Locations model based primarily on experimentally measured temperature and humidity requirements of the rust produced similar results. Using Sacramento, California, which is in the center of YST distribution, as a target, the Match Climates function predicted that the best locations to search for rust accessions to use in California are near Tunis, Tunisia, Foggia, Italy, Khalkis, Greece, Kayseri, Turkey, and possibly Constantine, Algeria. This generally agrees with the prediction of a Compare Locations model based on the geographic distribution of YST in California. Climatic factors that limit the long-term establishment of the fungus are likely to be summer heat and/or dry stress and short dew periods.

Western diet changes cardiac acyl-CoA composition in obese rats: a potential role for hepatic lipogenesis

The "lipotoxic footprint" of cardiac maladaptation in diet-induced obesity is poorly defined. We investigated how manipulation of dietary lipid and carbohydrate influenced potential lipotoxic species in the failing heart. In Wistar rats, contractile dysfunction develops at 48 weeks on a high-fat/high-carbohydrate "Western" diet, but not on low-fat/high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets. Cardiac content of the lipotoxic candidates--diacylglycerol, ceramide, lipid peroxide, and long-chain acyl-CoA species--was measured at different time points by high-performance liquid chromatography and biochemical assays, as was lipogenic capacity in the heart and liver by qRT-PCR and radiometric assays. Changes in membranes fluidity were also monitored using fluorescence polarization. We report that Western feeding induced a 40% decrease in myocardial palmitoleoyl-CoA content and a similar decrease in the unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio. These changes were associated with impaired cardiac mitochondrial membrane fluidity. At the same time, hepatic lipogenic capacity was increased in animals fed Western diet (+270% fatty acid elongase activity compared with high-fat diet), while fatty acid desaturase activity decreased over time. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of lipogenesis is a significant component of heart failure in diet-induced obesity.

Profiling of N-Acetylated Protein Termini Provides In-depth Insights into the N-terminal Nature of the Proteome

N-terminal processing of proteins is a process affecting a large part of the eukaryotic proteome. Although N-terminal processing is an essential process, not many large inventories are available, in particular not for human proteins. Here we show that by using dedicated mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques it is possible to unravel N-terminal processing in a semicomprehensive way. Our multiprotease approach led to the identification of 1391 acetylated human protein N termini in HEK293 cells and revealed that the role of the penultimate position on the cleavage efficiency by the methionine aminopeptidases is essentially conserved from Escherichia coli to human. Sequence analysis and comparisons of amino acid frequencies in the data sets of experimentally derived N-acetylated peptides from Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Halobacterium salinarum showed an exceptionally higher frequency of alanine residues at the penultimate position of human proteins, whereas the penultimate position in S. cerevisiae and H. salinarum is predominantly a serine. Genome-wide comparisons revealed that this effect is not related to protein N-terminal processing but can be traced back to characteristics of the genome.

Aurora: An American Experience in Quilt, Community, and Craft by Jane Kirkpatrick

work, however, suggests a hard and tedious road ahead. The smoldering issues surrounding thegov ernance of public lands reach farback into the past. For the most part, thepublic lands under consideration here are thosemanaged by the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Man agement.With respect to theForest Service, a keymilestone was the Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of i960, thefirstcomprehensive effort by Congress to redefine the purposes of the national forests since the Forest Organic Act of 1897.The author is particularly versed in the issues of thehuge Tongass National Forest inAlaska, having participated inwildlife and environmental studies of southwest Alaska. Here, local economic interests,congressional pressures, and powerful preservationist orga nizations found an extensivebattleground. The confrontations came amidst environmental and wilderness legislation, new orientations inpublic land laws, special Executive Orders, and thewriting of ponderous planning docu ments. Since the 1960s, heavy burdens have been placed on the landmanagement agencies to carry out themandates of environmental legislation craftedbyCongress. The 1969Envi ronmental PolicyAct and the establishment of theEnvironmental Protection Agency in 1970 subjected public lands to lengthyenvironment reviews. The next ten years saw legislation protecting endangered species and launching new policies in range improvement, protec tion, and forest management. All, in one way or another, threatened traditional resource uses on thepublic lands, timberharvests, recreation, mining, and domestic livestockgrazing.Many of the new approaches ? such as an assertion in the Federal Land Management Planning Act of 1976 that the Federal Government was theowner inperpetuity of thepublic lands -? fueled thecareers of anti-government political leaders and touched off the Sagebrush Rebel lion in the late 1970s.Various issues pitted resourceusers against rulingsfrom Washington mandating road-less area reviews, designation ofwilderness preserves, and theprotection of endangered species that requiredmeasures to protect habitat (read: spotted owl). The results have been a quagmire for the land management agencies in response to whiplash changes in policies as administra tions changed back and forthbetween the two political parties. In spiteof all, thisauthor isnot willing to give up on public land governance, although he acknowledges that it is in a "dys functional" state. His optimism shines through as he patientlydiscusses details ofnew propos als and courses of action. He even endorses a call fora new public lands study commission to formulate legislation both specific and general. He likes some of the new legislation that targets special problems within states, such as the Southern Nevada Land Exchanges and Sales Act that permits the expansion of Las Vegas but in return provides funds for the purchase of sensitive lands around Lake Tahoe for public enjoyment and protection against development. Readers sympathetic to thedefense of public land through competent management will find the optimism of this book heartening. William D. Rowley University of Nevada, Reno AURORA: ANAMERICANEXPERIENCE IN QUILT,COMMUNITY,AND CRAFT byJane Kirkpatrick WaterBrook Press, Colorado Springs, 2008. Photographs, maps, notes, index. 167pages. $17.95 cloth. Oregon historybuffs,genealogists, and descen dants of the Aurora Colony settlers will embrace thisbook written byOregon's historical novel ist and non-fiction author JaneKirkpatrick. Her attention to themundane aswell as large photographs of the settlers engaged in their daily activitiesgives a realisticunderstanding of 310 OHQ vol. no, no. 2 thecommunal society. Dr.Wilhem Keil was the colony's founder, and his dream led pioneers fromMissouri to thePacificNorthwest to settle just south of Portland in 1856 to 1883. The actual building of the colony is told chronologically with period photographs of thehomes, tents,and buildings, inside and out. The colonists' portraits aremostly grouped pictures ofworkers or a family.Quotes from Keil and founding families, who are recognized fortheirparticular contributions to thecolony, complement the informative text.The index listsfamiliesby surname, thenfirstnames. Aurora reads somewhat like a personal journal. Because Kirkpatrick writes with such specificity, readersmay feela part of theevents unfolding for the pioneers as theydeveloped the region to accommodate and produce what theyrequired to live a self-reliantand harmo nious life. Keil was seen as a fatherfigure,not a dictator,with respect for the colonists and with thedesire to facilitate a pleasurable and abundant lifeforall. The colonists' music, cooking, artistry, sharing attitude, and humanitarian approach to lifebrought people from nearby Oregon City and Portland as customers, suppliers, and friends.The women quilted capes and...

Oregon Voices: George Atkinson, Harvey Scott, and the Portland High School Controversy of 1880

OREGON VOICES George Atkinson, Harvey Scott, and the Portland High School Controversy of 1880 by Donald J. Sevetson WHEN PORTLANDHIGH SCHOOL, Oregon's firsthigh school, opened on April 26,1869, ithad forty-fivestudents and was lauded byHarvey Scott in an Oregonian editorial. "We congratulate the citizens of Portland," he wrote, "as well as the projectors of the plan on this new and essential element in the intellectual wants of the city, wherein is secured, freeof charge, and entirely atpublic expense, as fulland thorough an academic course as can be had in the city,and perhaps in the state."1 Ten years later,thepublic school system of Oregon was growing rapidly and Scott had changed his mind. He concluded that the Portland school systemwas out of control, reaching far beyond its legislative mandate. In particular, he disagreed with the need for a free public high school, believing that asking the public to provide anything more than eightyears offree "common school" was bad policy. Scott, proud of both his intellec tual attainments and self-financed course of study, used his editorial pulpit tomake a broad critique of the schools. His slashing style evoked debate and controversy across the city. Rev. George Atkinson shaped the community's response to Scott's critique. After arriving in Oregon in 1848,Atkinson had continuously worked for education, seeing it as a vehicle of both moral formation and economic improvement. He believed high schools were essential forprepar ing and providing a corps of qualified teachers. George Henry Atkinson, nineteen years Scott's senior, was born in 1819 in the seaport of Newburyport, Massachusetts. A child of a family of successful, influential merchants, Atkinson was raised in the adjacent settlementofNewbury, Massachusetts, until 1830,when the familymoved to 458 OHQ vol. 108, no. 3 ? 2007 Oregon Historical Society I-'-?-:-5-!-"'-1 O 33 . ' ; c/i inj2^^B^^IH9HKH^^^^^^^n9BBSS9nk^^ \^? rJk^^rflffWBW^flBf^HKML^M^B^^^BHFB8i^ ^L ?jJiilB TheNorth School,which opened in 1868,housed PortlandHigh School classes in two roomswhen thehigh school opened in April 1869.In 1891,thebuildingwas renamed theGeorgeH. Atkinson School. Newbury, Vermont. Four years later, fifteen-year-old Atkinson was in the initial class at Newbury Seminary, the town's first school. He attended two other Vermont academies before entering Dartmouth College in 1839. After graduating from Dartmouth, Atkinson attended Andover Seminary in Massachusetts and was ordained to theCongregational ministry in 1847. That same year,hewas commissioned amissionary to theOregon Territory by the (Congregational) American Home Missionary Society (AHMS). With his wife Nancy Bates of Springfield, Vermont, he embarked from Boston on October 25,1847, on theSamoset, reachingHonolulu in 125 days. After a threemonth stay in the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii), the couple secured passage on theCowlitz and arrived at FortVancouver on June 19, 1848, reaching Oregon City two days later. Atkinson served theCongre gational church inOregon City until 1863,when he moved to Portland to serve asminister of the FirstCongre gational Church. He held thatposition Sevetson,Portland High School Controversy of 1880 459 Harvey Whitfield Scott (1838-1910) OHS neg.,OrHi 87945 fornine years and, in 1873,theAHMS appointed him General Missionary for Oregon andWashington Territory.2 Harvey Scott was born inTazewell County, Illinois, in 1838,and initially received elementary education in a log schoolhouse there.After traveling theOregon Trail in 1852,his formal schooling was delayed forseveralyears. Scott assisted his father in clearing three farm sites and also worked as a logger,mill hand, carpenter, and rail splitterbefore entering theU.S. Army at age seventeen.3 He entered Pacific University in Forest Grove at age twenty-one, and was itsfirstgraduate, receiving the Bachelor ofArts degree in 1863.To pay for his schooling and living expenses while at Pacific Uni versity, Scott tutored and worked as amanual laborer. In 1865,he became editor of theDaily Oregonian. He left the newspaper in 1872 and returned to it in 1877, as both editor and part owner. Scott and Atkinson were similar in their strongwork ethic, boundless curiosity, and breadth of knowledge. Both left immense written legacies ? Scott through his editorial voice, Atkinson in voluminous correspon dence, secretarial records, newspaper contributions, and institutional his tories ? and both often used vision ary, even grandiose language. Scott utilized his...

Oregon Voices: Pioneering Water Pollution Control in Oregon

OREGON VOICES Pioneering Water Pollution Control in Oregon byGlen D. Carter with an introduction by Douglas W. Larson INSEPTEMBER 1956,GLENCARTER became thefirst aquatic biologist to work for the Oregon State Sanitary Authority (OSSAj, theforerunner of theOregon Department of Environ mental Quality.When Carter joined the agency, ithad a staffof fifteen to twenty, includingprofessional engineers, chem ists,bacteriologists, and officesupport personnel. At that time, the expres sion "environmental quality" was still unfamiliar tomost Oregonians, and industrial wastes and raw sewage were commonly deposited in riversand other waterways. Today, environmental qual ity is a household phrase among most Oregonians, and nearly a thousandpro fessional engineers, chemists,geologists, bacteriologists, attorneys, officesupport personnel, and aquatic biologists are employed by theOregon Department of Environmental Quality. Although federal environmental mandates and public education contributed to increas ing concern about environmental issues and effortsto address them, the effortsof state agency staff in thefield played a critical role in environmental cleanup. The scientists and engineers who worked for the OSSA used their knowledge and experience to establish an advanced, scientificallysoundwater pollution controlprogram. Carter and other agency personnel who inspected disposal sites did so without wearing protective clothing and respirators because thevarious health risksassoci ated with these hazardous sites were largely unknown or minimized. Most of thesepeople have since died, possibly victims of longand frequent exposures to hazardous industrial chemicals and wastes. In this "Oregon Voices," Glen Carter describes water pollution problems that he encountered on the Willamette River while he worked for the OSSA. His memories representonlya smallportion of the work he conducted throughout the state and indicate themagnitude of the task that he and theOSSA confronted. He also offers a picture of a river that is unfamiliar to many Oregonians. Although pollution and habitat destruc 254 OHQ vol. 107, no. 2 ? 2006 Oregon Historical Society r-'V?t?Lfvr^' ?' 'krm & s ~*m: * *1 G/e?D. Carter stands on an oil companydock seweron the west side of thePortland Harbor on September 2,1959. The liquid beingdrained isa mixture ofoil and sewage. tion continue to strain the river, much has been done since the1950s to improve thehealth of the Willamette and other waterways in Oregon. Glens storyrepre sents theefforts ofone group thathelped protect the Willamette River. Carter, PioneeringWater Pollution Control inOregon 255 DURING THE LATENINETEENTH and early twentieth centuries,Oregon's population and economy grew rapidly, devastating the state's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Seemingly limitless in capacity, Oregon's waters were largely viewed as inexpensive, convenient disposal sites for an assortment of industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastes.1 Chief sources of pollution were discharged from pulp and paper mills? located atCoos Bay, Lebanon, Salem, Newberg, Oregon City, and West Linn? and raw domestic sew age discharged by nearly every cityand town inOregon.2 As early as the 1920s,private groups such as the IzaakWalton League and government agencies such as the Oregon State Board of Health and theU.S. Public Health Service called foractions to address water pollution. In 1938,Oregon voters approved, by three-to-one, an initiative thatwould establish statewide water-pollution regulations and an agency to enforce them.The new law created theOregon State Sanitary Authority (OSSA) and placed itunder the jurisdiction of the Oregon State Board ofHealth, which was already responsible for directing and cooperating with county health departments on public health issues, including the regulation of drinking water quality. OSSA was given full responsibility for water-pollution control, including the enforcement of water-quality standards where domestic and industrial wastes were being discharged.3 A seven-member commission pro vided public oversight of the agency. Commission members included the Statehealth officer,the state engineer, the chairman of the Fish Commission of Oregon, and the head of OSSA. Three additional members, one from each congressional district inOregon, were appointed by the governor to four-year terms.Harold Wendel, presi dent of theLipman-Wolfe department store,was chair of the commission for all ofOSSA's existence.4The legislature provided funding for seventeen posi tions, including professional engineers, chemists, bacteriologists, and office support personnel. Full implementa tion and staffing was delayed by World War II,however, duringwhich time the agency employed only two engineers, Carl Green and Kenneth Spies. After thewar, Curtiss Everts, an engineer,was...

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Revenue Collection System Based on Vehicle Miles Traveled

The State of Oregon is heavily dependent on fuel tax revenues to maintain roads. Several technological developments, including the introduction and use of more fuel-efficient vehicles, will have a dramatic effect on fuel tax revenues in the near future. In response to these trends, Oregon House Bill 3946 mandates that the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) begin implementing pilot systems to test alternatives to the current system of taxing highway use through fuel taxes. The Road User Fee Task Force (RUFTF) was created as part of the bill with the mission of “developing a revenue collection design funded through user pay methods, acceptable and visible to the public, that ensures a flow of revenue sufficient to annually maintain, preserve and improve Oregon's state, county and city highway and road system.” One alternative being considered by the RUFTF employs a fee based on vehicle miles traveled (VMT). This paper describes the development of two working VMT-based prototype technology configurations. This development effort was necessary because commercial-off-the-shelf technology with the functionality required by RUFTF was not available. Multiple concepts for on-vehicle mileage collection devices (using both odometer and Global Positioning System technology) and systems for fee calculation and collection were developed, integrated, and tested as part of the two prototype technology configurations. Results indicate that a VMT-based fee collected via radio frequency communications at service stations is technologically feasible.