Oregano Extract Research Articles

The Impact of Oregano Extract (Origanum vulgare) on Spleen Histomorphometry of the Colibacillosis Mouse Model

Oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare) are potentially known as antibacterial agent. Colibacillosis is an infectious disease caused by Escherichia coli as the primary agent. Besides that, E.coli reported inducing various other systemic diseases that harm human health and the economy due to the massive transmission of bacteria in humans and livestock. This study investigated the potential use of oregano leaves to overcome the growth of E. coli in the colibacillosis mice model. Mice were infected with the E. coli, then administered with oregano leaf extract with increasing doses of 5mg/kg BW, 10mg/kg BW, and 20mg/kg BW. The spleen was collected and the histopathology and histomorphometry were analyzed. Administration of oregano leaf extract showed the potential to significantly reduce the rate of tissue damage (p<0.05) through the reduction of the size of white pulp, an indicator of the immune system's active resistance in overcoming pathogenic bacterial infections. It can be concluded that oregano extract improved the white pulp enlargement of spleen.

Oregano extract fed to pre-weaned dairy calves. Part 1: Effects on intake, digestibility, body weight, and rumen and intestinal bacteria microbiota

Essential oils have become attractive candidates for use in the livestock industry, yet their mode of action over microbial populations of animals remains largely unknown. To gain further insight, this study investigated the bacterial population in segments of gastrointestinal tract and performance of pre-weaned dairy calves supplemented with a commercial Oregano extract containing essential oils. Ten Holstein calves weighing 37.1 kg ± 3.6 kg were fed 6 L/day of milk replacer, and had free access to water and calf starter ad libitum from the first day, and to hay ad libitum from the third week of the start of the study period. The calves were randomly assigned to two treatments: CON - without additive; and OR - 60 mg/kg body weight per day with oregano extract. Weaning occurred on the 53rd day of the experimental period and on the 54th day, all calves were euthanized, and their rumen, jejunum, cecum and colon contents were sampled to determinate bacterial population. The OR supplementation increased starter concentrate intake, but did not affect feed conversion, average daily gain (ADG), total VFA acetate, butyrate, and propionate ruminal concentrations, as well as C2 to C3 ratio. Apparent digestibility tended to increase in OR for DM, OM, NFCcp and CP. The alpha diversity analysis (Shannon index) indicated a higher diversity of rumen and jejunum bacterial population in OR calves. Oregano extract affected positively and negative the abundance of both positive and gram-negative bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, OR decreased potentially pathogenic genera such Streptococcus, Escherichia and Clostridium, albeit it also decreased the population of the potentially beneficial Bifidubacterium in the jejunum and cecum. Oregano extract supplemented to pre-weaned dairy calves modulates bacteria microbiota and may contribute to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.

Post-Distillation By-Products of Aromatic Plants from Lamiaceae Family as Rich Sources of Antioxidants and Enzyme Inhibitors.

There is currently no use for the vast quantities of post-distillation by-products, such as spent plant materials and residual waters, produced by the essential oil (EO) industry of aromatic herbs. In this study, the EOs of three Lamiaceae species (thyme, oregano, and basil) and their total, spent, and residual water extracts were phytochemically characterized and biologically assessed. The collected information was put through a series of analyses, including principal component analysis, heatmap analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. Concerning the EOs, 58 volatile compounds were present in thyme (e.g., p-cymene, thymol), 44 compounds in oregano (e.g., thymol, carvacrol), and 67 compounds in basil (e.g., eucalyptol, linalool, estragole, (E)-methyl cinnamate). The LC-HRMS/MS analysis of the total, spent, and residual water extracts showed the presence of 31 compounds in thyme (e.g., quercetin-O-hexoside, pebrellin, eriodictyol), 31 compounds in oregano (e.g., rosmarinic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, salvianolic acids I, B, and E), and 25 compounds in basil (e.g., fertaric acid, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, salvianolic acid A). The EOs of the three Lamiaceae species showed the highest metal-reducing properties (up to 1792.32 mg TE/g in the CUPRAC assay), whereas the spent extracts of oregano and basil displayed very high radical-scavenging properties (up to 266.59 mg TE/g in DPPH assay). All extracts exhibited anti-acetylcholinesterase (up to 3.29 mg GALAE/g), anti-tyrosinase (up to 70.00 mg KAE/g), anti-amylase (up to 0.66 mmol ACAE/g), and anti-glucosidase (up to 1.22 mmol ACAE/g) effects. Thus, the present research demonstrated that both the raw extracts (EOs and total extracts) and the post-distillation by-products (spent material and residual water extracts) are rich in bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties.

Extrato de orégano (Origanum vulgare) em frangos de corte fêmeas de linhagem caipira criadas na Amazônia Ocidental

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oregano extract added to commercial diets on zootechnical performance parameters, carcass yield, immunological conditions, morphometry, and intestinal pH for free-range broiler chickens raised under sanitary challenge conditions. Three hundred chicks of the strain ‘Heavy red’ were used and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replications, totaling 30 experimental units, each consisting of 10 birds. The treatments were: T1: Basal diet without oregano extract (OE); T2: Basal diet with OE (150 mg/kg); T3: Basal diet with OE (250 mg/kg); T4: Basal diet with OE (350 mg/kg); T5: and Basal diet with OE (450 mg/kg). There was a significant effect on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), and intestinal morphometry. No significant differences were observed in viability, carcass yield, intestinal pH, lymphoid organs, gizzard, heart, and intestine. Oregano extract influenced the liver yield and abdominal fat of broilers. Overall, the inclusion of oregano extract at the level of 350 mg/kg provided better results.

Study of the effect of treatment with aqueous extracts by oregano and wild basil on raw poultry meat

The effect of treatment with aqueous antioxidant extracts of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and wild basil (Clinopodium vulgare L.) in refrigerated storage of raw poultry meat was studied. Physicochemical analyzes of meat samples were performed - total protein, ash, fat, dry matter, cooking loss and pH value in dynamics. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the protein profile were determined. The microorganisms’ growth rate in meat during storage at 4°C for a period of 14 d was monitored. After the 7th d, the total number of mesophilic microorganisms in the meat samples increased to 7.00 log cfu/g, which is indicative of decay. A significant increase in pH value was observed after 14 d of storage, but there were no significant changes in total protein content and protein profile. In all meat samples, the amounts of MDA on days 7 and 14 were significantly below the thresholds indicated in the literature. Experimental groups treated with extracts showed lower values for MDA content compared to the control, which is an indication of certain inhibition of lipid oxidation processes in meat.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF OREGANO EXTRACT SUPPLEMENTATION IN WEANED PIGS OF THE EASTERN BALKAN BREED

An experiment with 30 weaned pigs of the East Balkan pig breed was conducted at the Agricultural Science Center in Sredets. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of oregano extract supplementation on the productivity and health status of weaned pigs of the East Balkan breed. The animals were divided into two groups of 15 animals, 8 males, and 7 females. The experiment started at 8,150 kg live weight for group I (control) and 8,160 kg for experimental group II. The animals from the control group received wheat: barley (50:50), and 50 g of oregano extract per 100 kg of feed was added to the ration of animals from experimental group II. The experiment finished at 19.646 kg live weight for group I and at 20.673 kg live weight for those in group II. The use of oregano extract (Origanum vulgare) in the feed for weaned pigs of the East Balkan breed improved the average daily gain (by 8.96%-0.146 kg vs. 0.134kg) and reduced the feed conversion ratio per kg gain by 8.22% (5.240kg vs. 5.709 kg).

Emulsification of Rosemary and Oregano Aqueous Extracts and Their In Vitro Bioavailability.

Due to their richness in phenolic compounds, Mediterranean plants such as rosemary and oregano are increasingly recommended for consumption for their numerous health benefits. The pH shift and the presence of digestive enzymes significantly reduce the bioavailability of these biochemicals as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. To prevent this degradation of phenolic compounds, methods such as emulsification of plant aqueous extracts are used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsification conditions on the chemical properties (total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity) of emulsified rosemary and oregano extracts. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize sunflower oil concentration, rotational speed, and emulsifier concentration (commercial pea protein). The emulsions prepared under optimal conditions were then used in bioavailability studies (in vitro digestion). The antioxidant activity of the emulsified rosemary/oregano extracts, measured by the DPPH method, remained largely stable when simulating in vitro digestion. Analysis of antioxidant activity after in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal system revealed a higher degree of maintenance (up to 76%) for emulsified plant extracts compared to aqueous plant extracts. This article contributes to our understanding of how plant extracts are prepared to preserve their biological activity and their application in the food industry.

Milk production and hematological and antioxidant profiles of dairy cows supplemented with oregano and green tea extracts as feed additives

We aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of oregano (Origanum vulgare) or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extracts (separately and associated) on feed intake, milk production, and hematological and antioxidant profiles of dairy cows. For that purpose, 16 Holstein and 16 Holstein-Gyr cows with 526.3±10.2 kg and within the first third of lactation were distributed according to a complete block design with measurements repeated in time. Treatments were control (CON), addition of 0.056% of oregano extract (OR), [...]

Elaboration and evaluation of chicken burger patty added with oregano extract as a natural antioxidant

This study aimed to evaluate chicken burger patties added with oregano extract as a natural antioxidant. A hydroalcoholic extract of dehydrated oregano was prepared. The lyophilized extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by the Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS methods. Chicken burger patty formulations were prepared with the addition of lyophilized oregano extract at different concentrations: 0.00% (control formulation - C), 0.25% (NA1), 0.50% (NA2), 0.75% (NA3), and a formulation with the addition of 0.25% sodium erythorbate, a synthetic antioxidant (SA). The burger patties were evaluated for pH, water activity, lipid oxidation, yield, shrinkage, color, and texture. The oregano extract showed 182.38 g GAE g−1 of reducing capacity, 2531.13 mmol Trolox g−1 for antioxidant activity by FRAP, 2.16 mmol Trolox g−1 for ABTS, and an EC50 for DPPH of 33.88 g extract g−1 DPPH. The addition of oregano extract did not change the parameters of pH, water activity, shrinkage, and texture profile of the burger patties. The burger patties added with 0.50% (NA2) and 0.75% (NA3) of oregano extract were darker, less reddish, and more yellowish than C, NA1, and SA burger patties. Formulations NA1, NA2, NA3, and SA did not differ from each other regarding lipid oxidation at 60 days of storage, but with values significantly lower than formulation C (without antioxidants). Furthermore, an increase in TBARS values was observed during the storage period for formulations C and SA, which was not observed for formulations with the addition of natural antioxidants (NA1, NA2, and NA3). Oregano extract showed antioxidant properties evaluated by different methods, demonstrating the potential to be used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants in foods. The addition of 0.25% of oregano extract in chicken burger patties led to lower lipid oxidation without compromising color, texture, and yield parameters, being considered the ideal concentration for application.

Nanoemulsions of oregano essential oil and green extracts: Characterization and application in whey cheese

The aim of the present study was the selection of an appropriate system for the delivery of bioactive compounds from oregano essential oil and extracts and their incorporation in two whey cheeses. For this purpose, oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were prepared by ultrasonication as delivery systems. The droplet size distribution and the microstructure of the nanoemulsions were analyzed using laser diffraction analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. In addition, the antifungal activity of nanoemulsions was assessed against Penicillium expansum both in vitro and in whey cheese. The results showed that the combination of oregano essential oil and extracts produced nanoemulsions with potent antioxidant and antifungal activity against P. expansum in vitro. In addition, the nanoemulsions presented antifungal activity against P. expansum after application in whey cheese and, in some cases, extension of whey cheese shelf life was reported. The sensory analysis showed that nanoemulsions of oregano affected the organoleptic profile of both types of whey cheese.

Histopathological and Gastric Histomorphometry Analysis in Mice Colibacillosis Model Induced by Ethanol 96% Oregano Vulgare Extract

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli which is a normal flora bacterium of the digestive system in humans and animals. Oregano contains carvacrol and thymol which provide an antibacterial. This study was used 20 male Balb/C mice age 2-3 weeks with an average weight of 20-25 grams and were divided into 5 groups with 4 replications: negative control (KN), positive control (KP) given by streptomycin dose of 20 mg/head. E. coli dose of 3 x 109 CFU, (P1) was given by streptomycin dose of 20 mg/head, E. coli dose of 3 x 109 CFU, then given oreganoextract dose of 5 mg/head, (P2) was given by streptomycin dose of 20 mg/head, E. coli dose of 3 x 109 CFU, then given oregano extract dose of 10 mg/head, (P3) was given by streptomycin dose of 20 mg/head, E. coli dose of 3 x 109 CFU, then oregano extract was given dose of 20 mg/head. The data were analyzed by descriptive comparative. The histopathology showed epithelial cell damage or erosion caused by inflammatory cells in KP, P1, P2, and P3. In study group given oregano extract dose of 20 mg/head, P3, inflammatory cells and epithelial erosion were lower. Based on the ANOVA test of day 3 and 6 after necropsy, P1, P2, and P3 show insignificant in villi length and width of the vili (p>0,05) compared to KP. The conclusion the result of the histopathology result is epithelial erosion in group with dose of 20mg/head oregano extract was able to relieve the symptoms of colibacillosis. The conclusion of histomorphometry of the length and width of the villi at P1, P2, P3 (p>0.05) was not significantly different from the positive control.

Effect of an Herbal Mixture of Oregano, Garlic, Sage and Rock Samphire Extracts in Combination with Tributyrin on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota and Morphology, and Meat Quality in Broilers

The present study investigated the effects of two feed additives, the first containing an herbal mixture of oregano, garlic, sage, and rock samphire extracts and the second containing tributyrin (glyceryl tributyrate) when fed to broiler chickens. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments (6 replicate pens of 15 chicks). One treatment served as the unsupplemented control, whereas the feeds of the other three treatments were supplemented either with the herbal additive (3 g/kg), the tributyrin additive (1 g/kg), or both additives. The duration of the trial was 37 days. Data were collected on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, and some meat quality parameters. The combined supplementation improved (p < 0.05) weigh gain, feed conversion ratio, and the European Efficiency Factor. In the cecum, the combined supplementation lowered (p < 0.05) the microbial populations of aerobes, anaerobes, Escherichia coli, total Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium spp. compared to the other treatments. Fecal coccidial oocyst counts were also reduced (p < 0.01) by the combined supplementation. The herbal mixture supplementation improved (p < 0.05) breast and thigh meat resistance to oxidation. In conclusion, the combined dietary supplementation with the examined feed additives could be utilized to improve the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens.

Anticholinesterase Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants from Navarra Region of Spain and a Detailed Phytochemical Investigation of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare.

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment due to a severe loss of cholinergic neurons in specific brain areas. It is the most common type of dementia in the aging population. Although many anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) drugs are already available on the market, their performance sometimes yields unexpected results. For this reason, research works are ongoing to find potential anti-AChE agents both from natural and synthetic sources. In this study, 90 extracts from 30 native and naturalized medicinal plants are tested by TLC and Ellman’s colorimetric assay at 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/mL in order to determine the inhibitory effect on AChE. In total, 21 out of 90 extracts show high anti-AChE activity (75–100% inhibition) in a dose-dependent manner. Among them, ethanolic extract from aerial parts of O. vulgare ssp. vulgare shows an IC50 value 7.7 times lower than galantamine. This research also establishes the chemical profile of oregano extract by TLC, HPLC-DAD and LC-MS, and twenty-three compounds are identified and quantified. Dihydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids are the most abundant ones (56.90 and 25.94%, respectively). Finally, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties are quantified by colorimetric methods. The total phenolic content is 207.64 ± 0.69 µg/mg of extract. The antioxidant activity is measured against two radicals, DPPH and ABTS. In both assays, the oregano extract shows high activity. The Pearson correlation matrix shows the relationship between syringic acids, a type of dihydroxybenzoic acid, and anti-AChE (r2 = −0.9864) and antioxidant activity (r2 = 0.9409 and 0.9976). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate promising potential new uses of these medicinal herbs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s. Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare and syringic acids, which have anti-AChE activity and beneficial antioxidant capacity, can be highlighted as potential candidates for the development of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases characterized by a cholinergic deficit.

Phytobiotics from Oregano Extracts Enhance the Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Pigs.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of phytobiotics on the intestinal health and growth performance of pigs. Totals of 40 newly-weaned pigs with 6.4 ± 0.3 kg BW (Exp. 1) and 120 growing pigs with 27.9 ± 2.3 kg BW (Exp. 2) were allotted in RCBD in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were: antibiotics as growth promoter (AGP) and phytobiotics (PHY). Pigs were fed experimental diets during 21 d (Exp. 1) and 42 d (Exp. 2). Growth performance, health parameters, and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. In Exp. 1, AGP diet increased (p < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) TNF-α and IgG in the jejunum and protein carbonyl in plasma, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) the villus height. In Exp. 2, AGP or PHY diets increased (p < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) IgG and PC in plasma. Collectively, AGP and PHY improved growth performance by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune status and jejunal morphology. However, the combinational use of phytobiotics with antibiotics suppressed their effect.

Exploring the Antioxidant and Bioinsecticidal Activity of Spontaneous Flora Vegetal Extracts for Plant Protection and Prevention of Soil Contamination

The purpose of this article was to evaluate the application of different plant extracts with bioinsecticidal action and antioxidant activity for plants and soil protection, by substitution of the application of synthetically formulated pesticides with eco-friendly compounds. In this framework, this research focused on the utilization of plant extracts from the spontaneous flora of Moldova (Romania) as bioinsecticides for the control of field pests of the species Leptinotarsa decemlineata and their antioxidant activity. Plant extracts of oregano (Origanum vulgare), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), and cowslip (Primula veris) were assessed for their antioxidant activity by the microplate spectrophotometric-based method (for polyphenols and flavonoids content and for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenger activity) and were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy spectra. To evaluate the bioinsecticidal properties of the plant extracts, the mortality (%) and neuroleptic manifestations appearing in the middle of the monitoring period for larvae and adults of the Leptinotarsa decemlineata species were identified. Mortality (%) was statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the resulting experimental results were compared with the LSD-Fisher’s test (p &lt; 0.05). The highest mortality (%) was observed after 24 h of treatment with extracts of Origanum vulgare at 100% concentration, while the maximum effect was recorded after 48 h for Origanum vulgare at 60% and 100% concentrations.

A behavioral and molecular study; ameliorated anxiety-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction in a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress treated with oregano extract.

ObjectiveChronic stress is considered a severe risk factor leading to various disorders, including anxiety and cognitive decline. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Origanum vulgare (oregano) extract on improving anxiety‐like behavior and learning and memory defection caused by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS).MethodA 10‐day CUS protocol was executed on male rats, and on day 10, their anxiety, learning, and memory status were evaluated. After that, in addition to the CUS, the rats were treated with the oregano extract for 2 weeks. Then, the expression of BDNF, TrkB, and TLR2/4 genes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the rats was evaluated. Also, the liver‐ and kidney‐related serum parameters, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, creatinine, urea, serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were assessed. Further, the extract's lethal effect and its impact on animals’ body weight were investigated.ResultsBehavioral tests confirmed the anxiety‐like behavior and learning–memory function impairment caused by CUS. In contrast, the administration of the extract could significantly alleviate the mental deficiencies and diminished anxiety‐like behaviors. Molecular assessments showed that CUS could markedly decrease the BDNF and TrkB genes’ expression levels while increasing that of TLR2 and TLR4. In contrast, in extract‐treated animals, mRNA levels of BDNF and TrkB considerably increased, yet TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA levels reduced. Additionally, consumption of the extract caused weight gain, while having no lethality and detrimental effect on the liver and kidneys functions.ConclusionsThese findings indicate the anxiolytic properties of the extract and its improving effect on cognitive dysfunction.

The use of selected herbal preparations for the disinfection of Japanese quail hatching eggs

The aim of study was to evaluate microbial and hatchability traits as well as chicks quality after hatching eggs disinfection with aqueous solutions of ginger (GR), garlic (GC), oregano (O), and cinnamon (C) extracts. The experiment was divided into 2 stages, at preliminary in vitro stage antimicrobial susceptibility of plant extracts (PEs) was tested against reference strains from the American Type Culture Collection. O and GC extracts had the best antimicrobial properties (P < 0.05). Then in in vivo stage 2,400 Japanese quails hatching eggs were divided into 6 groups, 400 eggs each. Eggs from first group were not disinfected (NC, negative control), eggs from second group were disinfected by formalin fumigation (C, positive control), in other groups 5% aqueous solutions of plant extracts of GR, GC, O, C were applied by spraying respectively. After standard incubation fertility, hatchability and periodical embryonic mortality were calculated as well as the body weight and livability of chickens during 14 d of rearing. Egg disinfection by aqueous solution of PEs led to maintain the hatchability, chick weight at hatch and post hatch body weight and early mortality of birds. Exclusion of any fungal isolates on eggshell surface was induced by GC followed by O and C groups (P < 0.05). In case of the bacteria colonies reduction only GR extract was effective. Chosen plant extracts may be treated as safe and alternative substances to traditional disinfectants of hatching eggs.

Valorization of the residual bagasse of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) by obtaining fractions enriched in pinocembrin

&#x0D; Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) constitutes a spice of great commercial value mainly due to the presence of thymol and carvacrol, volatile fat-soluble compounds contained in its essential oil. However, little use has been made of its high content of water-soluble phenolic compounds, with proven antioxidant capacities. Among them, it stands out its high content of pinocembrin, flavanone with properties of great nutritional importance and for health due to its protective activity against cerebral ischemia. Mexico ranks second as a world producer of Mexican oregano. During the extractive process of the essential oil derived from its leaf, a large amount of solid waste rich in flavonoids is generated, which is minimally used and even becomes a source of contamination due to its poor disposal as waste. In order to value this agro-industrial waste, it was characterized by determining the content of total phenols, antioxidant activity (DHHP) and content of pinocembrin, observing a higher content of pinocembrin in the extract of oregano without essential oil (0.766 mg / ml) with respect to that corresponding to oregano without treatment (0.659 mg / ml). The results suggest that the residual bagasse from the extraction of the essential oil can be used with great potential due to its high content of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and pinocembrin (27.93 mg / g BS). To achieve the concentration of pinocembrin, two separation methods were evaluated: chromatographic column with silica gel (hydrophilic) and separation with automated extraction in hydrophobic solid phase (Ultra C18) with pinocembrin recovery efficiencies of 56.6 and 90.1 %, respectively, being able to generate products enriched in pinocembrin with a 74.8 % purity. This work contributes to the potential development of new products and waste recovery processes in the growing natural essential oil extraction industry.&#x0D;

Inhibitory effect of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) extracts on digestive enzymes in vitro, and beneficial impact on carbohydrates and lipids absorption in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlthough Mexican oregano inhibits digestive enzymes in vitro its effect on the absorption of carbohydrates and lipids in vivo has not been addressed. Aim of the studyAssess the effect of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) on carbohydrates and lipids absorption in vivo. The antioxidant activity also was investigated. Materials and methodsEnzymatic inhibitory action of lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase was evaluated in vitro. Oral lipid (OLTT) and starch tolerance tests (OSTT) were conducted with L. graveolens acetone (O-A) and ethanol (O-E) extracts (at 102 mg/kg body weight equivalent to a 1 g human doses) in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging radical. ResultsBoth extracts exhibited higher inhibitory median concentration (IC50) of lipase activity (1.9 μg/μL for O-E and 1.8 μg/μL for O-A) than the positive control (Orlistat) (0.07 μg/μL). The IC50 of α-amylase was higher (41.8 μg/μL for O-E and 25.2 μg/μL for O-A) than the Acarbose (2.5 μg/μL); while α-glucosidase results showed not statistically differences between groups (∼1.7 μg/μL). The OLTT results showed that both extracts significantly reduced serum triglycerides (∼147 mg/dL for O-E and ∼155 mg/dL for O-A) as compared with negative control group (only lipid load). In the OSTT, glucose levels showed a significant decrease (∼31 mg/dL for O-E and ∼17 mg/dL for O-A) than the negative control group (only starch load). About in vitro antioxidant evaluation, not statistically differences between extracts and positive control (Trolox) were observed for scavenged free radicals (∼2.0 μg/μL); whereas O-A inhibited lipid peroxidation similar to the Trolox (∼0.8 μg/μL IC50). The main chemical composition of both extracts was coumaric acid, luteolin, rutinoside, naringenin, and carvacrol. ConclusionsBoth extracts reduce lipid absorption; whereas O-E decreases carbohydrate absorption in vivo. Both extracts inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals in vitro.

Herbal Agents versus Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid on Removal of the Smear Layer-A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.

This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer during root canal instrumentation. The research question in the present study was to assess: “Is there a significant difference in reducing smear layer comparing EDTA and herbal agents?” Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from their start dates to April 2022 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and reviewed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines. Only in vitro studies comparing herbal agents with EDTA were included in the current systematic review. Two reviewers independently assessed the included articles. A total of 625 articles were obtained from an electronic database. Eighteen papers were included for review of the full text, out of which, ten papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, eight articles were included in the systematic review. The present systematic review considered only in vitro studies; hence, the result cannot be completely translated to strict clinical conditions. The results of the present systematic review have shown that quixabeira, morindacitrifolia, oregano extract, and neem show better smear layer removal compared to other herbal agents, whereas they showed reduced smear layer removal when compared with EDTA. Although, it was seen that most of the included studies did not report a high quality of evidence. Hence, the present systematic review concludes that herbal agents have reported to show inferior smear layer removal when compared to EDTA. Thus, as far as herbal based alternatives are concerned, there is no highest level of evidence to state its real benefit when used as a chelating root canal irrigant.