Ordinary Ion Research Articles

Experimental observation of fine secular frequency resonance oscillation with a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer

The mass resolution of the ordinary ion trap mass spectrometer derived from the quadrupole mass spectrometer usually ranges from hundreds to thousands. In this study, the fine secular frequency resonance oscillation was observed with a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer. The FWHM of the responding resonance secular frequency of benzene was 0.012 kHz. The corresponding mass resolution was 8600 m/Δm for benzene (m/z=78). The mass spectrometer with secular frequency scanning has a linear response to benzene in the concentration range from 200 ppbv to 10000 ppbv. This study shows a new feature of the secular frequency scanning for ion trap mass spectrometers.

Overview of Polyethylene Terephthalate Foils Patterned Using 10 MeV Carbon Ions for Realization of Micromembranes

Polymer membranes are conventionally prepared using high-energy particles from radioactive decay or by the bombardment of hundreds of MeVs energy ions. In both circumstances, tracks of damage are produced by particles/ions passing through the polymer, and successively, the damaged material is removed by chemical etching to create narrow pores. This process ensures nanosized pore diameter but with random placement, leading to non-uniform local pore density and low membrane porosity, which is necessary to reduce the risk of their overlapping. The present study is focused on the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foils irradiated by 10.0 MeV carbon ions, easily achievable with ordinary ion accelerators. The ion irradiation conditions and the chemical etching conditions were monitored to obtain customized pore locations without pore overlapping in PET. The quality, shape, and size of the pores generated in the micromembranes can have a large impact on their applicability. In this view, the Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy coupled with a computer code created in our laboratory was implemented to acquire new visual and quantitative insights on fabricated membranes.

Near-non-preferential sputtering of multicomponent solids as an effective way for production of dense cone shape arrays on a sputtered surface

Interplay between preferential sputtering of multicomponent solids and topology of sputtered surface has been studied using a sequence of IVB tellurides PbTe, SnTe, and GeTe. The first experimental observation of the impact of near-non-preferential sputtering on the surface topology of multicomponent materials was made. In the example of SnTe, it was found that a sputtered surface resulting from its near-non-preferential sputtering is always covered with a dense array of cones of nanometer range of height. This observation opens the possibility for the simple method of formation of dense arrays of conical structures on solid surfaces by ordinary ion beam sputtering. Our experimental results show that to achieve this, a multicomponent composition, constituents of which are sputtered near-non-preferentially, has to be created.

Inorganic Nanostructured Anion-Exchange Materials Based on Aluminum Hydroxide

Inorganic sorbents, in comparison with ordinary organic ion exchangers, have higher selectivity, radiation, thermal, and chemical stability. Inorganic ion exchangers are universal materials exhibiting both cation exchange and anion exchange properties. In this work, using aluminum hydroxide (AHO) as an example, we study the possibility of expanding the range of metal oxyhydrates that can serve as the basis to produce inorganic anion-exchange materials. The properties of aluminum hydroxide largely depend on the method of its production. This phenomenon is associated with a different state of Al3+ ions in aqueous solutions during hydrolysis. Estimation of the size of the primary particles of hydrated alumina gives a value of 19 nm. The most potent effect on the structure and ion-exchange properties of aluminum hydroxide is exerted by the introduction of alloying elements into its composition. Isomorphic substitution of a part of Al(III) ions in the structure of aluminum hydroxide with ions with a higher charge (Ti(IV), Zr(IV), or W(VI)) leads to an increase in the content of exchangeable OH-groups in the resulting material. The synthesized materials are amorphous substances, to study their structure; the method of diffuse X-ray scattering was used. The Gibbsite structural motif is determined, and structural changes occurring under the influence of various factors, and synthesis conditions are analyzed. By optimizing the composition of the material, it is possible to improve its sorption characteristics significantly. AAW-0, AAZ-0, and AAT-0 anion exchangers synthesized based on hydrated aluminum oxide can be used to purify weakly acidic electrolyte solutions from anionic impurities in the dynamic mode of repeated sorptiondesorption cycles. Materials based on mixed hydrated oxides of various elements can also be used as catalyst supports. Their anion exchange properties allow a wide range to vary the number of different anions introduced into the solid phase and, accordingly, to regulate the number and state of active catalytic sites.

The privileged spectrum of cnoidal ion holes and its extension by imperfect ion trapping

The fundamental properties of nonlinear ion hole modes propagating in current-driven collisionless plasmas are derived. Making use of Schamel's alternative method their spatial structure ϕ(x) and phase velocities u0 are analyzed and found to depend crucially on the used trapped ion distribution fit. A regular fit represents a continuous spectrum, which is called privileged or perfect since it yields a definite u0 and appears most realistic. A singular fit, on the other hand, involving jumps and moderate slope singularities at the separatrix, does reveal further classes of hole equilibria at the cost, however, of a well-defined u0. This explains why Bernstein, Greene, Kruskal (BGK)-solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson system, exhibiting a strong slope singularity of their derived trapped particle distribution, can principally not provide definite u0s. The nonlinear dispersion relation (or u0) of privileged ion holes, on the other hand, is equivalent with that of cnoidal electron holes, i.e. in addition to the ordinary ion acoustic branch there exists a correspondence to the “Langmuir” branch and to the multiple “slow electron acoustic” branches, reflecting different trapping scenarios.

Unusual 5 m E region field‐aligned irregularities observed from Northern Germany during the magnetic storm of 17 March 2015

AbstractCoherent E region echoes were observed during the 17 March 2015 storm at midlatitudes by multistatic wide field of view radars operating in northern Germany. Two of the stations operated in a monostatic configuration, while one link was set in bistatic mode. Interferometry made it feasible to locate the targets. While the radars were built to measure mesospheric winds from specular meteor echoes, the storm was so intense that it allowed them to observe auroral E region echoes for more than 4 h. All stations detected numerous examples of narrow spectra with slow (≈180 m/s) and fast (up to 1600 m/s) Doppler velocities. The target speeds were much faster than the Doppler velocities for the slow narrow echoes (more than 800 m/s versus 180 m/s) but comparable to the observed Doppler shift for the 1500 m/s narrow fast types. The narrow types came from localized horizontal structures 50 to 80 km wide in range. The fast narrow types came from the upper part of the altitudes associated with Farley‐Buneman waves. The slow narrow structures were typically from altitudes lower than 100 km. Unexpectedly, the great majority of the echoes associated with more ordinary ion acoustic turbulence had a positive Doppler shift and came from the east. A companion paper uses these new observations to reevaluate the origin of the narrow echoes and of the asymmetry in the counts. Irrespective of the generation mechanisms, our observations indicate that a combination of unusually large electric field and strong precipitation is needed to produce the unusual echoes.

The Planarization Technology of Optical Element Surface

The appropriate planarization layer is the foundation for realization of ion beam deposition correction polishing technology, the significant difference between ion beam deposition correction polishing technology and ordinary ion beam polishing, is using spin or methods of ion beam sputtering deposition, forming sediments which has planarization effect on the processing surface to reduce intermediate frequency error, coupled with ion beam polishing, removing the high-frequency processing error, the typical error is cut marks by single point diamond turning left on the component surface.

集束イオンビームによるゲルマニウム表面ナノセル構造の作製

Characteristic cellular structure is formed on the ion implanted surface of GaSb, InSb and Ge, by the self-organizational behavior of point defects induced by ion irradiation. In this work, fabrication of the nano-cell structure is performed for Ge. Formation process of the cellular structure in Ge is somewhat different from those in GaSb and InSb. In Ge, the irradiated layer is amorphized prior to the cell formation while its amorphization occurs after the cell formation in GaSb and InSb. Two kinds of nano-cell fabrication were performed and the nano-cell developments in both fabrications were compared. One is initially to form the ordered void lattice and to develop it to the cell lattice. In the other method, initially the surface layer of Ge wafer was amorphized by ordinary ion irradiation and then, nano-cell structure was formed on it by the same process. These processes were performed using 30 keV Ga+ in a focused ion beam apparatus at room temperature. The results showed that secondary void formation was remarkable in the initially amorphized Ge. Probably the high mobility of the vacancy-type defects in amorphous Ge might have accelerated the formation of secondary voids between the initial voids.

Fabrication and Characterization of LaF3/Titania Nanotube Array Electrode for Determination of Fluoride Using a Headspace Single-Drop Microextraction System

LaF3/titania nanotube array (TNAs) electrodes were fabricated by electrodeposition of LaF3 on synthesized TNAs. The electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The electrode exhibited excellent response to fluoride ion. The linear calibration range achieved four orders of magnitude of F- concentration (10−6–10−2 mg/ml) and the sensitivity of the electrode is higher than that of ordinary fluoride ion selective electrodes (mode PF-1). The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 4.39 × 10−7 mg/ml (S/N = 3). The novel electrode was applied to the determination of trace fluoride ions in tap water and toothpaste. Finally, a headspace single-drop microextraction (SDME) system coupled with LaF3/TNAs electrode was successfully applied to determine fluoride in milk samples. The results are satisfactory with an average relative standard deviation (RSD %) of 0.51% and recovery from 96.3% to 107.3%.

Nuclear reaction analysis with ion microbeam of cross sections of surface layers deposited in a tokamak divertor

Ion micro beam analysis has been applied to the investigation of plasma deposited layers covering the divertor tiles in the JET tokamak. Since the layers are about 100μm thick they are too thick to be completely investigated by ordinary ion beam analysis. Cross sections of the layers were prepared by cutting and polishing. Elemental depth profiles were determined from the two dimensional images that could be derived by nuclear reaction analysis and resonant backscattering spectrometry, using ion beams focused to a few μm spot size. A combination of analysis methods are shown, which allow measurements of the concentration profiles of carbon, beryllium, deuterium, oxygen and stainless steel components at levels of a few percent, with an accuracy better than 10%.

Dark matter with invisible light from heavy double charged leptons of almost-commutative geometry?

A new candidate for cold dark matter arises from a novel elementary particle model: the almost-commutative AC-geometrical framework. Two heavy leptons are added to the standard model, each one sharing a double opposite electric charge and an own lepton flavour number. The novel mathematical theory of almost-commutative geometry (Connes 1994 Noncommutative Geometry (London: Academic)) wishes to unify gauge models with gravity. In this scenario two new heavy (mL ⩾ 100 GeV), oppositely double charged leptons (A,C), (A with charge −2 and C with charge +2), are born with no twin quark companions. The model naturally involves a new U(1) gauge interaction, possessed only by the AC-leptons and providing a Coulomb-like attraction between them. AC-leptons posses electro-magnetic as well as Z-boson interaction and, according to the charge chosen for the new U(1) gauge interaction, a new ‘invisible light’ interaction. Their final cosmic relics are bounded into ‘neutral’ stable atoms (AC) forming the mysterious cold dark matter, in the spirit of the Glashow's Sinister model. An (AC) state is reached in the early Universe along a tail of a few secondary frozen exotic components. They should be here now somehow hidden in the surrounding matter. The two main secondary manifest relics are C2+ (mostly hidden in a neutral (C2+e−e−) ‘anomalous helium’ atom, at a 10−8 ratio) and a corresponding ‘ion’ A2− bounded with an ordinary helium ion (4He)2+; indeed the positive helium ions are able to attract and capture the free A2− fixing them into a neutral relic cage that has nuclear interaction (4He2+A2−). The cage preserves the leptons to later recombine with neutral (C2+e−e−) into (AC) evanescent states. In early and late cosmic stages (AC) gas is leading to cold dark matter gravity seeds. It can form dense cores inside dense matter bodies (stars and planets). Binding (C2+e−e−) + (4He2+A2−) into (AC) atoms results in a steady decrease of the anomalous isotopes and a growing concentration of AC-gas. However the (AHe) influence on big bang nucleo-synthesis and catalysis of nuclear transformations in terrestrial matter appears to be a serious problem for the model. Moreover the zero lepton OLe-helium (AHe), (C2+e−e−) pollution and its on-going (AHe) catalysis in terrestrial waters may release frequent tens MeV gamma photons whose pair production leads to nearly aligned electron pairs; their consequent expected presence by twin Cherenkov rings poses a crucial test to the model. Their total absence in Super-Kamiokande or SNO records might point to the failure of the model, while their eventual discovery (above the background) may hint to the double charge AC-model to solve the cold dark matter puzzle. The new invisible light attraction allows us to stimulate the effective A–C recombination into (AC) atoms inside dense matter bodies (stars and planets), resulting in a decrease of anomalous isotopes below the experimental upper limits. OLe-helium pollution of terrestrial matter and (OHe) catalysis of nuclear reactions in it is one of the dramatic problems (or exciting advantages?) of the present model.

MECRIS: A compact ECRIS for ionization of noble gas radioisotopes at ISOLDE

A very compact Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) for singly charged radioactive gases has been developed at ISOLDE/CERN. The radioisotopes are produced by fission, spallation, and fragmentation reactions induced via high-energy protons impacting on a thick target. The often short-lived radioactive elements required for ISOLDE physics diffuse out of the target, effuse through a transfer tube, and eventually reach the ionizing volume. An efficient ionization process is mandatory in view of the very small production cross sections of radioactive elements far from stability and fast ionization is desired to minimize decay losses. The MECRIS (Mono ECR ISOLDE) is intended for light noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, and Kr), which have low ionization efficiency in ordinary plasma ion sources, but also for gaseous molecular compounds of C, N, and O isotopes. We will report on the design and construction of the device, including magnetic field calculations and rf simulations. Results of the first tests performed with stable ion beams are presented.

New light on the state of active sites in CuZSM-5 for the NO decomposition reaction and N2 adsorptionElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: XANES and EXAFS spectra of the reference samples (1) Cu metal; (2) Cu2O; (3) CuCl; (4) [Cu(NH3)2]+; (5) CuO; (6) Cu(OH)2; (7) [Cu(hfac)2]. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b3/b304538m/

Ion-exchange of ZSM-5-type zeolites with copper ion was carried out by three different methods to obtain information on the states and roles of the effective sites for NO decomposition and N2 adsorption activity of copper-ion-exchanged ZSM-5-type zeolites (CuZSM-5). The first method of preparation is chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II), [Cu(hfac)2], as a volatile complex, and the second one is to utilize CuCl as a vaporizing source. These were compared with the third method, that is, the ordinary ion exchange method using an aqueous solution of CuCl2. It is apparent that in the first method the Cu2+ species deposited on ZSM-5 as [Cu(hfac)2] (i.e., via the hydrogen bonding between a Brønsted acid site and a pseudo-aromatic ring of ligands) is reduced to the monovalent species (Cu+) by evacuation at 573 K, and also that the reducibility of Cu2+ is superior to that in the sample prepared by the conventional ion-exchange in an aqueous solution. As for the sample prepared by using CuCl, Cu+ deposited as CuCl was exchanged with H+ on a Brønsted acid site in the HZSM-5 sample through treatment at temperatures above 573 K with a release of HCl. The CuZSM-5 sample prepared by the CVD method gave a single IR band at 2159 cm−1 due to the adsorbed CO species, while the sample prepared by evaporation of CuCl at 573 K and also the sample ion-exchanged in an aqueous solution gave a broad band at around 2155 cm−1 (composed of two bands at 2159 and 2151 cm−1) for the adsorbed CO species, indicating the existence of at least two dominant types of exchangeable sites in these CuZSM-5 samples. Each sample reveals different features for NO decomposition reactivity and N2 adsorption, and such behaviours are explained by the difference in ratio of the respective sites occupied by copper ions. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that the simultaneous existence of two types of sites lying close together has important implications for the catalytic activity for NO decomposition by CuZSM-5, and that the site giving the 2151 cm−1 band is the effective site for N2 adsorption.

Relativistic plasma maser interaction in the presence of ion acoustic turbulence

The plasma maser interaction between the high frequency nonresonant ordinary mode and low frequency resonant ion acoustic mode in a relativistic plasma has been studied for the first time. It has been shown that the growth rate of the high frequency wave occurs through the plasma maser interaction between relativistic electrons and the ion acoustic wave turbulence.

Simulation of Laser Ion Loading into ECR Source

A new version of computer codes based on balance equations for all ionic charge states and theory of electron and ion confinement in the open magnetic trap of an ECR ion source was developed and tested for the numerical simulation of ion injection into the ECR plasma. The presented numerical simulations of pulsed ion injection into the ECR source have shown some advantages of the combination of ECRIS and laser ion or neutral sources. The pulse loading of heavy elements in the ECR source could give a high current output of highly charged ions due to a narrow charge state distribution of ions in the source. The extraction current of every charge state has a pulse structure with a duration of a few milliseconds. Different charge states have different build-up times. It is possible to select the extraction of a charge state by changing the time length of the RF pulse after the time of ion or neutral beam injection. There are only few charge states at every moment of time in the source and the charge state distribution of the extracted current is very narrow in comparison with ordinary ion loading. This effect should be strongly enhanced in the afterglow mode of operation and results of simulations promise to produce ion pulses of Pb27+ of about 1 mA in the afterglow mode (0.3 ms duration) in the SERSE (INFN-LNS, Catania) type ion source. The presented simulations are in qualitative agreement with existing experimental data of neutral flow injection from laser ablation plasma.

Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the elderly.

Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ION) is a disease prevalent in adulthood, and its development in elderly persons is known to show a low incidence. To clarify its characteristics in elderly patients, radiological and histological examinations were performed on 18 patients aged 60 years or older histologically diagnosed as having ION. On roentgenography, three characteristic points were observed, 1) progress of collapse in the femoral head within a short period (12 cases, 66.7%), 2) narrowing in the joint space within a short period (6 cases, 33.3%), and 3) rapid destruction and resorption of the femoral head (4 cases, 22.2%). The lesion expanded to the acetabular region, and a course similar to that of so-called rapidly destructive coxarthrosis (RDC) was developing in 3 cases (16.7%). However, in these 3 cases, changes in the acetabular region were mild, compared with ordinary RDC, and they were considered different from common RDC. These radiological characteristics were found more clearly in women than in men. In the histopathological examination, severe degeneration in the cartilage of the femoral head was found, while wide infiltration of repairing tissue into the necrotic area was seen from the early stage. When necrotic trabecula were collapsed markedly and degraded severely, then destruction and resorption of bone expanded to non-necrotic regions in some cases. Osteogenic sclerotic line (the demarcation line), which has been often seen in ordinary ION, was not developed in most cases. These characteristics were more prominent in women.

802 キャビテーション壊食に及ぼす液体特性の影響

The ratio of air content from 0.75 to 1.5 to that in ordinary ion exchanged water does not affect the cavitation erosion of aluminum which was obtained in aerated or deaerated ion exchange water. The mass loss rate in water/ethanol liquid is proportional to the product of (vapor pressure)^<-0.9> and (the ratio of air content)^<-3.1>. Considering these two findings, it was concluded that there exists the critical ratio 1.6 of air content which begins to decrease the erosion rate. Moreover, it was found that the mass loss rate in various test liquids corresponds well with a summation of square of impact loads.

Development of a synthetic diamond radiation detector with a boron doped CVD diamond contact

A boron doped CVD diamond contact was applied to a diamond radiation detector for suppressing a polarization phenomenon. A boron doped CVD diamond layer was grown on a synthetic type IIa single crystal diamond; it was then used as a contact. The contact was completely free from radiation damage which is unavoidable in a contact made by an ordinary ion implantation technique. An energy resolution of 0.39% for 5.486 MeV α particles was achieved. A steady counting rate higher than 50 cps for α particles was confirmed by the developed detector. It is proposed that the boron doped CVD diamond contact functioned as a blocking contact on this detector.

Self-gravitational magnetosonic modes in dusty plasmas with quasi-inertialess plasma constituents

Self-gravitation could become important in dusty plasmas, due to the presence of very heavy charged dust grains, and hence could modify traditional Jeans collapse criteria known from neutral gases. Perpendicular, low-frequency magnetosonic modes can play a role in resisting gravitational collapse across the magnetic field. By treating the lighter plasma species as effectively inertialess, a unified dispersion law is obtained for Alfvén–Jeans modes, valid at all frequencies smaller than the ordinary ion gyrofrequency. Its possible relevance for interstellar space is discussed, although estimates are only indicative because of the lack of reliable data. Nevertheless, this clearly points to an important stabilizing role for the interstellar magnetic field in the perpendicular direction if all the dust is charged.

Properties of new inorganic membranes prepared by metal alkoxide methods. Part III: New inorganic lithium permselective ion exchange membrane

Inorganic lithium permselective ion exchange membranes were prepared on a microporous alumina substrate by dip-coating solution containing Si(OC 2H 5) 4, LiOC 2H 5, Mn(OC 2H 5) 2 and C 2H 5OH. The membranes showed ion-selectivity for cation over anion and permselectivity for Li + over Na +. The static transport number for cation [K +] is 0.75 and the permselectivity for Na + over Li + is 0.29, comparing 2.57 for ordinary organic ion exchange membrane.