Ordinary Participants Research Articles

State participation in investment agreements (international investment activity): issues of immunity and jurisdiction

It is indicated that international private-law relations nowadays are expanding significantly primarily in connection with the internationalization of economic life. The modern world is characterized by the economic interdependence of states, the expansion of not only traditional forms of foreign economic relations, but also relatively new forms such as leasing operations, concessions, franchising, and others. The article examines the current trends in the development of state immunity in international private law relations, in particular, in investment relations. The author defines the scope of these relations and gives their general characteristics, as well as identifies the peculiarities of the State’s participation in these relations as a subject of private international law. The author examines the content, types of international investment relations, development trends and peculiarities of legal regulation. The author pays special attention to the jurisdictional issues of investment dispute resolution involving states. The author analyzes legal acts and shows the role of judicial practice in this area. The author substantiates the need to apply functional (limited) immunity in international private law relations. Expansion of the range of international private legal relations over time due to the development of foreign economic activity, integration processes, and interdependence of States in the second half of the twentieth century contributed to the expansion of State participation in civil (private) relations, which objectively led to the establishment of the concept of functional (limited) immunity in the legislative, judicial and contractual practice of different countries. The concept of limited immunity is becoming increasingly popular in the world, which is explained by the development of economic relations between different countries and the increasing involvement of states in commercial activities, which on their own behalf enter into various foreign trade agreements, obtain loans from foreign banks, use maritime transport for commercial purposes, i.e. by their actions they seem to put themselves in the position of a merchant, trader, private person, which then allows the courts to consider them as ordinary participants in the process. The current policy vector of most continental law states on immunity issues is shifting towards the use of limited immunity of states.

A Study of the Aekmagi Ritual in Jeju Shamanic Religion: Focusing on the Sacred Status of Shamans and the Significance of Sacrifice

In the Jeju shamanic religion, chickens have been sacrificed for aekmagi, a ritual to prevent aek, a looming misfortune that may cause death. Whereas ordinary participants are thought to be at risk of harm when possessing or eating chickens or other offerings made to prevent aek, the simbang, Jeju shamans, are thought to be immune to it. Simbang are believed to be permanently on the threshold between the human and the divine realms. They help remove aek but are not harmed by it, because it only harms humans in the human realm, not the person on the boundary. While the other participants are temporarily placed in the liminal state during aekmagi and come back to the ordinary living human realm after the ritual, simbang remain in the perpetual liminal state. Chicken sacrifice has been omitted from aekmagi since around 2010 in most places in Jeju-do. Though ritual killing is no longer practiced, adherents still think that aek is prevented by aekmagi. The Jeju people believe that gods are the main agents of preventing aek and that they can persuade the gods to do the work without receiving chickens’ lives. In addition, due to the change in people’s view on killing animals, aekmagi without chicken sacrifice has become a more efficient ritual system for nourishing social sustenance by following the new social prescription.

Evolution of Repertoire of Military Ego-Documents Publications in Modern Russia (1990–2020s)

The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the modern practice of publishing military ego-documents (memoirs, diaries, correspondence). Over the past 30 years of post-Soviet history, this process, according to the observations of the author of the article, has gone through two stages. The first one, chronologically related to the period of the 1990s, manifested itself in domination of repeated re-publication in large quantities of printed materials in high demand – memoirs and diaries of the leaders of the White movement, famous “white” generals and other emigrant publications of 1920–1930.The second (currently ongoing) stage included the republication of the Soviet military memoir heritage; revival of the traditions of publishing memoirs and diaries of military leaders (and then ordinary participants in wars) of pre-revolutionary Russia; scientific academic publications of little-known memoir sources extracted from archives; memoirs and diaries of Soviet/Russian participants in local wars in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Africa and other foreign countries. The most characteristic feature of modern book publishing on military topics is the appearance of a large number of memoir books, mostly self-published by participants in the Great Patriotic War, in ranks from a private soldier to a junior officer.

Dynamic Incentive for Reliable MCS Participant Selection

Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS), which relies on a large number of ordinary participants to complete sensing tasks, has become a new data collection paradigm in the Internet of Things (IoT). In the MCS system, how to select reliable participants to participate in the sensing task and provide appropriate rewards for participants is one of the main problems faced by MCS. This paper proposes a reliable participant selection strategy driven by dynamic incentives. The whole participant selection process is divided into multiple stages. First, the platform calculates participants reliability by considering task completion rate and task pass rate. Then, when the platform releases tasks at each stage, it considers the task deadline and the task completion progress to quantify the task requirements, and then determines the maximum price of the tasks at that stage. Finally, the platform selects participants who meet the requirements for different tasks at each stage, and conducts bargaining games with participants to determine appropriate rewards. Considering the situation that participants quit midway and the task cannot be completed, the platform adopts a task delegation mechanism to ensure the effective completion of the task. The results show that the proposed strategy can guarantee the task completion rate and data quality, and optimize the reward of participants.

Social Histories of Iran: Modernism and Marginality in the Middle East

Social Histories of Iran: Modernism and Marginality in the Middle East

Ancestors against order: two models of Immortal regiment

The paper focuses on the two most common models of organization of the Immortal Regiment. We call the first the “social order” model. Its aim is to demonstrate the local community in its ideal condition. Such a procession is clearly structured, its participants are often uniformed, and the place of each participant depends on his or her belonging to one or another professional/age group. The second type of organization of the procession is called the “cult of ancestors” model. In this case, the order of the columns and the appearance of the portrait bearers do not matter, since the main participants in the procession are not the living, but the dead. The success of the procession organized according to this model is measured by the strength of its emotional effect: ideally, participants and spectators cry in catharsis. Describing these two models in detail, we examine the conflicts between their adherents, as well as analyze the motivations of the organizers and ordinary participants in the processions.

Calling for justice with #JusticeforBreonnaTaylor: a case study of hashtag activism in the evolution of the black lives matter movement

Taking a stage-based approach, before and after the release of the 15-h audio recording files of the grand jury’s inquiry on the Breonna Taylor case on October 2, 2020, this study examined the #JusticeforBreonnaTaylor Twitter networks. By employing multimethodology, including natural language processing, social network analysis, and qualitative textual analysis, I examined keys connectors of the two Twitter networks and investigated major themes conducting thematic analysis of network discourses and highly associated hashtags with the hashtag #JusticeforBreonnaTaylor. In both networks, several key stakeholders, such as Benjamin Crump, Danial Cameron, and Black women activists were identified as key connectors along with social activists and ordinary participants. Demanding justice to the case was the core agenda of the hashtag activism. The findings of the study revealed that the participants not only shared breaking news and important information but also organized protests and routinely tagged people to spread messages about the Taylor’s case on Twitter. The participants conversed major issues about the Taylor case and set the agendas for the next action, such as encouraging to take part in voting for the 2020 presidential election. The thematic analysis concurrently demonstrated that the network participants strongly demanded legal prosecution to the three Louisville cops that involved in the act of killing Breonna Taylor during the botched raid in her apartment.

Edge-Assisted Public Key Homomorphic Encryption for Preserving Privacy in Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is becoming an increasingly important topic due to rapid proliferation of mobile apps where participants’ anonymity is a pivotal requirement with direct impacts on their safety and well being. There are two main challenges in crypto-based privacy-preserving aggregation in MCS, namely, participants joining or leaving the crowd randomly at will, and adversaries injecting fake data. The conventional approach for preserving privacy is to provide blanket anonymity to all, including adversaries, which enables the latter to cause harm without being identified. In addition, with the proliferation of edge servers, there is a need to develop edge-assisted MCS, which would be more efficient in terms of less back-haul traffic and less delay as compared to cloud-assisted-only MCS. In this paper, we present an efficient edge-assisted MCS scheme which preserves the participants’ privacy and anonymity, protects the service against adversaries, and can be used to verify that aggregation is free of anomalies. Our scheme is transparent to the join-and-leave problem; and its computational cost and communication overhead are small and fixed, i.e., it is insensitive to crowd count. We utilize group signature for source authentication to identify and block adversaries that cause harm while providing anonymity to ordinary participants.

‘If God is a DJ’: Heritage Rave, the Ageing Raver and the Bodywork of the DJ

In this article we explore the revival of rave music in the UK, reporting original research findings and focusing, in particular, upon two emergent themes: (1) the lived experience of the ageing raver, and its embodied and collective nature; and (2) the changing role of the DJ. The article draws upon 15 in-depth interviews with both music professionals and ordinary participants who were part of the rave scene in the 1990s and who are now either returning to rave, after a period away from it, or who, having decreased their involvement, are now stepping it up again in the context of the revival. We explore how rave’s revival constitutes a form of heritage which is crucial to the UK’s creative economy and we illustrate how heritage rave events provide a collective space for ageing ravers to relive times, music and dances of old. However, we find that heritage rave is also a space of contention between advocates of ‘authentic’ and ‘commercialised’ forms of rave respectively. A further finding centres upon the ways in which reviving rave and reframing it in terms of heritage has transformed the position and role of the DJ. Having been a background figure in rave’s first wave, the DJ has become a centralised and revered figure within the heritage rave sector. There is a greater demand for professionalism and therefore sobriety, a demand which often agrees with those of their ageing body, but there are also performance demands which must be reconciled with the limitations of the latter. All DJ’ing involves non-contact bodywork – using music and mixing as a means of eliciting a specific and importantly, collective, bodily response – we argue, but this is heightened in the heritage rave scene.

Small stories and accountability of discursive action in mediated political discourse: Contextualisation and recontextualisation of ordinary and not-so-ordinary participants

This paper examines how participants in mediated political discourse use short narratives strategically to account for discursive action by contextualising and re-contextualising their discursive selves, particular discursive acts and their intended and unintended perlocutionary effects. The data analysed are pre-election data (2017) and non-election data (2018), comprising online news reports from British broadsheets, parliamentary debates, political speeches from leading British politicians, and their web-based comments' sections. The research is based on the differentiation between the generalised pragmatic premise and second-order theoretical construct of accountability2 of communicative action and its discourse-community-based particularisation, the first-order participant construct of accountability1. The discursive value of the latter is negotiated in context and in the political-discourse data further distinguished as regards accountability of and accountability for discursive acts. The analysis focuses on how ordinary and not-so-ordinary participants contextualise and recontextualise interfacing ordinary-life experience anchored in private domains and not-so-ordinary political action anchored in public and institutional domains. It considers (1) the production format comparing not-so-ordinary and ordinary story tellers; (2) stories with (a) not-so-ordinary, (b) ordinary, and (c) ordinary and not-so-ordinary characters; (3) ordinary settings and institutional settings; and (4) explicit and implicit evaluations by characters and tellers. The analysis shows that there is not only variation in the formatting of the short narratives with more-prototypical small stories and monolithic characters, settings and plot, and less-prototypical small stories with more dimensional characters, fuzzy settings and negotiated evaluations. There is also variation in the discursive function of the small stories: not-so-ordinary tellers and characters account for their discursive acts through life-world-experience-based accounts while at the same time implicating their leadership skills. They present themselves as listening to ordinary people, voicing their concerns in the public arena, initiating political action and acting on their behalf. Ordinary tellers and their ordinary characters tell their ordinary-life based stories, distancing themselves from the not-so-ordinary agents. In the mediated data, not-so-ordinary participants' references to the private-public interface generally trigger conversational implicatures targeting sincerity, credibility and ideological coherence, while ordinary participants' references to the private-public interface are used to show the effects of political decision on their real-life experience.

Decent Citizens Serving Chauvinism. Social Portrait of Students Participating in the Blockade of the University of Warsaw in 1936

November 1936 saw the blockade of the University of Warsaw, an occupational strike organised by far-right students demanding the introduction of the so-called ‘ghetto benches’ for Jewish students. This article draws a social portrait of the ordinary participants in the blockade and analyses their motivations. I argue that the socialisation of youth into exemplary citizens of a modern nation-state created a fertile ground for far-right organisations and their demands. Moreover, the largest student association, the Fraternal Aid Society, became a space for self-organisation into extreme nationalist politics. Its leaders tapped into the positive motivations of youth, i.e. the search for a sense of belonging and the desire of individuals to fit into the normative order of the community. My examination of the blockade offers a unique insight into the academic background of the far-right and its means of political mobilisation.

From Vulnerability to Trust

This article examines the complex and ambivalent nature of the encounters between British volunteers and refugees within the 2015 Refugees Welcome movement. The 72 interviews we conducted with volunteers active in different charities and informal networks reveal the significance of the logic of trust in these encounters. We show that although participants often base their engagement on claims that disrupt dominant narratives about border controls, they also tend to endorse and reproduce bordering processes based on the perceived trustworthiness of refugees and, sometimes, exclude some groups from their support. Taking insights from the literature on encounters and critical humanitarianism, our article highlights from a theoretical and empirical perspective how “ordinary participants” in the refugee support sector can subvert humanitarian borders, but also participate in the construction of new types of borders based on domopolitics. More generally, the article aims to highlight civil society’s voluntary participation in the governance of migration.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Pendaftaran Forum Diskusi Berbasis Web Menggunakan Kombinasi Algoritma Decision Tree Dan Random Forest

A discussion forum is a place that aims to carry out activities by discussing something or exchanging ideas with the aim of knowing common interests. This study aims to simplify the process of a registration system for discussion forum participants so that participant data is more structured by classifying participant data into 2 types, namely ordinary participants and competitor participants. Ordinary participants are participants who participate in all series of activities without being competitors in discussion forum activities, while competitor participants are participants who participate in all series of activities and can make presentations. The research method used is a combination of Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithms, namely a structured or sequential method from the concept planning, modeling, implementation, testing and maintenance stages. In this case, it is necessary to create a website with a management information system design. The information system in making this website must systematically be structural and the technology used for website creation, namely: PHP, HTML, CSS, with a database system using MySQL. The designs that have been designed are starting from the login menu, participant data, participant assignments, materials, participant scores up to the logout menu, while testing has been carried out by accessing the website by 20 users at the same time and can be generated by calculating the seconds obtained From these tests, the database used is increasing, namely 600, 800 to 1,000 participant databases.

Bullying and cyberbullying in a modern school

Introduction. One of the aspects of digitalisation of education is the transfer of interpersonal relations and group processes into a virtual environment. Bullying, one of the biggest problems in school communities, is also relevant when communicating on the Internet. The danger of both bullying and cyberbullying is that the bullying processes can be hidden from the eyes of adults, which makes it difficult to counteract, because from the outside the situation may seem favourable. For the same reason, the scope of the phenomenon needs to be assessed and clarified.Aim. The current research aimed to investigate students’ subjective perceptions of the manifestations and experiences of bullying and cyberbullying in educational and online environment.Methodology and research methods. To study the problem, a questionnaire was developed to identify the type and form of participation in school bullying and cyberbullying. The questionnaire survey was carried out among 1762 middle-level students of educational organisations of general secondary education and secondary vocational training in Ekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk region.Results. The presence of both school bullying and cyberbullying in the educational organisations of the Sverdlovsk region was revealed. The most common forms of both types of persecution and distribution by type of participation were identified. Distribution in school bullying: victims – 35.5%, instigators – 15.7%, ordinary participants – 11.5%, witnesses – 42.0%. In school cyberbullying: victims – 20.4%, aggressors – 7.7%, instigators – 4.7%, ordinary participants – 6.4%, witnesses – 20.4%. The transformation of school bullying in the digital space preserves the structure, types of participation, but adapts the forms of bullying and the degree of involvement of the participants. It can be argued that the involvement in cyberbullying (in all roles) is lower than the involvement in school bullying. The research results make it possible to start a study of the dependence of the forms and motivation of the persecutors on the space, in which these relations are realised.Scientific novelty. The present research demonstrates a cross-cutting comparison of various forms of bullying and cyberbullying in school communities, recorded in representatives by different forms of bullying (victim, stalker, witness).Practical significance. The questionnaire proposed in this paper can be used for the further analytical research on bullying and cyberbullying in school communities.

Русин в эпоху социальных катаклизмов в России (пример судьбы Григория Мокрого)

The article explores an understudied issue - the social adaptation of Rusins from among the prisoners of the First World War, who became ordinary participants in public, military and political events in Western Siberia during the Russian Revolution. The authors take the tragic fate of Grigory Georgievich Mokriy (1894-1920) as an illustrative example. In his life, Mokriy twice alternately combined the activities of a psalmist of the Greek Catholic and later Orthodox churches with military service in the Austro-Hungarian and White armies and a short-term participation in the antiBolshevik underground. The authors connect draw on a complex of unpublished sources, which is part of the archival criminal case initiated by the Omsk GubChK against Mokriy, as well as on church records, press materials, and memoirs. The research metholodgy involves the anthrological approach, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, and biographical methods. This theoretical combination made it possible to interpret Mokriy's behavior during the social cataclysms in the most detailed way, linking the biographical facts with the specific historical situation and personalities, with whom he was directly or indirectly connected. The authors conclude that the conservative-patriarchal mentality, based on the national-religious idea of the Rusins about their belonging to the Russian world, prevented Mokriy from fulfilling himself under the Bolsheviks. This article may be of interest to those who study the history of Rusins, military and social history, as well as national and religious politics.

Recordism: A Social-Scientific Prospect of Blockchain from Social, Legal, Financial, and Technological Perspectives

Blockchain has the potential to reform the architecture of cyberspace and transform the storage, circulation and exchange of information through decentralization, transparency and de-identification. Meaning that ordinary participants can become traders, miners, retailers, and customers simultaneously, breaking the barriers and reducing the information gap between participants in the community, contributing to the futuristic metaverse with an open progressive and equal ideology. Such information transformation empowered by blockchain also profoundly impacts our methodological cognition, legal governance on cyberspace and financial and technological development. This study explores the main question: what are the implications of the blockchain-driven information revolution for society and social sciences? In order to answer this main question, this paper chooses four perspectives, which are methodological, legal, financial and technical. By analysis of these four perspectives, this paper is expected to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the blockchain-driven impact on society, social sciences, and technology to contribute to current scholarships. Additionally, regarding blockchain as an innovative methodological cognition, it grows on top of other technologies while helping advance other technologies. This paper concludes that although there are few frictions between blockchain and current social architecture, blockchain is so much more than the technology itself, that can be a representative of the community, acting as the source of trust, watcher of governance, law enforcer for virtual activities, and an incubator for future technologies.

Две России в одной судьбе: к биографии Ивана Гавриловича Галкина (1896-1937)

The transformation of Russian society, caused by the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War, led to the emergence of categories and strata of the population that became alien to the Soviet society, as a result, were subjected to various kinds of restrictions and discrimination. The officers were in a special position in this respect. On the one hand, they attracted the attention of the Soviet government, since they were “potentially inclined” to counterrevolution. But on the other hand, their experience, both military and civilian, was, at times, relevant for the institutions of the new regime. Studying the difficult situation of the former officers in the RSFSR-USSR, specialists are increasingly resorting to biographical research. At the same time, close attention is paid to, among other things, ordinary participants in the events, whose fate, sometimes, is also in many ways indicative. In the light of this problem, this work presents the complex and ambiguous life path of the wartime officer Ivan G. Galkin, who consistently served in the Russian (Imperial), White and Red armies, who later became a Soviet employee in Novosibirsk. The genre features of the presentation determined the theoretical basis for the preparation of the work - the combined combination of the anthropological approach, the theory of social adaptation and the historical and biographical method. The purpose of this publication is to reconstruct the life path of Ivan G. Galkin, to present the forms of social adaptation of “former people” in Soviet Russia. The study is based on a set of unpublished biographical sources from the funds of federal and regional state archives, as well as documents and oral history preserved in the family of the hero of the publication. The fate of the hero of the article vividly demonstrates the contradictions of social and political everyday life in the first years of Soviet power. The ambiguous position of the representatives of the former officers in Soviet Russia is clearly shown. Indeed, as can be seen from the example under consideration, despite honest service in the Red Army and Soviet institutions, Ivan G. Galkin remained a stranger to Soviet society. This publication may be of interest to researchers of the military and social history of Russia in the first quarter of the 20th century, as well as to specialists in practical genealogy.

PASHTUNS AND PASHTUN TRIBES OF AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN: THEIR QUANTITY AND SETTLEMENT

Taliban Movement’s second coming to power in Afghanistan in the summer of 2021 revives interest in the Pashtuns, who make up most supporters and participants of the organization which is banned in Russia. However, this does not mean that there are no representatives of other ethnic groups among the ordinary participants of the movement and even its leaders. These facts are well reflected in a catch phrase “not all Pashtuns are Talibs, but almost all the Talibs are Pashtuns.” The problem of the Pashtuns, who have so far preserved a generally tribal structure, is complicated as they live not only in Afghanistan, but also in Pakistan. Moreover, in the first country they make up almost half of the population, while in the second — a minority, although the largest one. In addition, the number of Pakistani Pashtuns, who also, as a rule, identify themselves with tribes, and are still maintaining tribal traditions in the mountainous regions, is at least twice as large as the number of Pashtuns in Afghanistan. Based on these arguments, it is obvious that the topic raised in the article is of considerable importance for assessing the current situation in the two neighboring states and the prospects for its change.

Демонстративно-протестная преступность: пределы криминологического анализа

Classical and network protest always assumes mass character. In this regard, the study of protest movements should assume: a) The analysis of many protest actions; b) the analysis of each individual protest action as a manifestation of the phenomenon of collective behavior. At the same time, the first level is important in the context of ensuring the representativeness of the second type of research. «Collective action» and «action of a team member» are fundamentally important. The regulatory system always deals with the assessment of the behavior of a particular person. In this regard, criminology and criminal law should not focus on the protest actions themselves, but on the behavior of individuals within the framework of these actions. In the theoretical analysis of the behavior of these individual participants of mass actions, it is necessary to distinguish: a) actions performed during a mass action, and actions that ensure the protest action itself, which can be performed both before and after it; b) actions of organizers, inspirers, leaders of protest actions, and actions of ordinary participants of the protest action; c) actions related to the organization and participation in mass actions coordinated by the official authorities, and in those not coordinated by the official authorities; d) lawful actions and illegal actions, and among the latter - criminally illegal and administratively illegal; e) intellectual, informational actions, and physical actions.
 To describe these actions, the article suggests using the term «demonstrative protest crimes». They are: a) associated with a well-defined sphere of public relations that arise in the process of interaction between a person, society and the authorities; b) they are imbued with the unity of motivational factors and the characteristics of the personality of the participants; c) they have a common determinative complex and a common mechanism for their commission; d) they have a distinct separation by the place and time of their commission; e) they assume a specific type and mechanism for the implementation of preventive measures. These signs allow us to consider demonstrative protest crimes as a separate, independent type of crime.

Соотношение доследственной проверки и лишения неприкосновенности от уголовного преследования

Relevance of the research topic. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the equality of all subjects before the law and the court. However, the law establishes categories of citizens with immunity (immunity from criminal prosecution). Immunity was not a personal privilege and could be waived by the decision of a competent public authority. The moment of deprivation of immunity falls at the stage of initiation of criminal proceedings. The problem arises of the ratio of procedures for deprivation of immunity and pre-investigation verification, since the relevant actions are not simply regulated by different laws, but have a different legal nature.
 Setting of a problem. In criminal proceedings the procedure for depriving a person of immunity must be followed in order to bring to justice a person who has immunity from criminal prosecution. In the science of criminal procedure no distinction was made between pre-investigation verification and deprivation of integrity in full. It is not clear whether the state authorities that decided on the deprivation of immunity were involved in criminal proceedings, what issues should be clarified within the framework of the deprivation of immunity and the extent of the rights of the person in respect of whom the question was raised. 
 Research objectives and methods. The purpose of the study is to determine the ratio of procedures for deprivation of immunity from criminal prosecution and pre-investigation verification. The objectives of the study are to investigate the legal nature of the deprivation of immunity from criminal prosecution; distinguish between this procedure and pre-investigation verification; review the criminal procedure situation of the authorities involved in the deprivation of immunity; summarize the rights of the person in respect of whom the issue of deprivation of liberty is being addressed. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic method, as well as the general scientific methods of scientific knowledge: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal-logical, systemic. 
 Results and key conclisions. Deprivation of immunity is a complex intersectoral procedure, which has a constitutional, criminal procedure and administrative-legal nature at the same time. The question of deprivation of immunity is resolved by the competent public authorities (often the highest public authorities), which are not ordinary participants in criminal proceedings, but resolve certain criminal procedural issues.
 The person in respect of whom the question of deprivation of immunity is decided should be granted rights similar to those granted to protect against criminal prosecution: to bring his position to the competent authority; qualified legal aid; to appeal against the decision. In the course of deprivation of immunity, the principle of presumption of innocence, which has a specific refraction, applies. The terms of the deprivation of immunity procedure exist separately from the terms of the pre-investigation check. In the future the ratio of initiation of criminal proceedings and deprivation of integrity should be changed. A decision must first be taken to initiate a case and then a procedure must be followed to remove immunity from criminal prosecution.