Ordinary White Light Research Articles

Characteristics performance of laryngopharyngeal reflux in narrow band imaging

Objective:To study the application value of narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Methods:A total of 275 patients admitted to the inpatient department or laryngoscopy room of the Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from September 2022 to April 2023 due to throat discomfort were selected as the research subjects. All of them completed RSI, RFS scoring scales and electronic laryngoscopy（including ordinary white light and NBI）. According to the expert consensus of LPRD in 2022, RSI and RFS scoring scale were used as diagnostic criteria to divide them into LPR group and non-LPR group. Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences of positive rates of characteristic manifestations under NBI among different groups. The consistency of NBI and scale diagnostic methods was analyzed by Kappa, and RSI and RFS scoring were used as diagnostic criteria, The diagnostic efficiency of NBI method was analyzed. Results:There were 190 people in the LPR group, 157 of whom showed characteristic performance under the NBI mode, with a positive rate of 82.6%（157/190）; there were 85 people in the non-LPR group, with a positive rate of 18.8%（16/85）. There was a statistically significant difference in the positive rate between the two groups（χ²=102.47, P<0.05）. The consistency rate between RSI, RFS and NBI was 82.2%（226/275）. Kappa consistency analysis was used, and Kappa=0.605（P<0.05）, indicating good consistency between the two diagnostic methods. Using RSI and RFS as diagnostic criteria for LPR, the sensitivity of NBI diagnostic method was 82.6%（157/190）, specificity 81.2%（69/85）, positive predictive value 90.8%（157/173） and negative predictive value 67.6%（69/102）. Conclusion:Narrow-band imaging, as a new endoscopic imaging technique, can show small changes in mucosal surface micro vessels and play an important role in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Diagnostic Value of Endoscopic Narrow-Band Imaging Technique in Early Gastric Cancer and Precancerous Lesions.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of endoscopic narrow-band imaging technique in early gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. Methods A total of 100 patients with recurrent upper gastrointestinal symptoms in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2022 were selected and divided into group A and group B according to the random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. Group A received white light endoscopy, and group B received narrow-band imaging technology combined with endoscopy. Narrow-band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy was used to stain the area with suspicious mucosal lesions with indigo carmine and magnified observation. Results The endoscopic image clarity of group B was significantly better than that of group A in terms of lesion outline, gastric pit, and microvascular morphology (P < 0.05). There were 10 cases of early gastric cancer, 18 cases of benign lesions, and 9 cases of gastric cancer (nonearly stage); 17 cases of precancerous lesions, 12 cases of early gastric cancer, 13 cases of benign lesions, and 6 cases of gastric cancer (nonearly stage) were diagnosed by ordinary white light endoscopy. Pathological results confirmed that among the 50 patients in group B, there were 15 cases of precancerous lesions, 11 cases of early gastric cancer, 17 cases of benign lesions, and 7 cases of gastric cancer (nonearly stage). Among the 50 patients in group A, 16 were precancerous lesions, 11 were early gastric cancer, 15 were benign lesions, and 8 were gastric cancer (non early stage). In the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early gastric cancer, the diagnostic consistency, sensitivity, and specificity of group B were better than those of group A (P < 0.05); NBI combined with endoscopy in the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early gastric cancer (kappa = 0.860, kappa = 0.883) was more consistent with pathological diagnosis than common white light endoscopy (kappa = 0.433, kappa = 0.535). Conclusion The value of narrow-band imaging technology combined with endoscopy in the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early gastric cancer is better than that of ordinary white light endoscopy, and it can be widely used in clinical practice.

Postoperative Examination of Laryngeal Malignant Tumor Based on Narrowband Imaging Resolution Enhancement Technology.

The application of endoscopic imaging in the biopsy of malignant laryngeal lesions is one of the current research hotspots in the medical field. Based on the narrowband imaging resolution enhancement technology, a model for postoperative examination of laryngeal malignant tumor was constructed in this paper. The article calculated the biopsy detection rate of malignant lesions and the correct biopsy detection rate of the two groups and made a statistical comparison. In the NBI mode group, the mucosal morphology and superficial mucosal microvascular morphology of the same lesion under two different modes of white light and NBI were compared, which solved the problem of data processing of cases. During the case comparison process, patients who needed biopsies to be sent for pathology were selected for inclusion in the study and were randomly divided into two groups. The coincidence rate of EUS combined with NBI diagnosis was significantly higher than that of ordinary white light gastroscopy (47.92%), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000 < 0.05). The experimental results compared the accuracy of the normal white light mode and the NBI mode to diagnose the nature of the lesions: according to the Kudo classification criteria, 23 cases of tumor lesions were to be diagnosed in the normal white light mode, with an accuracy rate of 69.70%, and the NBI mode was to be used to diagnose tumors. There were 81 cases of sexual lesions, with an accuracy rate of 93.94%. The NBI mode was more accurate in diagnosing the nature of the lesions under the Kudo classification standard (P < 0.05). In 64 cases, the accuracy rate was 63.63%. Under the NBI mode, 29 cases of tumor lesions were proposed to be diagnosed, and the accuracy rate was 87.88% to promote the application of NBI endoscopy in the biopsy of malignant laryngeal lesions.

Circulating light at continuous electrical current

The most famous object in the world of circulating light is ball lightning (BL). In our opinion, BL is a thin spherical layer of highly compressed air, in which ordinary white light circulates in all possible directions. The refractive index of a spherical shell in a form of highly compressed air is greater than that of the surrounding space and the shell is a non-zero curvature light guide that prevents light from being radiated into free space. At the same time, there are other objects in which circulating light is present and determines their anomalous properties. These are liquid balls of silicon that can bounce on a sheet of paper dozens of times. This is a ball periodically flashing in cold water under the action of a standing spherical acoustic wave. These are luminous objects produced by an erosive gas discharge that can burn through the thin foil. However, the lifetime of such objects is, at best, a few seconds. At the same time, luminous objects have been known for more than a century that arise from a continuous electric current between damp electrodes. These objects exist indefinitely as long as there is a continuous electrical current. We analyze the properties of these objects for the presence of circulating light in them.

Circulating light that burns out holes in metal sheets

Ordinary white light, circulating in a spherical shell of highly compressed air is a basis of natural ball lightning. The circulating light manifests itself in many other different phenomena that are usually considered anomalous. One of these phenomena is the abnormal interaction of small glowing balls with metal objects. In some cases, the balls burn round holes in metal sheets. In other cases, they leave craters. However, they do not leave any traces of melting. We analyze the reasons for this behavior and evaluate the energy of the light circulating in the balls.

Parameters of natural ball lightning derived from its optical model

Assuming that ball lightning is a shell in the form of a thin spherical film of highly compressed air, in which ordinary white light is circulating in all possible directions, we have shown that such a shell behaves in the earth's atmosphere in exactly the same way as natural ball lightning. In numerous publications in leading international journals on physics and optics, we have explained almost all the mysteries and paradoxes in the behavior of natural ball lightning. Based on the confidence that there is the circulating light in nature, we have shown that the necessary conditions for its stability are fulfilled. In this case, it is necessary that the compression of air in the shells be about 1000, which can be achieved only with an extremely high energy density of the circulating light in the shell. With these circumstances in mind, the values of other physical parameters are given

Unknown features of a behavior of the circulating light

The term "circulating light" encompasses a set of objects with anomalous properties in which circulating light is the cause of these anomalies. Such objects include natural ball lightning, luminous objects arising from attempts to obtain artificial ball lightning in the laboratory, as well as objects responsible for the phenomenon of sonoluminescence and cavitation. We represent natural ball lightning in the form of ordinary white light, which circulates in all possible directions in the shell in the form of a thin spherical layer of highly compressed air, which is compressed by the same light. The density of light energy in such an object is extremely high. As a result, it is subject to the action of optically induced forces. The magnitude of these forces is negligible at ordinary light intensity but increases by billion times at an interaction with the circulating light. Using the well-known laws of optics and physics and taking into account the action of these forces, all the features of the behavior of ball lightning, which were reported by eyewitnesses, were explained. Now we explain the behavior of the circulating light in situations that is not acceptable for direct observation. These are the properties of large ball lightning, the behavior of ball lightning inside a tornado, and its behavior in pipelines through which gases are pumped.

Application of laser remote sensing technology and super continuous spectrum laser

Fiber optic super continuous spectrum laser technology is a new technology developed in recent years. It takes into account the advantages of good alignment of laser source, high energy density and wide wavelength range of ordinary white light source, which can not only accurately remote sense distant target, but also obtain hyperspectral information of distant target. Super continuous spectrum of laser radar is a kind of remote sensing monitoring instrument, it can obtain three-dimensional spectral information of the target, and can be accurately detected in the night of distant high spectral information, the all-weather, three-dimensional spectrum detection method with the traditional passive remote sensing compared with single/multiband laser radar technology has incomparable advantages. Based on the development trend of lidar abroad, the development status of super-continuous spectrum lidar in China and the problems in remote sensing detection of oil spill, this paper introduces the feasibility of using super-continuous spectrum laser to monitor oil spill in the sea, which lays a foundation for further research.

Physics of a ball lightning in a form of a bubble of light

We show that the mysterious and intriguing behavior of ball lightning, observed by many eyewitnesses, is explained on the assumption that ball lightning consists only of light and compressed air. In contrast to a soap bubble, the spherical shell of a ball lightning consists of highly compressed air, in which ordinary white light rotates in all possible directions. Light compresses the air due to optical electrostrictive pressure. In turn, the shell of compressed air is a two-dimensional lightguide that prevents the propagation of light in free space. Thus, ball lightning is a self-confined light in a nonlinear optical medium in the form of the conventional air atmosphere. The light fell into the trap he made for himself. The intensity of the rotating light is more than a billion times greater than that of the light propagating in a straight line. In this case, the optically induced forces, which in normal conditions are extremely small, manifest themselves completely. It is these forces that determine the mysterious behavior of ball lightning in the atmosphere. In numerous publications, we have shown that the behavior of a light bubble and ball lightning are the same, and there are no mysteries in the behavior of ball lightning. The question of the nature of ball lightning resolved. In this article, we analyze the physical processes inside the light bubble and determine the parameters of compressed air, the intensity of light and a magnitude of the electrostriction pressure.

Hypopharyngeal cancer associated with synchronous oesophageal cancer: risk factors and benefits of image-enhanced endoscopic screening.

To explore the risk factors associated with the occurrence of synchronous oesophageal cancer in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer, and to investigate the roles of image-enhanced endoscopic screening in the prediction and diagnosis of early oesophageal cancer. The clinical characteristics of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer (n = 160) were analysed. All patients underwent laryngoscopic and gastroscopic examination using image-enhanced endoscopic techniques before treatment. Of 160 hypopharyngeal cancer patients, 43 (27 per cent) had synchronous oesophageal cancer. Heavy drinking (odds ratio = 4.787, p = 0.029) and local invasion of three or more anatomical sites (odds ratio = 14.391, p = 0.000) were independent risk factors for synchronous oesophageal cancer. Narrow-band imaging laryngoscopy could detect more invaded anatomical sites than ordinary white light endoscopy (t = 8.532, p = 0.000). More early oesophageal cancer cases were detected with Lugol chromoendoscopy than with non-Lugol iodine staining examination (χ2 = 4.925, p = 0.026). Synchronous oesophageal cancer is common in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. The heavy drinking patients with hypopharyngeal cancer should undergo intensive monitoring. Image-enhanced endoscopic screening is helpful in the prediction and early detection of second primary oesophageal cancer.

The application value in diagnosis of chronic atrophic gastritis using the magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging

Objective To explore the application value in diagnosis of chronic atrophic gastritis using the magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging. Methods A total of 98 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis patients was selected, and carried out the ordinary white light endoscopy, magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging(ME-NBI) and pathological examination in file, followed by comparison of the results. Results The sensitivity and specificity of chronic atrophic gastritis by magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging mode were 74.07% and 82.35%, respectively; which were significantly higher than that obtained by conventional endoscopy, which were 48.15% and 64.71% (P<0.05). In magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging endoscopy group, 60 patients were positive, which intestinal metaplasia accounted for 35%, while in conventional endoscopy group, 39 patients were positive which was only 17.95% (P<0.05). Conclusions Magnifying endoscopy and narrow-band imaging can improve the diagnostic accuracy of chronic atrophic gastritis. Key words: Endoscopy/MT; Gastritis, atrophic/DI

Research progress of narrow band imaging in the diagnosis of early esophageal cancer

Early diagnosis of esophageal cancer is essential for improving both the effectiveness of esophageal cancer treatment and the prognosis of patients. As a new technology for esophageal cancer early diagnosis, narrow-band imaging (NBI) enables surgeon to clearly observe the mucosa and submucosal blood vessels changes in early esophageal cancer. It has initially shown excellent application value in the early diagnosis.In particular it has obvious advantages to the ordinary white light endoscopy which is currently used in esophageal cancer early diagnosis. If combined with Lugol iodine staining , magnifying endoscopy and other diagnostic methods in clinical, NBI will have a better value in early diagnosis of esophageal. Key words: Esophageal neoplasms; Early diagnosis; Endoscopy; Narrow band imaging

Application of pattern plastic plate and red color stimulation in continuous video-electroencephalography monitoring

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficiency of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) with pattern and red color plastic plates in video-electroencephalography(EEG). Methods Three hundred and fifty-eight patients hospitalized in Wuhan Children's Hospital from March 2013 to March 2014 were selected, and they were exa-mined by using stroboscope with a red plastic plate, a dots printed plastic plate, and ordinary white flicker for photic driving response (PDR), photoparoxysmal responses (PPR), photoconvulsive response (PCR). The results of patients with PDR, PPR, PCR were analyzed. Results The PDR synchronously evoked by the three flickering patterns were in 29 cases, and the amplitude of photic drivings evoked by ordinary white flicker and red flicker were higher than that of flickering dot pattern[(30.294±7.767)μV, (31.103±8.920)μV vs(24.436±8.075)μV], and there were significant differences(t=2.983, 2.815, P=0.003, 0.008). However, there was no significant difference between ordinary white flicker and red flicker (t=0.368, P=0.710). The PPR evoked were in 17 cases, and 16 cases (94.12%) of them were evoked by red color, while 10 cases (58.82%) were evoked by white light, and 1 case only evoked by flic-kering dot pattern.However, stronger intensity and longer duration time of PPR were evoked by red color than by white light.In 3 patients with positive PCR, the epileptic seizure was more likely to be evoked by red color or pattern plastic plate. Conclusions IPS with red and pattern plastic plate is more potent in eliciting photosensitive epilepsy in video-EEG than the ordinary white light.Moreover, it could reduce the discomfort of eyes without influencing PDR in comparison to the ordinary white light. Key words: Intermittent photic stimulation; Video-electroencephalography; Photosensitive epilepsy; Red color plastic plate; Pattern plastic plate

A Kind of Color Calculation Method of Light Beam Hologram Papers Presswork

By using printability tester for printing on ordinary white cardboard and light beam hologram paper, measuring spectral information and chrominance information of the two samples, and then perform spectral fitting by analyses their color characteristics, The aim of this research was to propose one method for color calculation of printing on light beam hologram papers, according to the color information of ordinary white cardboard.

Optical actuation of microelectromechanical systems using photoelectrowetting

We demonstrate a proof-of-concept that microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can be optically actuated using photoelectrowetting. A 30 µm thick aluminium cantilever is actuated using an ordinary white light source via the modulation of capillary forces in a liquid bridge on a Teflon® coated commercial silicon wafer. A deflection of 58 µm is observed using a light power of 100 mW at a bias of 7 V. The deflection of the cantilever relies on the photoelectrowetting effect [S. Arscott, Sci. Rep. 1, 184 (2011)]. Such wireless actuation could be useful for optical addressing and control of autonomous wireless sensors, MEMS, and microsystems.

Tunable Synthesis of Encapsulated Microbubbles by Coupled Electrophoretic Stabilization and Electrochemical Inflation

Visible to the naked eye: An interplay between microscale electrophoresis and electrochemistry was exploited to simultaneously confine macromolecular encapsulants near an electrode surface while inflating them with gases evolved from the electrochemical reactions localized there. The compacted film can be seen under ordinary white light even when samples are unlabeled thus enabling a label-free technique for the detection of a variety of macromolecules including DNA, proteins, and cyclodextrans.

What Can We See in the Different Lights?

In the study “Usefulness of Autofluorescence Imaging for the Estimating the Extent of Gastric Neoplastic Lesions: a Prospective Multicenter Study” by Lee et al, the authors investigated autofluorescence imaging (AFI) videoendoscopy system for the diagnosis of tumor extent of gastric neoplasms. They suggested that this new imaging system would be beneficial for determinating tumor boundary of gastric epithelial neoplasia before endoscopic resection in selected patients. In this commentary, I would like to add some explanations about the principle of autofluorescence endoscopy and our interpretation of AFI images in the stomach. I believe that the basic knowledge on AFI mechanisms would facilitate the readers in understanding the findings of this new technology. AFI illuminates blue excitation light (390-470 nm) and green light (540-560 nm) that are sequentially provided from a light source instead of ordinary white light through an endoscope to the mucosa. Since the vital organs including the digestive tracts contain certain biomolecules that act as endogeneous fluorophores, they emit natural tissue fluorescence i.e., autofluorescence by the excitation light. The autofluorescence is too weak to be detected by naked eyes of a human being. However, AFI captures it with a high sensitivity charged coupled device (CCD) at the tip of the endoscope and processes real-time pseudocolor images by computation on a video screen. Although the fluorophres exist in both mucosa and submucosa, collagen in the submucosa discharges strong autofluorescence in the green region light. AFI represents difference of autofluorescence property, which is mainly determined by intensity, as color difference, so areas with strong autofluorescence appear bright green and areas with weak autofluorescence appear purple or greenish purple in the images. In the AFI images, normal mucosa in the digestive tract looks green, whereas that in the gastric fundus looks purple. The reason why the gastric body shows unique color is probably because thick fundic mucosa, that has proper gastric function such as acid secretion, reduces autofluorescence from the submucosa. In patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis, the fundic mucosa becomes thin, and thus the atrophic mucosa looks green similar to the intestinal mucosa. 1 For a tumor in the digestive tract, it basically appears as a purple area in the green mucosa by AFI because autofluoresce is reduced at tumor. Most of the gastric tumors show similar pattern to tumors in other digestive tract, but some of the tumors look different, green in the AFI images. Our data suggested that tumor color in AFI images has the strongest association with morphology but not with histology. 2

Fluorescence video dermatoscope

This paper describes a fluorescence video dermatoscope intended for the diagnosis of skin diseases. It is a compact hand-held device with a built-in LED illuminator and a color RGB television camera with progressive scanning and digital output. The video signals are recorded and processed by computer. The observation is carried out in the light of intrinsic or secondary fluorescence, as well as in ordinary white light. The device makes it possible to quantitatively estimate the brightness and color features of the patient's skin. Examples are given of the use of the device in medical practice.

Influence of Added Astaxanthin Level and Color on Flavor of Pastes of Rainbow Trout

The feasibility of adding astaxanthin as a source of red color directly during processing of rainbow trout pastes was evaluated. The effect of red coloration and astaxanthin concentration (< 35 mg kg-1) on salmon flavor intensity was assessed by flavor ranking, paired comparison and duotriotests by a semitrained panel, using ordinary white light and red illumination. Effects of added astaxanthin level were not consistent. Flavor ranking of pastes with five different astaxanthin concentrations indicated a U-shaped relationship between flavor intensity and astaxanthin concentration. Paired comparison in white light indicated highest salmon flavor in pastes without added astaxanthin. A second flavor ranking and duotrio tests indicated no significant effects of astaxanthin content. The results suggest that astaxanthin may be added during processing of pastes without negatively affecting product flavor.

3438 Detection of early gastric cancer by a real-time autofluorescence imaging system.

Aim: In recent years, a light-induced fluorescence endoscopy in the gastrointestinal tract system (LIFE-GI system) has been developed by Xillix Technology Co., Canada and Olympus Optical Co., Japan. This system has already been applied clinically. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of the LIFE-GI system for differentiating early gastric cancer from any other benign lesions. Methods: The LIFE-GI system is based on detecting tissue autofluorescence excited at 437 nm with a mercury lamp and a blue excitation filter. The subjects were 52 patients with 54 lesions (33 with early gastric cancer, 10 with gastric ulcer, 6 with hyperplastic polyp and 5 with erosion). Systemic endoscopic inspection was carried out first with ordinary white light endoscopy, followed by autofluorescence endoscopic observation. All procedures were documented with video and still images. After obtaining the LIFE image, biopsy samples were taken from the abnormal areas, as well as from adjacent normal mucosa. In addition, the LIFE image of gastric cancer was compared with the histology in the resected specimens. Results: The relationship between the autofluorescence image and the histology revealed that 21 of 33 carcinomas appeared dark red, 10 appeared mixed pattern with dark red and white fluorescence, and the remaining two could not be detected. Furthermore, the cancer extension recognized by this system corresponded well to that confirmed by the histology in 85% (28/33). On the other hand, 18 of 21 benign lesions appeared light blue similar to normal mucosa, while the others' showed reddish color. The sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 86%, respectively. Conclusion: The real-time autofluorescence endoscopy is a promising system for the detection or assessment of the extension of early gastric cancer as an adjunct to ordinary white light endoscopy. This work was supported in a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.