Ordinary Water Research Articles

APPLICATION OF ORGANOMINERAL MELIORANTS IN SOIL RECLAMATION OF AZERBAIJAN

The article is devoted to the implementation of reclamation measures with the use of organomineral meliorants on saline and exposed to varying degrees of salinity soils of the Agdash district. In the experiments conducted, the positive effect of chemical meliorants made on the basis of wood and cane sawdust on saline-saline soils of the Agdash district was investigated. The indicators of the amount of chemical meliorants and the washing rate adopted during the washing season were, respectively, 10 t / ha and 8 thousand m 3 / ha. A comparison of the results obtained with the results of experiments conducted with ordinary water and with the use of drywall revealed that the data obtained during soil washing with chemical meliorants are almost twice as high as the indicators of control variants. The option of washing the soils with the use of chemical meliorants allowed to completely eliminate the salinity of the soils. At the same time, the alkalinity of the soil solution decreased from 8.1 to 7.0-7.1, and the content of the residual amount of gypsum undissolved in water in the soil increased by more than 2 times when compared with the option of washing with ordinary water, which, in turn, has a direct effect on improving the water-physical properties of reclaimed soils and increasing its fertility.

In Praise of the Ordinary: Shifting Knowledge and Practice in the Medical Use of Drinking Water in Italy, 1550-1750.

This article is conceived as a contribution to our increasing appreciation of the importance of water for drinking purposes in early modern culture. By analyzing the medical recommendations contained in the case histories and consultations of three prominent Italian doctors-Epifanio Ferdinando, Francesco Redi, and Francesco Torti-it provides evidence of shifting medical knowledge and practice in the use of drinking water. It traces how, as the medical philosophies shifted, so too did the medical use of drinking water, as both aliment (part of a healthy and healing diet) and medicament (part of therapy to treat specific diseases). The most significant finding regards the increasing appreciation and enthusiasm for the health benefits of drinking ordinary local waters, from the mid-seventeenth century. Any ordinary local water would do-as long as it was pure, of good quality, and reputable-overturning a long-standing hierarchy of waters inherited from the ancient world.

Evaluation of Anxiety and Locomotor Behaviour in High Salt-Fed Mice Treated with L-Arginine and Losartan

Salt consumption above dietary guidelines is detrimental to health, it causes impaired cognitive, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative functions. This study aimed at evaluating anxiety and locomotor behaviour in high salt-fed mice treated with L-arginine and losartan. Forty (40) mice weighing between 27-37g were categorized into four (4) parts of ten (10) members. Group I (Control) was served ordinary mice chow and water, group II was given 8% sodium chloride in chow and 1% NaCl in drinkable water (High Salt Diet), group III was given same diet as group II in addition to L-arginine on the 43rd day, group IV was given same as group II in addition to Losartan on the 43rd day. L-arginine and losartan administration lasted for 14 days. The total duration for drug administration and feeding lasted for one month and three weeks. Light-Dark Transition Box (LDTB) and Elevated+ Maze (EPM) were used to assess anxiety and locomotor behaviour. The results showed a significant (p<0.001) decrease in line crossing, transition frequency, and light box duration, with a corresponding significant (p<0.001) increase in stretch attend posture, grooming frequency duration, close arm entry, dark box duration frequency in the high salt fed group compared with the control. Both L-arginine and Losartan significantly (p<0.001) reversed these changes towards normal. Thus, a high salt diet is implicated in increased anxiety, whereas L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, and losartan, an ACE blocker reduced anxiety which in turn improves locomotor behaviour in the mice.

Techno-economic feasibility assessment of a photovoltaic water heating storage system for self-consumption improvement purposes

Photovoltaic excess energy export to the grid starts to be a common issue among residential grid-tied PV systems. Its impact is more significant when the feed-in tariffs are not available (Moroccan case) or if they are far from competition. Load shifting, batteries and thermal energy storage all have the potential to diminish the excess energy sent to the grid. However, the water heating strategy has received little literature attention so far. In this study, we seek to assess the techno-economic feasibility of using the PV excess energy in a hot water storage tank by means of a diverter as the main water heating system for a bioclimatic building. The excess energy of a 2kWp grid-tied PV system has been monitored for one year with a 1-min time resolution. The data is used within a TRNSYS numerical simulation for the city of Marrakesh, Morocco. In comparison to an ordinary solar thermal water heating (STWH) system, the results of the simulation revealed that both systems maintain the setpoint temperature using practically the same amount of auxiliary energy. Additionally, a 52.23 % relative improvement to the self-consumption rate has been obtained by integrating a PV water heater (PVWH). The Levelized Cost of Energy found to be 33 % lower for the PVWH compared to that of the STWH solution, evaluated at 0.06 and 0.09 $/kWh respectively. In addition, PVWH's Payback Time period was four years, while that of the STWH was six years. Ultimately, the Net Present Value was significantly higher for the PVWH (1840.28 $) than for the STWH (1008.8 $).

Применение обработанной плазмой воды для подготовки семян хвойных пород к посеву

The article discusses the accelerated cultivation of quality planting material using the method of seed preparation by soaking in water treated in low-temperature plasma discharge. The most promising planting material are seedlings with closed root system. They are grown from improved seed grain in optimal conditions of greenhouses. Among various methods of stimulating germination of the seed germ, it is of interest to influence it with “cold” plasma. With the help of a specially designed device, which allows to treat water with lowtemperature plasma discharge, plasma-treated water for soaking seeds was obtained. The time of water treatment varied from 1 to 4 min. Water activated by plasma had acidity indicators other than those of ordinary water. The time of acidity level restoration was from 2 to 4 days. Germination rates and germination energy were obtained for seeds of Pinus silvestrys and Picea abies soaked in water with different duration of plasma treatment. When seeds were soaked in water treated with plasma for 1, 2 and 4 min, germination energy increased by 20–31 % for pine and by 6–18 % for spruce compared to the control (soaking in distilled water). Technical germination of pine seeds increased by 11–21 %, for spruce by 3–16 %. The results of research show changes in the structure and composition of the nutrient substance of the seed, in the structure of the germ and the degree of its development. Analysis of the chemical composition of seed endosperm a day after soaking relative to dry seeds showed an increase in its carbon content by 2–3 % and a decrease in oxygen by 1 %; potassium – by 0.5 %. When seeds were soaked in distilled water, the content of phosphorus in the endosperm decreased by 0.15 %, and the content of sodium – by 0.2 %. For seeds soaked in plasma treated water, phosphorus content decreased by 0.21–0.22 % and sodium content was not observed. Soaking seeds in plasma-treated water stimulates the processes of their preparation for germination and differentiation of germ tissues (formation of seed pods), compared to seeds soaked in water. For citation: Gavrilova O.I., Gostev K.V. Use of Plasma-treated Water to Prepare Seeds of Coniferous Species for Sowing. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 204–211. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-204-211

Impact Of Oxygen Levels In Beverages On The Acceleration Of Pulse Rate Reduction After Physical Activity

This study examines the effect of drinking water with oxygen levels to decrease the pulse rate after physical activity in students of Physical Education Health and Recreation. The research method used is experimental research with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Two groups were formed: a control group and an experimental group of 20 UNUGIRI Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program students. Sampling is done randomly (Random Sampling). The pulse rate is measured before and after running for 20 minutes. The results of the analysis showed a significant difference between the provision of oxygenated drinking water (experimental group) and ordinary drinking water (control group) on the acceleration of pulse rate reduction after running activities. The significance value obtained was 0.057, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. The average pulse of the experimental group was 89.44, while the average pulse of the control group was 98.33. The administration of drinking water with an oxygen content has a positive effect on the decrease in the pulse rate after physical exertion. Subjects who consumed oxygenated drinking water after a 20-minute run had a faster pulse rate decrease than those who consumed only plain water. The conclusion of this study shows that the provision of oxygenated drinking water positively affects the decrease in pulse rate after physical activity in health and Recreation physical education students. Oxygenated drinking water can be an effective alternative to accelerate pulse recovery after intense physical exertion. This research provides a better understanding of the benefits of oxygenated drinking water in maintaining health and accelerating physical recovery after sports activities

Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of serum exosomes in mice with thoracic aortic aneurysm

ObjectiveThoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. However, the causes and mechanisms of TAA are not fully understood. Serum exosomes from mice with TAA were used to explore the markers associated with this disease.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups and given ordinary drinking water, ordinary drinking water plus a saline osmotic pump, or drinking water containing β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) (1 g/kg/d) plus an angiotensin II (Ang II) (1 μg/kg/min) osmotic pump. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of thoracic aortic tissues was performed. The basic characteristics of exosomes were analysed. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by LC‒MS/MS. Protein‒protein networks and enrichment analysis were used to explore possible molecular mechanisms.ResultsThe present study elucidated the protein expression profile of serum exosomes in mice with TAA induced by BAPN combined with Ang II. In this work, the expression of a total of 196 proteins was significantly dysregulated in serum exosomes of mice with TAA, with 122 proteins significantly upregulated and 74 proteins markedly downregulated. Notably, Haptoglobin (Hp) and Serum amyloid p-component (Sap) identified based on the PPI network were significantly upregulated and have been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease. Interestingly, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the upregulated and downregulated proteins were involved in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways.ConclusionsThis study showed that the identified DEPs have potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis of TAA and provided a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TAA.

Numerical study of the flow and heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change slurry

ABSTRACT Microencapsulated phase change material (MPC) slurry is created by combining phase change material with a carrier fluid that has superior heat transfer properties compared to ordinary water. MPC slurry is conventionally investigated as heat storage and working fluid in a variety of applications to reduce power consumption. This study numerically investigates the impact of several critical parameters on the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of MPC slurry in a circular pipe, using Eulerian–Eulerian model. The right triangle curve, one of equivalent specific heat model (ESHM), was applied to evaluate the influence of different critical variable values specified as T in = 305 K, q wall = −125~−200 kW/m2, α v = 0~15%, Re = 6290~13838, and D = 10~25 mm. The results show that increasing the velocity develops local HTC and reduce the rate of heat transformation. Phase change processing takes roughly twice as long at 1.1 m/s as at 0.5 m/s. Additionally, the results demonstrate that a high concentration of MPC slurry is advantageous for energy storage, as the temperature of MPC slurry is maintained over a considerable distance in cooling conditions. At a velocity of 0.8 m/s, the outlet bulk temperature of MPC slurry at various concentrations is 2–6 K higher than that of water. Furthermore, the evaluation reveals that the HTC was largely determined by pipe size, which was the primary factor. The findings of this study are useful for optimizing energy systems that require thermal energy management.

Development of imine-azo-dyes derived from vanillin and salicylaldehyde for pH-sensing in smart packaging

Purpose This study aims to describe the design and synthesis of two novel azo and imine chromophores-based dyes derived from two different aldehydes with intramolecular colour matching that are pH sensitive. Design/methodology/approach The visible absorption wavelength (λmax) was extended when azo chromophore was included in imine-based systems. The dyed patterns created sophisticated colour-changing paper packaging sensors with pH-sensitive chromophores using alum as a mediator or mordant. Due to the tight adhesive bonding, the dyes on paper’s cellulose fibres could not be removed by ordinary water even at extremely high or low pH, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The dyed patterns demonstrated an evident, sensitive and fast colour-changing mechanism with varying pH, from pale yellow to red for Dye-I and from pale yellow to brown-violet for Dye-II. Findings The λmax for colour changing was recorded from 400 to 490 nm for Dye-I, whereas from 400 to 520 for Dye-II. The freshness judgement of food was checked using actual experiments with cooked crab spoilage, where the cooked crab was incubated at 37 oC for 6 h to see the noticeable colour change from yellow to brown-violet with Dye-II. The colour-changing mechanism was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra at different pH, and thin layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and FTIR spectroscopy studied the desired structure formation of the dyes. Potential uses for smart packaging sensors include quickly detecting food freshness during transportation or right before consumption. Originality/value 1. Two novel azo-imine dyes have been synthesized with a pH-responsive effect. 2. The pH-responsive mechanism was studied. 3. The study was supported by computational chemistry using density functional theory. 4. The obtained dyes were used to make pH-responsive sensors for seafood packaging to judge the freshness.

Comparison of contamination levels and health risks of toxic metals in raw and home-cooked rice; A field study on some rural households of Northern Iran

To date, the majority of studies have assessed the health risks of toxic metals (TMs) in raw rice and/or in rice that is cooked in the laboratory under controlled conditions. However, people usually consume rice that is cooked in metallic cookware using ordinary cooking water and various additives. Therefore, this study focused on the contamination levels of TMs in raw rice and rice cooked under real conditions by the rural households of northern Iran. The levels of As and Cd in the cooking water used in rural households were negligible. The As levels in raw and cooked rice were 257 ± 134 and 243 ± 28 μg/kg, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were 8.54 ± 6.94 and 8.64 ± 3.18 μg/kg, respectively. Probabilistic health risk assessment showed unacceptable health risks for the As contamination of both raw and home-cooked rice but with different probability distributions. Overall, this study showed that the cooking water with low TMs levels was not sufficient for the significant reduction of these contaminants in rice during home cooking. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the TMs levels in home-cooked rice, instead of raw and/or artificially cooked rice, for a more realistic assessment of attributed health risks to the general public.

Removal of pesticides from fresh-cut Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis L.) by sequential multi-frequency ultrasound cleaning treatments

Pesticides may remain on the surface of fresh produce due to inappropriate and inadequate cleaning. In view of the public health significance of pesticide residues in fresh produce and the long-term effects of low dose exposure of these pesticides, decontamination procedures are needed for ready-to-eat foods, especially vegetables. Ultrasound cleaning is considered to be an effective environmentally-friendly decontamination process which is unique in its ability to remove pesticides compared to other conventional methods. The reduction of dimethoate and diazinon residues from fresh Chinese cabbage by sequential multi-frequency ultrasound cleaning treatments was investigated in this study to ascertain the levels of reduction after cleaning. The ultrasonic treatment has higher efficiency on the removal of these organophosphorus pesticides compared to ordinary water cleaning. The removal rates of ultrasonic cleaning treatments for dimethoate and diazinon residues were in the range of 20.10–72.42% and 29.60–77.37% compared to the ordinary water cleaning with 13.24–19.89% and 17.32–24.16% respectively. In addition, quality parameters for the leaves treated were also assessed. The physical impairment and vitamin C loss increased with the increase in ultrasonic frequency combination and cleaning time. Application of triple frequency ultrasound and extended washing time resulted in high dimethoate (>70%) and diazinon reduction (>75%) alongside slight perceptible darkening in colour of the leaves. The use of multi-frequency ultrasound in sequential mode is an effective technique for the removal of pesticide residues from leafy vegetables. However, ultrasonic operating conditions should be considered to maintain product quality.

Pengaruh Penambahan Gula Pasir Terhadap Kuat Lentur Beton Dengan Perendaman Air Laut

Innovations in concrete design continue to be made to obtain maximum strength. The granulated sugar can be an added ingredient that functions to inhibit the concrete setting time so it doesn't dry out too quickly. Use to delay concrete setting time (setting time) for example with hot weather conditions, or extend compaction time to avoid cold joints and avoid the impact of settlement when fresh concrete is carried out at the time of casting. As for the curing experiment/treatment of the concrete by immersion in seawater to find out how construction buildings on the seaside affect construction such as bridge abutments, pile caps or buildings on the coast that are submerged or exposed to sea water whether there is a decrease in the quality of making concrete blocks. The experiment was carried out by adding a variety of granulated sugar to the concrete mixture of 50 grams (2% by weight of water), 70 grams (3% by weight of water) and 100 grams (4% by weight of water) then all the samples were immersed in sea water. Based on the results of the flexural strength test of concrete after 28 days of age, the highest test results obtained for the flexural strength of concrete were the addition of 100 grams of granulated sugar worth 3.00 MPa for the second was the addition of 50 grams of granulated sugar worth 0.515 MPa and for the third was the addition of sugar sand 70 grams 0.454 Mpa. This composition cannot be said to have decreased due to immersion in sea water, because there is no proven comparison with immersion using ordinary water.

The importance of soil and water for increasing the strength of ceramic products

The article presents data reflecting the physicochemical and physical and mechanical properties of the soil used as a raw material for the production of brick products. The authors describe the data reflecting the fundamental difference between electro activated water underlying the proposed technological method, compared with ordinary water. When analysing the results of studying the chemical composition of the soil, the average value of the hydrogen index, which is a soil solution, corresponds to 7.6, and the average amount of acid anions and the average amount of basic ion-cations composition is compared with the average amount of basic ion-cations (6.48: 2.7) turned out to be 2.4 times more. The authors make the conclusion that the soil reserve used for production is acidic.

Mathematical modelling of the process of drying rosehips

The article analyzes the process of drying rose hips found in the mountainous regions of Uzbekistan. Since rose hips are considered one of the main medicines, it is important to dry them while retaining their antioxidant properties. The blanching technology was applied in a convective dryer for drying while maintaining the antioxidant properties of the object. In the blanching process, a solution of ordinary water and citric acid was used. 1 and 1.5% solution of citric acid were picked up. Rosehips were dried until 16% moisture remained. Laboratory analyses was carried out on dried rose hips. The free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl was used to determine the antioxidant properties of the samples. In a laboratory study the antioxidant properties of dried rose hips blanched in a 1.5% citric acid solution remained at a high level. This revealed 190 µl of rose hips, 155 µl of its seeds, 185 µl of its water extract and 195 µl of its alcoholic extract. A mathematical model of a sample with a high level of antioxidant activity in rose hips has been developed.

The influence of plasma-treated water on the germination of agricultural seeds

The article deals with the issues of accelerated seed germination by using the method of seed preparation by soaking in plasma-activated water. With different methods of stimulating the germination of the seed embryo, the effect of "cold" plasma on it is considered the most promising. Plasma-treated water (OPV) was obtained using a specially designed apparatus for influencing water with a high frequency and power current. The water treatment time was 2 and 4 minutes. First, the plasma-activated water had different acidity indicators from ordinary water. The recovery of the OPV acidity level was from 2 to 4 days. Seeds large and small (less than 5 mm) reacted differently to soaking in water treated in low-temperature plasma. For crops with seeds less than 5 mm long, water treated for 2 minutes in a 50% concentration can be offered for soaking. Some fungicidal effect of water treated with plasma was revealed. The seeds soaked in water treated for 4 minutes were least damaged by mold fungi. The most severe damage by fungi was caused by wheat and quinoa seeds.

Minor species in Venus’ night side troposphere as observed by VIRTIS-H/Venus Express

The 2.3μm spectral window has been used to constrain the composition of the lower atmosphere (in the 30–40 km altitude range) on the night side of Venus for more than thirty years. Here, we present a follow-up study of Marcq et al. (2008), but using the full VIRTIS-H/Venus Express data archive as well as an updated radiative transfer forward model. We are able to confirm a latitudinal increase of CO of about 30% between 0° and 60°N, as well as an anti-correlated vertical shift of OCS profile by about −1km in the same latitude range. Both variations are about twice smaller in the southern hemisphere. Correlations of low latitude CO and OCS variations with zonally shifted surface elevation is tentatively found. These results are consistent with CO and OCS variations resulting from the competition between local thermochemistry and a Hadley-cell-like general circulation, albeit influenced by the orography. Finally, no evidence for spatial variations of water vapor (combined H2O and HDO) or sulfur dioxide could be evidenced in this data set; better constraining possible variations of these species would require future missions to include infrared spectrometers operating at a spectral resolving power higher than ∼104, such as VenSpec-H onboard EnVision. *Plain Language Summary Remotely measuring the composition of the Venusian atmosphere below the clouds is challenging, yet yields invaluable insights about the atmospheric chemistry, circulation and interaction with the surface and interior of the planet. The VIRTIS-H instrument on board ESA’s Venus Express orbiter (2006–2014) provides a rich data set in this regard, thanks to its ability to observe and analyze, on the night side of the planet, the infrared radiation emitted by the deep atmospheric layers. The results of our analyses confirm the previously observed trends for the variations of two trace gases (carbon monoxide and carbonyl sulfide) with latitude, explained by the combined effects of chemical reactions and transport by the atmospheric circulation. Variations of carbon monoxide may also be linked to the variations of ground elevation, confirming the link between surface topography and atmospheric circulation. However, we were unable to separate the signature of heavy water vapor from ordinary water vapor or to detect any variations in sulfur dioxide, both of which require more powerful infrared instruments such as those planned on future Venus orbiters such as ESA’s EnVision.

Development of different alkaline electrolysed water on early-strength enhancement and hydration acceleration of cement-based materials

The influence of three alkaline electrolysed water including the potassium-based electrolysed water (KEW), sodium-based electrolysed water (NEW), and electrolytic tap water (ETW) on enhancing the early-strength and hydration behavior of cement composites was investigated in this study. The results indicated that different alkaline electrolysed water all can improve the workability and strength of cement composites to some extent. The 28-d compressive strength of KEW, NEW and ETW mortar increased by 7.1%, 7.7% and 2.1% respectively than to that of ordinary tap water mortar, the hydration process of KEW and NEW pastes hydration was both accelerated to produce more hydration heat and hydration products, making the microstructure of paste more compact. In contrast, the effect of ETW on the hydration behavior of paste was not noticeable as comparison to that of ordinary tap water paste, which may be related to its low OH– concentration and ionic activity due to the lack of positively charged metal ions.

Efficient use of land areas created by lowering the level of the Caspian sea

The reasons for the change in the level of the Caspian Sea, predictions of the level change, comparisons, analysis of soil samples taken from the coastal area 35 m away from the sea for use in the analysis of the lands caused by the lowering of the sea level were carried out. Separated areas were washed with mixed proportions of domestic sewage, seawater + domestic sewage and seawater + domestic sewage + ordinary (fresh) water. After washing in those areas, the salt content of the soil was studied. Plants of the same name were planted in both areas and watered with the mentioned washing waters. It has been found that the area irrigated with a mixture of household sewage water + normal water (1:1) can be more productive.

Experimental investigation on the mechanical strength and thermal conductivity of concrete lightened by olive mill solid waste

The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of producing lightweight concrete using olive mill solid waste as Olive Pomace Aggregates (OPA), an agricultural by-product. The use of these co-products as a substitute for natural aggregates, such as natural sand, would create additional economic, social, and environmental value while also facilitating their management and handling. To carry out this research, we took into account our previous understanding of lightweight concrete production, the characteristics of natural aggregates and their potential substitutes, and also explored the potential utilization of OPA as a sustainable building material.The study evaluates the mechanical strength and thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete made with OPA to determine if it can be used as a raw material to produce cementitious materials. The concrete mixtures studied contain OPA as a partial substitute for fine aggregates (natural sand), Ordinary Portland cement, natural gravel, natural sand, and water. The research studies various proportions of sand substitution by OPA, ranging from 0% (reference concrete) to 15% with a step of 5%. The experimental assessment focuses on determining whether the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed lightweight concrete can be improved compared to the reference concrete. The results indicate that the concrete mixture containing 5% OPA achieved the most favorable outcomes. After a maturation period of 28 days, the compressive strength reached 25 MPa, while the density decreased by 5.69% compared to the density of the reference concrete.The concrete containing 5% pf OPA achieves a thermal conductivity of 0.86 W/m.K, resulting in a reduction of approximately 34% compared to the reference concrete.This study demonstrates that using 5% of OPA can be a viable substitute for natural sand in lightweight concrete production, offering benefits in terms of both mechanical and thermal properties. Moreover, the resulting concrete mixture satisfied the minimum strength requirements for structural use as a construction material.

DOUBLE SOLUBILITY OF KEROGEN AND CARBONATES FROM TARFAYA OIL SHALE (MOROCCO) BY POTABLE WATER, DISTILLED WATER OR SEAWATER FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

The solubility of the materials contained in oil shale has often been questioned. Ordinary water coming directly from purification stations or partially distilled water are of primary interest in the energy industry for exploitation or research. Similarly, given that a large proportion of the Tarfaya oil shale is immersed in the Atlantic Ocean, we thought it would be interesting to study the effect of these types of water on the solubility of kerogen under physical conditions of moderate temperature. Ultra-violet and infra-red spectroscopy was used in this work. As the identification energy of the ultraviolet is fairly high compared with the infrared and visible. We were able to follow the evolution of heavy matter from kerogen. The effect of temperature was also highlighted. Spectroscopic identification uses radiation of varying energies depending on the compounds to be detected. For example, for infrared, the energy used to identify substituted unsaturated aliphatic is higher than that used to identify substituted unsaturated monocyclic. As far as our work is concerned, the energy used for identification by UV is sufficiently higher than that for infrared, which means that the compounds to be detected from oil shale can only be heavy hydrocarbons (branched and multisubstituted unsaturated aliphatic chains). Similarly, supercritical fluid extraction using water and other solvents such as toluene is often used to determine the different fractions of organic compounds in oil shale. We are going to use three analytical methods to highlight this solubility in seawater (subsequently the solubility in distilled water), which are ultra-violet spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy and the determination of carbonates (mineral matter) by complexometry.