Ordinary Saline Research Articles

Effect of Intracanal Cryotherapy and Curcuma Longa as a Final Irrigant in Reducing Post Operative Pain: An In-Vivo Study

ABSTRACT Aim: The point of search of present study was to assess intracanal viability of cold saline, curcumin as an irrigant, and ordinary saline as last irrigant in lessening post endodontic torment. Material and Method: In total, 60 individuals were chosen and divided into 3 groups: Group I: intracanal cryotherapy using 2.5°C cold saline, Group II: curcumin irrigant, and Group III: ordinary saline. After the biomechanical preparation, the above mentioned irrigant was used. On the visual analogue scale, participants were asked to rank the intensity of their discomfort following the procedure before, after 6 h and 24 h after the procedure. The outcomes were dissected utilizing ANOVA test. Result: Both the regimens were successful in reducing post endodontic soreness associated with infected teeth. Conclusion: Curcumin and cryotherapy both the regimens were successful in lessening post endodontic torment.

The Efficacy of Daily Administration of Nebulized Heparin on the Prevention of Endotracheal Tube Blockage in Patients With Pneumonia.

Nosocomial infections pose a significant public health concern, impacting over 100 million people worldwide annually. Within this research, we investigated heparin nebulization through the endotracheal tube and its effect on preventing blockage due to clots and mucus plugs compared to normal saline. A double-blind clinical experiment was done on a cohort of 40 pneumonia patients who were intubated and hospitalized in theintensive care unit (ICU) at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. The individuals were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 patients using a random allocation technique. The initial cohort was administered 5000 IU of heparin diluted in 4 ccs of 0.9% normal saline every eight hours via a nebulizer through a tracheal tube. In contrast, the second cohort was given 5 ccs of normal saline as a nebulizer through a tracheal tube. The study compared the incidence of tracheal tube obstruction caused by mucus plug or clot, the occurrence of patient hypoxia resulting in emergency tracheal tube replacement, and the frequency of emergency tracheal tube suction due to partial obstruction caused by mucus plug in both the heparin and saline groups. According to our data, the number of patients in the heparin group who could avoid the need for emergency tracheal tube replacement owing to blockage was more significant than in the ordinary saline group (P=0.013). Heparin was significantly correlated with the number of times emergency suction was required to remove a tracheal tube occlusion (P=0.01). Heparin had no significant effect on coagulation factors (international normalized ratio [INR], platelet[PLT], and partial thromboplastin time [PTT]), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score, pneumonia severity index (PSI), saturation of patients, or tracheal tube secretions. There was no statistically significant difference in total time spent in the intensive care unit (P=0.91). Further studies are suggested to determine the effect of heparin nebulization on preventing endotracheal tube obstruction due to clots and mucus plugs in intubated ICU patients.

Histopathological evaluation of docetaxel effects in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis induced in rat model

Rheumatoid arthritis is an immune-mediated condition that affects synovial joints. Synovial tissue, cartilage, bone, and less frequently extra-articular structures which in turn experience
 inflammatory changes. Paclitaxel's semi-synthetic equivalent, docetaxel, is an anti-neoplastic drug. Methotrexate is a treatment for early RA and may have a mildly negative impact on peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 fluorescence test. However, 30% of patients fail to complete treatment within the first year due to resistance or side effects. The synovial membrane of Rheumatoid arthritis patient infiltrated with macrophages and neutrophils that express peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 which their effect in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis lies in the generation of citrullinated neoepitopes that are Anti cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies-targeted.
 The purpose of this study: was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of docetaxel and methotrexate on the joint structure.
 Methods: Five groups of eight rats were formed from the 40 male Wister rats. Complete Freund’s adjuvant was injected subcutaneously into rats to induce the disease. The first group is control group which was the only group consists of (healthy untreated) rats. Second group was received complete Freund’s adjuvant. 0.5ml of ordinary saline was intraperitoneally administered to both the control and induction groups. Based on a preliminary experiment, the third group was given intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg/on alternative day docetaxel. The fourth group was given intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg/week of Methotrexate. Fifth group was given a half dose of both Methotrexate and docetaxel concurrently. Arthritis index was measured and Knee joint was histopathological examined.
 Results: significant Arthritis Index decrease in docetaxel group (p≤0.05). Significant lowering Histometric scoring (p≤0.05) in docetaxel, and Methotrexate group (cellular hyperplasia, formation of granulation tissue, infiltration of leukocytes, destroying of cartilage and intensity of erosion & Articular cartilage thickness) level in rats induced arthritis. Conclusion: This study showed that docetaxel may have anti-arthritic effects through their significant lowering Histometric scoring(p≤0.05).

Compare the Frequency of Surgical Site Infections Following Irrigation of Appendectomy Wounds with Sterile Saline Solution Vs Imipenem Solution

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of surgical site infection following appendectomy wound irrigation with imipenem solution versus ordinary saline solution. Study Design: Randomized/ Prospective study Place and Duration: This prospective randomized study was conducted at Department of Surgery, Jinnah International Hospital, Abbottabad and MTI Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar in the period from 01 July, 2022 to 31 December, 2022. Methods: Total 106 patients of acute appendicitis who underwent for appendectomy were included. After getting informed written consent detailed demographics of enrolled cases were recorded. Patients were categorized in two groups. Fifty-three cases of group I received imipenem solution at closure of wound and group II was irrigated with saline solution in fifty three cases. Patients were followed for surgical site infection and the development of deep abscesses after surgery. Results: In all there were majority 63 (59.4%) males and 43 (40.6%) females. Patients mean age in group I was 26.7±3.43 years and had mean BMI 22.15±11.23 kg/m2 while in group II mean age was 25.16±6.39 years with mean BMI 21.14±16.44 kg/m2. Frequency of catarrhal inflammation was 47 (88.7%) in group I and 44 (83.02%) in group II followed by perforated appendix and gangrenous appendix. Frequency of SSI in group I was lower found in 4 (7.5%) as compared to group II in 8 (15.1%) cases with p value <0.005. There was no any significant difference observed in abscess formation among both groups Conclusion: In this study, we came to the conclusion that irrigation with imipenem solution can aid to lessen wound infection following appendectomy. It is simple to do and can lower medical expenses as well as patients' suffering from infections. Keywords: Wound irrigation with saline, Imipenem solution, Appendectomy wound infection

A competitive study of topical sucralfate and ordinary saline for diabetic ulcer dressing

Aim: The aim of this study to compare the topical sucralfate and ordinary saline for diabetic ulcer dressing.Materials and method: Of the 100 patients, 50 received traditional normal saline dressings and the other 50 received sucralfate dressings. Both groups used pressure relief from the affected area but no antibiotics. Both groups received once-daily dressings. The patients were followed up on a daily basis for 3 weeks in both groups. Results: Thirty percent of the patients had ulcers on the dorsal surface of the forefoot, and ten percent had ulcers on the medial malleoli. In conventional normal saline dressings, about 50% of the patients had ulcers on the plantar aspect and about 10% on the lateral malleoli, and 28% of the patients had ulcers on the dorsal surface of the forefoot and 20% had ulcers on the medial malleoli. In Sucralfate dressing, approximately 46% of the plantar aspect and approximately 6% of the lateral malleoli are affected. Dressing with sucralfate. In the Sucralfate dressing, 88% of patients had a negative culture. whereas 98% of patients receiving conventional normal saline dressings had a positive culture. Diabetic ulcers in the Sucralfate dressing had a better mean percentage reduction of area of 43.59±7.81 when compared to the Conventional normal saline dressings, which had a mean percentage reduction of area of 21.85±5.84 when the two groups were studied using an independent sample. The T-test was found to be statistically significant (P 0.0001). Conclusion: Sucralfate dressing is an efficient modality for facilitating wound area reduction in diabetic foot ulcer patients, and it can be used as an adjunct to conventional treatment (conventional dressings and debridement) for faster and better healing of diabetic ulcers. The wounds in the sucralfate dressing group contracted more than the wounds in the ordinary saline group

Pycnogenol a promising remedy for diabetic keratopathy in experimentally induced corneal alkali burns in diabetic rats

AimThis study aimed to investigate the efficiency of topically applied pycnogenol (PYC) in healing the standardized alkaline corneal ulcer in diabetic and normal rats.Materials and methodsThe corneal alkali-burn injury (CA-I) model was unilaterally developed in Wistar rats by filter paper saturated with 0.01 M of NaOH and touching the eyes for 45 s. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal control (NC), normal PYC (NPYC), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic PYC (DPYC). Both NPYC and DPYC groups were daily treated with PY eye drops three times, whereas NC and DC ones were treated with ordinary saline for six successive days.ResultsThe wound healing of corneal epithelial was improved in the NPYC group compared to the NC group. Meanwhile, it was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the DPYC group than in the DC group. Histological examination revealed that corneal re-epithelialization was more accomplished in the DPYC group than in the DC group. In addition, the inflammatory cells were augmented in the DC group more than those in the DPYC one.ConclusionThe findings obtained revealed the efficiency of PYC for enhancing the corneal re-epithelialization and reducing the inflammatory reaction post alkali burn in rats, and thus it could be beneficially valuable as a treatment for the diabetic keratopathy.

The protective effects of apocynin in hyperoxic lung injury in neonatal rats.

Inflammation and oxidate stress are significant factors in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of apocynin (APO), an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic drug, in the prophylaxis of neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. This experimental study included 40 neonatal rats divided into the control, APO, BPD, and BPD + APO groups. The control and APO groups were kept in a normal room environment, while the BPD and BPD + APO groups were kept in a hyperoxic environment. The rats in the APO and BPD + APO groups were administered intraperitoneal APO, while the control and BPD rats were administered ordinary saline. At the end of the trial, lung tissue was evaluated with respect to the degree of histopathological injury, apoptosis, oxidant and antioxidant capacity, and severity of inflammation. The BPD and BPD + APO groups exhibited higher mean histopathological injury and alveolar macrophage scores compared to the control and APO groups. Both scores were lower in the BPD + APO group in comparison to the BPD group. The BPD + APO group had a significantly lower average of TUNEL positive cells than the BPD group. The lung tissue examination indicated significantly higher levels of mean malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the BPD group compared to the control and APO groups. While the TNF-α and IL-1β levels of the BPD + APO group were similar to that of the control group, the MDA and TOS levels were higher compared to the controls and lower compared to the BPD group. The BPD group demonstrated significantly lower levels/activities of mean total antioxidant status, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in comparison to the control and APO groups. While the mean antioxidant enzyme activity of the BPD + APO group was lower than the control group, it was significantly higher compared to the BPD group. This is the first study in the literature to reveal through an experimental neonatal hyperoxic lung injury that APO, an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic drug, exhibits protective properties against the development of BPD.

Perioperative Assessment and Management of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Foundation: Obstructive rest apnea (OSA) is a disorder portrayed by intermittent, fractional, or complete impediment in the upper aviation route during rest. The point of this survey article was to feature obstructive rest apnea as a perioperative danger factor expanding bleakness and mortality in current surgeries with appropriate evaluation and the executives of this danger factor. This is a survey article, The hunt was acted in MEDLINE, Embase, Pubmed and CINAHL Plus in a similar date range with the accompanying mediacl terms: Perioperative; Assessment; Obstructive; Sleep; Apnea, including articles from 2000 to 2020, Excluded articles from audit are those of langauge other than English. Patients with realized OSA ought to be surveyed for the seriousness and ampleness of the executives. End: general administration systems incorporate semi-upstanding or upstanding situating, narcotic saving pain relieving strategies, and evasion of simultaneous organization of tranquilizers. A prohibitive or objective coordinated procedure for perioperative liquid treatment utilizing liquids with moderately lower salt substance (ie, Ringer's Lactate or Plasmalyte instead of ordinary saline) is liked to stay away from rostral liquid movements in the neck. In postoperative patients with a known conclusion of OSA who are dealt with preoperatively with noninvasive positive aviation route pressure (PAP), it is recommended the standard utilization of PAP treatment instead of no PAP. In those without an analysis of OSA or in the individuals who have a conclusion however are resistant or beforehand narrow minded with treatment preoperatively, PAP ought to be applied distinctly in the individuals who show postoperative times of hypoxemia, deterrent, apnea, or hypoventilation instead of the standard organization of PAP.

Attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in adult patients with a single intravenous bolus dose of dexmedetomidine - A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study

Background: Performing laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation evokes a reflex circulatory response, which results in an increase in the blood pressure and heart rate (HR) and causes arrhythmia due to increased outflow from the sympatho-adrenal axis. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single bolus dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight dexmedetomidine, a centrally acting α-2 agonist, through intravenous route, in attenuating the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: It was a randomized, prospective, two fold-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical study. After obtaining Ethical Committee clearance, 100 adult patients in the age group of 18–50 years were enrolled. Blood pressure of the patients enrolled was within the normal range and they were posted for various elective surgeries. Categorization was performed with the American Society of Anaesthesiologists and Mallampatti as Class I and II Grade I and II, respectively. The patients were randomly distributed into two groups, Group A and Group B. Group A included 50 patients (n = 50) and was treated with 1 ml/kg of normal saline intravenously for about 10 min and 10 min before the induction. Group B included 50 patients (n = 50) and was treated with dexmedetomidine 1 ml/kg (0.6 μg/kg body weight), which was further diluted in 100 ml ordinary saline and given intravenously, for about 10 min and 10 min before the induction. After premedication, anesthesia was induced with injection thiopentone 5 mg/kg body weight and was given until the loss of eyelash reflex. Dose of thiopentone required was noted. It was followed by injection succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg body weight. HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were the various parameters for analysis and recorded at regular time intervals. Results: Initiation of laryngoscopy and intubation resulted in significant rise in the HR (36.14 bpm), SBP (29.22 mmHg), DBP (20.30 mmHg), and MAP (14.46 mmHg) in patients who were grouped under Group A. In Group B (dexmedetomidine), mean of HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP decreased by 2.86 bpm, 17.66 mmHg, 1.54 mmHg, and 4.98 mmHg, respectively, when compared to basal values which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine, at the dose of 0.6 μg/kg body weight when given intravenously 10 min before induction was noted to efficiently reduce the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

Evolution of hydrogen sulfide in sour saline aquifers during carbon dioxide sequestration

Many deep saline aquifers suitable for carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration contain measurable concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S). These aquifers are described here as sour saline aquifers and the other ones as ordinary saline aquifers. Sour saline aquifers occur wherever even minor amounts of anhydrite or other sulfate sources are present in the formation. In this paper, compositional modeling of CO 2 injection into such aquifers is studied. When CO 2 is injected into a sour saline aquifer, the H 2S initially dissolved in the brine will be exsolved and released into an expanding CO 2 plume. At any time after the start of CO 2 injection, the region swept by the plume consists of two sub-regions. The first of these is an inner sub-region extending from the injection well, and is characterized by the absence of H 2S in both aqueous and gaseous phases. The dissolved H 2S in this inner sub-region is nearly completely removed from the brine via an exsolution process. The second sub-region extends from the outer edge of the inner sub-region to the leading edge of the plume. In this outer sub-region, the mole fraction of H 2S in the gas plume gradually increases toward the leading edge and reaches a peak value. While the gas plume is expanding the size of the outer sub-region enlarges. Following the discussion of these phenomena, in the next part of the paper, injection of acid gases (mixtures of H 2S and CO 2) into sour saline aquifers and ordinary saline aquifers is explored. In contrast to sour aquifers, unsaturated water in an ordinary aquifer will strip away H 2S from the CO 2 stream and consequently the mole fraction of H 2S toward the gas front decreases. The highly toxic nature of H 2S gas suggests the need to account for dissolved H 2S in sour saline aquifers when establishing risk assessment, monitoring, and management strategies at CO 2 storage sites.

Liver resection using a water jet.

The water-jet method has been used during hepatic resection. The instrument cuts the hepatic tissue with the high pressure of the fine water flow, while the exposed elastic intrahepatic vessels are spared injury. A comparative study on the water-jet method with the previously employed conventional methods was undertaken. Hepatic resections were performed on 35 patients using the water-jet method. Cirrhosis of the liver was associated with 10 of the 24 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An ordinary saline solution was used as the jet, which was projected at a pressure of between 12 kg/cm2 and 20 kg/cm2 through a 0.15/mm-diameter nozzle. A higher jet pressure was needed to cut the fibrotic hepatic parenchyma. In the case of normal liver, the intrahepatic vessels of more than 0.2 mm were well preserved. In most of the cases, the loss of blood when cutting the hepatic parenchyma can be easily reduced with a jet pressure of 15-16 kg/cm2, thus preserving the fine vessels more than 0.2 mm in diameter without injury. When the same pressure was applied in the cutting of a cirrhotic liver, it took much longer time compared to that of a non-cirrhotic normal liver parenchyma. The cut surface was smooth compared to that after using CUSA, although its disadvantages lie in the formation of air bubbles, which obscure the operative field. The controlled projection of a jet of water under optimal pressure may ensure a safe hepatic resection of both normal and cirrhotic livers. Furthermore, because of its uncomplicated form, a wide range of applications can be expected, while the lower cost will also expedite its large-scale use for economic reasons.

Solvent properties of ground substance studied by cryomicrodissection and intracellular reference-phase techniques.

Water, sodium, potassium, ATP, amino acids, and sugars are not uniformly distributed in Rana pipiens oocytes. Concentration differences exist between nucleus (germinal vesicle) and ooplasm and between animal and vegetal ooplasmic regions. The mechanisms responsible for these differences were investigated using intracellular reference-phase (iRP) analysis. The iRP is an artificial "organelle" that has the solvent properties of a dilute salt solution and is in diffusional equilibrium with water and solutes present in other cellular compartments. Ooplasm/iRP solute distributions show that ooplasm differs from ordinary aqueous solutions--exhibiting both solute exclusion and solute binding. Yolk platelets are an important cause of this behavior, largely because their proteins are present as hydrate crystals, which are rich in anionic sites and which interact intensely with associated water. Because of yolk's abundance, it obscures the solvent and binding properties of ooplasmic ground substance. The oocyte nucleus is yolk and organelle free and the nuclear envelope is readily permeable. Consequently, nucleus/iRP solute concentration differences reflect the binding and solvent properties of nuclear ground substance. Nucleoplasm binds approximately 19 meq of potassium. Furthermore, the monosaccharides, 3-O-methylglucose, L-glucose, and D-xylose, are selectively excluded, their nucleus/iRP concentration ratios averaging about 0.7; ratios for other solutes studied are unity. We interpret monosaccharide exclusion to mean that nuclear ground substance water is different in its "instantaneous" structure from ordinary saline water. Because of this difference, hydrogen bond interaction between nuclear water and certain sterically restricted solutes, of which ringed monosaccharides are examples, is reduced. Some implications of modified ground substance water and selective solute exclusion are discussed.

Intracellular monosaccharide and amino acid concentrations and activities and the mechanisms of insulin action.

Current amino acid and monosaccharide transport models are based on an assumption which equates the intracellular chemical activity of a solute with its concentration. This assumption was tested for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose in a giant cell, the amphibian oocyte, by using recently developed cryomicrodissection and internal reference phase techniques. We found the following. (i) alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose activities were much greater in cytoplasm than was suggested by concentration data; i.e., activity coefficients were higher than in ordinary water solutions. This is attributable to the inaccessibility of considerable water as solvent (solute exclusion). (ii) Solute concentrations varied regionally as follows: nucleus > > animal cytoplasm > vegetal cytoplasm. Insulin increased the nucleus/cytoplasm concentration asymmetry, apparently by increasing cytoplasmic solute exclusion. (iii) Nuclear activity coefficients more closely resembled those of ordinary saline solutions so that nucleus/ extracellular concentration ratios reflected transmembrane activity gradients better than did cytoplasm (or whole cell)/extracellular ratios. (iv) Mediated passive alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose transport were constituent oocyte membrane properties. Membrane active transport was initiated with time (in the presence of substrate) and by insulin. (v) Increased temperature mimicked insulin in enhancing transmembrane alpha-aminoisobutyric acid activity gradients and increasing the nucleus/cytoplasm concentration asymmetry. These results indicated that concentration data are a misleading measure of cellular amino acid and monosaccharide activity; some consequences of this observation were explored. A model is proposed in which cell water has reduced solvent capacity or is compartmentalized (considered less likely) and is susceptible to physiological modulation. The model accounts for many observations in small cells, suggesting generality of the exclusion phenomenon and a previously unrecognized metabolic control mechanism.

Intracellular monosaccharide and amino acid concentrations and activities and the mechanisms of insulin action.

Current amino acid and monosaccharide transport models are based on an assumption which equates the intracellular chemical activity of a solute with its concentration. This assumption was tested for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose in a giant cell, the amphibian oocyte, by using recently developed cryomicrodissection and internal reference phase techniques. We found the following. (i) alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose activities were much greater in cytoplasm than was suggested by concentration data; i.e., activity coefficients were higher than in ordinary water solutions. This is attributable to the inaccessibility of considerable water as solvent (solute exclusion). (ii) Solute concentrations varied regionally as follows: nucleus > > animal cytoplasm > vegetal cytoplasm. Insulin increased the nucleus/cytoplasm concentration asymmetry, apparently by increasing cytoplasmic solute exclusion. (iii) Nuclear activity coefficients more closely resembled those of ordinary saline solutions so that nucleus/ extracellular concentration ratios reflected transmembrane activity gradients better than did cytoplasm (or whole cell)/extracellular ratios. (iv) Mediated passive alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 3-O-methylglucose transport were constituent oocyte membrane properties. Membrane active transport was initiated with time (in the presence of substrate) and by insulin. (v) Increased temperature mimicked insulin in enhancing transmembrane alpha-aminoisobutyric acid activity gradients and increasing the nucleus/cytoplasm concentration asymmetry. These results indicated that concentration data are a misleading measure of cellular amino acid and monosaccharide activity; some consequences of this observation were explored. A model is proposed in which cell water has reduced solvent capacity or is compartmentalized (considered less likely) and is susceptible to physiological modulation. The model accounts for many observations in small cells, suggesting generality of the exclusion phenomenon and a previously unrecognized metabolic control mechanism.

Reduction of Oxygen-Carrying Capacity of Rh-Postive Erythrocytes Coated with Anti-D Antibodies

The anti-Rh antibody first found in human serum was an agglutinin active, like other agglutinins, against erythrocytes suspended in saline, but, unlike most other blood group antibodies, more active at 37 C, than at lower temperatures. It can be absorbed by red cells and eluted from them, and apart from the complicated specificities involved, does not differ particularly from other antibodies. 1 In addition to the saline agglutinin, there is a type of antibody incapable of agglutinating erythrocytes suspended in saline, but combining with cells containing the proper receptor, and thus rendering them insusceptible to agglutination by the ordinary saline agglutinins. These antibodies were therefore first referred to as blocking or coating antibodies. The presence of anti-Rh antibodies on the red cells somehow causes them to be removed from the circulation and destroyed earlier than normally. 2 The red cells appear normal in the test tube, and even on microscopic

Schiemann R. To the method of serodiagnosis of gonorrhea (Kl. W., No. 33, 1936)

The author's modification boils down to the fact that, using the Vitebsk antigen, he dilutes it not in an ordinary saline solution, but in a carbolized saline solution.

Societies and Academies

Societies and Academies

X. Bakerian lecture.–On the diffusion of metals

The diffusion of molten and solid metals has long demanded investigation, their molecular mobility being of great interest in relation to the constitution of matter, and its results of much industrial importance. The analogy of alloys to ordinary saline solutions has often been pointed out, and many experiments have recently been devoted to comparing the action of osmotic pressure in saline solutions and in alloys, as measured by the lowering of the freezing point which is caused by the addition to the solvent of a small quantity of another body. The general effect is the same whether the solvent is a liquid like water or a molten metal. Very little attention has, however, been given to the consideration of the molecular movements which enable two or more molten metals to mix spon­taneously and form a truly homogeneous fluid mass, although it is by such an investigation that the analogy of an alloy to a saline solution may reasonably be expected to be more clearly revealed than by any other method of research.

Observations on Spontaneous Movement of Nucleoli

ABSTRACT During an examination of the ciliated epithelial cells from a frog’s mouth Dr. Klein drew my attention to certain cells with special characters to be referred to presently, the nucleoli of which exhibited a crenated appearance; this aroused the suspicion of this being due to amœboid movement. They were therefore subjected to a continuous and careful observation, and it was found that this was actually the case, viz., that these nucleoli perform spontaneous movement. In an ordinary saline solution preparation in which these movements were observed they were, although distinct, yet not very marked, and it was therefore desirable to repeat the experiment under more favorable conditions. A portion of epithelium from the same frog’s mouth was prepared between two thin cover-glasses, in a drop of “humor aqueus” and a thin layer of oil was then painted round the edges of the cover-glasses. The specimen was then placed on a Stricker’s warm-stage, and examined under a No. 10 immersion of Hartnack. The temperature of the warm stage was about 39° C. Several cells were again found similar to those before noticed, viz., cells differing from the other epithelial cells in having no cilia, in their distinct outline and large size, and in the pale and uniformly granular nature of their protoplasm. They possessed a large ovoid vesicular nucleus like the other epithelial cells present, and were provided with a large nucleolus, sometimes with two nucleoli. The larger nucleoli measured 0·002mm., the smaller 0·0015mm. in diameter. As far as morphological characters go these cells were not lymphoid corpuscles, for they were very large, much like columnar epithelial cells, at the same time somewhat irregular in their outline. It should be mentioned that as the frog was suffering from inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, these special cells, from their large size, irregular shape, and the absence of cilia were probably young epithelial cells. On observing one of these cells after a short time a process was developed from its nucleolus, which very soon after was seen to undergo a change not only in length but also in direction. In two or three cases the processes given off from a nucleolus possessed a knob-like projection at their free end, which seemed to vary in distinctness in the course of the observation. After a few days another examination of the epithelial cells from the mouth of the same frog was made under similar conditions, that is to say, the cells were examined between two cover-glasses in a drop of “humor aqiueus,” on a Stricker’s warm stage. Again, amoeboid movements were observed in the nucleoli of these special cells, two or more processes were observed to spring from several nucleoli. In some cases these processes were provided with a small lateral branch, and in one instance such a branch disappeared and a corresponding branch appeared at another point.

II. Examination of the cerebro-spinal fluid

In the Bulletin de l’Académie de Médecine for December 1852, a paper is published by M. Bussy, containing an analysis by M. Deschamps of a fluid, which flowed from the ear of a man who had sustained a fracture of the base of the cranium. From a comparison between the composition of this fluid and that given by M. Lassaigne as the composition of the cerebro-spinal fluid, M. Bussy arrived at the conclusion that they were identical in their origin. In addition, however, to the albumen and ordinary saline constituents, M. Deschamps found that the fluid obtained from the fractured cranium contained a certain constituent which possessed the peculiar property of reducing the blue protoxide of copper to the state of the yellow sub颅 oxide.