Ordinary Feed Research Articles

The impact of using predigested feed on growth and molting frequency in blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) enlargement

Abstract Blue swimming crab is one of the leading fishery export commodities which occupies the 3rd largest position after tuna and shrimp. Crab maintenance so far uses rasbora fish feed which has several drawbacks, including inappropriate nutrition, depending on the season, and is difficult to handle. Therefore, simple artificial feed is needed to support crab growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of artificial feeding supplemented with pancreatic extract on crab growth. The research design used in this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with different concentrations of pancreatic extract (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%). Parameters observed included water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and ammonia), feed proximate, crab biology. The results of this study indicate that the water quality in this study supports the life of blue swimming crabs. The feed proximate results show that the proximate value is in accordance with the crab’s needs. The results of swimming crab biology showed that the highest growth of crab was owned by the artificial feed + 9% pancreas and the lowest was in the trash fish treatment. Based on the results it can be seen that the best treatment to support the life of the blue swimming crab is artificial feed + 9% pancreas. Predigestion feed with the help of pancreatic extract concentrations can increase crab growth compared to ordinary feed or rasbora fish feed.

Reduction of oxidative stress response and protection of liver and renal cell functions by reduced glutathione in lower limb arterial ischemia–reperfusion in New Zealand white rabbits with high triglyceride levels

ObjectiveAcute liver and kidney injury is the most common complication after aortic surgery, which seriously affects the survival and safety of perioperative patients. The presence of chronic preoperative liver and renal insufficiency, presence of preoperative blood inflammation indicators, duration of intraoperative extracorporeal circulation, and volume of red blood cell transfusion are the main influencing factors for acute postoperative liver and kidney injuries. In recent years, with the research progress on oxidative stress, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that oxidative stress may cause tissue damage after ischemia–reperfusion (IR). However, the impact of the oxidative stress of distal tissues caused by IR on liver and renal cells after arterial surgeries has not yet been elucidated. MethodsNew Zealand white rabbits were used for the experiments and were divided into three groups. Among them, two groups were fed high-fat feed to establish a white rabbit model of hypertriglyceridemia, whereas the control group was provided with ordinary feed. In the experiment, white rabbits were subjected to occlusion of the infrarenal aorta abdominalis to simulate IR of the lower limbs. The effects of high triglyceride levels after the arterial IR of the lower limbs were investigated using the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a fat metabolite, in ischemic muscle tissues and blood tissues. One of the groups receiving high-fat feed received intervention with reduced glutathione (GSH) before IR of the lower limbs. Pathological studies were performed to identify the expression levels of inflammatory factors and inflammatory cells in liver and renal cells as well as cell apoptosis. The effects of GSH administration before IR on reducing the oxidative stress in adipose tissues and alleviating liver and kidney damage after stress response were investigated. ResultsAfter IR, the increases in ROS and MDA in ischemic muscle tissues and blood tissues were higher in white rabbits with high triglyceride levels than in those that only received ordinary feed or received intervention with GSH. In addition, for white rabbits with high triglyceride levels, the TNF-α expression levels in the liver increased after IR. Moreover, a considerable increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, macrophages, and T lymphocytes were observed in renal cells. A large number of inflammatory cells and the formation of immune complexes were also noted in the glomeruli; in addition, cell apoptosis was promoted. ConclusionThis study showed that high triglyceride levels enhanced the oxidative stress response and increased ROS production in New Zealand white rabbits after arterial IR of the lower limbs. High ROS levels activated the expression of inflammatory factors and inflammatory cells in the liver and kidney, which affected cell functions and promoted apoptosis. At high triglyceride levels, GSH downregulated ROS production in oxidative stress after IR, thereby protecting liver and kidney functions.

The Effectiveness of Using Honey in Feed for Fish Sex Change Sword Plate (Xiphophorus helleri)


 This study aims to determine the effect of forest bee honey on changes in male sex of sword platy fish (Xiphophorus helleri). The benefits of this study were to determine the appropriate dose of honey for changes in male sex and how the survival rate of sword platy fish larvae was. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, namely Treatment A: Control (Ordinary Feed), Treatment B: Dosage of 3 ml of honey mixed into 100 g of feed, Treatment C: Dosage of 4 ml of honey which is mixed into 100 g of feed, Treatment D : Dosage of 5 ml of honey mixed into 100 g of feed, Treatment E : Dose of 6 ml of honey mixed into 100 g of feed. The results showed that mixing honey into feed gave a significantly different effect on the percentage of male sex ratio where Fcount > Ftable (5.15 > 3.48). Where the best dose is found in treatment E: 6 ml of honey mixed into 100 g of feed with a percentage of 66.05%. While the lowest percentage value is in treatment A (Control) with a total percentage of 40.79%. For the survival rate, mixing honey into the feed had no effect between all treatments. The percentage of survival rates is still in the range above 50%. The range of water quality values ​​is the temperature ranges from 26.55-27.52 0C, pH ranges from 7.02-7.06 and dissolved oxygen ranges from 5.13-5.31 ppm.

Protective effect of corn peptide on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats induced by high fat diet

To explore the dose-effect and mechanism of the protective effect of corn peptide(CP) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Seventy male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, CP group, puerarin positive control group, low-, medium-, high-dose corn peptide group, the experiment started after 1 week of adaptive feeding. The control group and CP group were fed with ordinary feed and others were fed with high-fat feed, while the control group was given intragastric administration of purified water, the CP group and the low-, medium-, high-dose corn peptide group were given intragastric administration of corn peptide(800, 400, 600 and 800 mg/(kg·d), respectively), and the puerarin positive control group was given intragastric administration of 300 mg/(kg·d) of puerarin, for 10 weeks. The body weight and general condition of rats were recorded every week, after 10 weeks, the indexes of 7 groups were compared. Compared with the model group, the liver index(3.67, 3.29, 3.19 and 3.04, P<0.05) of the rats in the three doses of corn peptide groups decreased. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(13.66, 11.82, 11.55 and 10.53, P<0.05) decreased. The serum triglyceride(TG)(0.59, 0.42, 0.34 and 0.28, P<0.05), total cholesterol(TC)(2.57, 2.10, 1.67 and 1.46, P<0.05), free fatty acid(FFA)(0.66, 0.44, 0.40 and 0.36, P<0.05), and leptin(10.64, 9.87, 9.43 and 9.05, P<0.05) decreased. The serum interleukin-6(74.61, 61.66, 51.12 and 35.68, P<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor-α(100.18, 74.13, 67.44 and 48.46, P<0.05) decreased. The serum aspartate aminotransferase(41.38, 19.41, 14.98 and 8.44, P<0.05) and alanine aminotransferase(25.14, 13.10, 11.57 and 7.48, P<0.05) activity decreased. The liver TG(9.89, 5.55, 4.73 and 3.13, P<0.05), TC(1.73, 0.97, 0.80 and 0.50, P<0.05) and FFA(1.81, 1.11, 0.77 and 0.70, P<0.05) decreased. The serum malondialdehyde(MDA)(21.36, 15.24, 12.75 and 10.87, P<0.05) level and liver MDA(11.87, 8.27, 6.33 and 4.98, P<0.05) level decreased. The serum and liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity increased(P<0.05), and the effect is related to the intervention dose of corn peptide. The size of the liver became smaller, the liver color gradually changed from light yellow to light red. Corn peptide has a certain preventive effect on NAFLD in rats, and the preventive effect of corn peptide is related to its intervention dose.

Intervention effect of Potentilla discolor-Euonymus alatus on intestinal flora of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.

With this study, we aimed at exploring the regulation mechanism of Potentilla discolor-Euonymus alatus on intestinal flora of T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) rats induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. T2DM rats were induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. There were normal control group, model group, metformin group, high-dose Chinese medicine group and low-dose Chinese medicine group. Each group included 10 rats. Normal control group: normal feeding, no modeling, ordinary feed, and gavage of 0.9% normal saline. Model group: T2DM rats, high-fat diet, and gavage of 0.9% normal saline. Metformin group: T2DM rats, high-fat diet and fed with metformin solution. High-dose Chinese medicine group: T2DM rats, high-fat diet, and gavage of concentrated Chinese medicine at a dose of 6 times the clinical dose. Low-dose Chinese medicine group: T2DM rats, high-fat diet, and gavage of concentrated Chinese medicine at a dose twice the clinical dose. The general situation of T2DM rats was observed, and the changes of intestinal flora were observed with 16SrDNA sequencing. The T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin were molded. After intervention, at the class level, the ratio of γ-proteobacteria was 22.30% in the model group, 11.97% in the metformin group, 3.24% in the high-dose Chinese herbs group and 1.72% in the low-dose Chinese herbs group; the ratio of Erysipelothrix insidiosa was 4.73% in the model group, 4.68% in the metformin group, 3.93% in the high-dose Chinese herbsgroup and 2.92% in the low dose group; the ratio of Lactinobacillus was 2.30% in the model group, 0.01% in the metformin group, 0.00% in the high-dose Chinese herbs group, and 0.00% low-dose Chinese herbs group; at the portal level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroides was 0.88 in the normal control group, 3.40 in the model group, 1.71 in the metformin group, 2.74 in high-dose Chinese medicine group, and 1.34 in low-dose Chinese medicine group; at the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the model group was 3.28%, that of Akkermansia was 1.99%, that of Shigella coli was 22.08%, and that of Vibrio phaseus was 7.67%. All of them were improved after the intervention of metformin and traditional Chinese medicine. Potentilla discolor-Euonymus Alatus could improve the composition and structure of intestinal flora in T2DM rats and regulate the diversity of intestinal flora. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes was adjusted, mainly to increase the number of Bacteroides; the flora related to intestinal barrier was adjusted, mainly to increase the number of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia bacteria.

Novel weight loss diet attenuates dietary-induced obesity in mice and might correlate with altered gut microbiota and metabolite profiles.

Although many dietary patterns have been studied for weight loss, various limitations still exist. Therefore, we designed a novel weight loss diet (NWLD) with carbohydrate, protein, and fat (energy) contents of 45%, 20%, and 35%, respectively. The saturated fatty acids: monounsaturated fatty acids:polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio was 1:2:1, and the insoluble: soluble dietary fiber ratio was 2:1. We aimed to observe the effect of NWLD on weight loss and understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Twenty-nine male C57BL/6J mice were selected. Nine mice were fed ordinary feed in a blank control group, and the rest were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish obese mouse models. Twelve weeks later, obesity models were established, and 10 obese mice were switched to NWLD feeding. Six weeks after switching the diet, the serum, intestinal feces, and kidneys of mice were collected. Obesity-related indicators, gut microbial composition, and fecal metabolite profiles of all the mice were determined, and the correlations among these indicators were analyzed. Kidney function indicators were also assessed. The results showed that the NWLD attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), and inflammatory factors, optimized the body composition without kidney function impairment. Amino acid metabolism pathways and metabolites might play key roles in this process. The findings of this research imply that NWLD could be an effective nutritional remedy for managing dietary-induced obesity.

Preparation of Nano Cadmium Sulfide and Its Influence on Glomerular Mesangial Cell Apoptosis and NF-κB Expression of Renal Calculus Mice

The study was intended to investigate the influence of nano cadmium sulfide (nCdS) in glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) apoptosis and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression of renal calculus mice. The cadmium acetate and thioacetamide were used to prepare nCdS, which was then characterized by X-ray diffractometer and high-resolution transmission electron microscope for the crystal form, morphology, and particle size. 20 SPF male mice selected as research subjects which were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Regarding the establishment of renal calculus mouse model, the mice in the experimental group were kept with ordinary feed together with stone attractant (made of ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride), and the mice in the control group were kept with ordinary feed together with tap water. Further, the tetrazolium salt colorimetric method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of nCdS, with Western blot adopted to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related protein of Bcl-2 and Bax in the two groups of mice, and immunohistochemical staining method applied to detect the expression level of NF-κB in two groups of mice. The results showed that the renal calculus mouse model was successfully established. The prepared nCdS demonstrated a good dispersion property with a regular round shape and uniform particle size distribution between 2.34~10.52 nm. When the concentration of nCdS increased, the survival rate of the GMC decreased, with a notable difference noted (P < 0.05). In contrast with the control group, the expression level of Bcl-2 in the GMC of the experimental group decreased, and that of Bax increased, with the difference found to be notable (P <0.05). The expression of NF-κB in the GMC of experimental group was obviously higher versus that of the control group, and the difference was notable (P <0.05). In conclusions, the nCdS exhibits cytotoxic effects on the GMC in renal calculus mice by promoting the apoptosis of GMC and the NF-κB expression in renal calculus mice.

Effects of brown rice on metabolomics related to glucose and lipid in normal rats

To investigate the effects of whole grain rice on blood sugar, blood lipid and metabonomics compared with ordinary feed and refined rice. According to the initial body weight and fasting blood glucose, 36 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, RG-rice group and WG-rice group, fed with AIN-93 G feed, feeds prepared with refined rice flour or brown rice flour, respectively, for 18 weeks. Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, abdominal aortic blood was taken to measure blood glucose and blood lipids, and untargeted metabolomics was performed. During the experiment, the body weight growth and food intake of rats in each group were basically the same. Fasting blood glucose(FBG) in RG-rice group were(10.12±1.51)mmol/L, which were significantly higher than those in other groups, hepatic glycogen in RG-rice group were(0.90±0.33)mg/g, which were significantly higher than those in WG-rice group. TC and LDL in RG-rice group were(1.85±0.21)mmol/L and(0.84±0.10)mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group and RG-rice group(P& lt; 0.05). The non-targeted metabolomics result were compared in pairs. A total of 30 metabolic differences were found between the control and RG-rice groups, involving 8 potential pathways, 12 metabolic differences were found between the control and WG-rice groups, involving 2 potential pathways, 18 metabolic differences were found between the RG-rice and WG-rice groups, involving 4 potential pathways. Pathway enrichment was performed again according to the correlation analysis of differential metabolites with blood glucose and blood lipids. The result showed that the FBG-related pathways include glycerophospholipid metabolism and glutathione metabolism. TG-related pathways include glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. TC-related pathways include D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. LDL-related pathway include glycerophospholipid metabolism. Eating more refined rice may increase blood sugar, brown rice helps to maintain a relatively low blood lipid level. Glycerol phospholipid metabolism is a common pathway that rice affects blood glucose and blood lipid metabolism in normal rats.

Improvement effect and mechanism of ethanol extract from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium on triglyceride in hyperlipidemia model rat

The aim of this paper was to study the improvement effect of ethanol extract from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium(CRP) on triglyceride of hyperlipidemia model rats, and to explore the possible mechanism. SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, positive control group, and high, medium and low-dose CRP ethanol extract groups, with 10 rats in each group. During the experiment, except for the normal group that was fed with distilled water and ordinary feed, rats in the other groups were given different concentrations of alcohol and fed with high-sugar and fat diets. All rats were given free diets. While being modeled, each group was administered with 0.01 mL·g~(-1) by gavage once a day for six weeks. Blood samples were collected after two weeks, four weeks and six weeks of drug treatment. After the completion of the experiment, blood, liver and adipose tissue were collected. Triglyceride(TG), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum, TG in liver tissue and TG in fecal were detected. Free fatty acid(FFA) and triglyceride-related hydrolase, such as adipose tiglyceride lipase(ATGL), lipoprotein lipase(LPL), hepatic lipase(HL), hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase(HSL) were detected by ELISA. The mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors(PPARγ), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 c(SREBP-1 c) and farnesoid X receptor(FXR) were determined by RT-PCR. Compared with the model group, each administration group could reduce TG levels in serum and liver to varying degrees, reduce serum ALT, AST, ALP activities, significantly reduce free fatty acid content in serum, significantly increase triglyceride metabolism-related enzymes, including fat ATGL, LPL and liver HL content, and significantly reduced the content of fat HSL. According to the study of transcriptional regulation genes relating to triglyceride metabolism, extract from CRP could significantly increase the mRNA expressions of PPARγ and FXR. In conclusion, ethanol extract from CRP could ob-viously reduce the TG level of hyperlipidemia model rats, and might reduce plasma TG content by increasing PPARγ-LPL/ATGL and FXR-HL triglyceride hydrolysis pathways.

Electroencephalogram based communication system for locked in state person using mentally spelled tasks with optimized network model

Due to growth in population, Individual persons with disabilities are increasing daily. To overcome the disability especially in Locked in State (LIS) due to Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), we planned to design four states moving robot from four imagery tasks signals acquired from three electrode systems by placing the electrodes in three positions namely T1, T3 and FP1. At the time of the study we extract the features from Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and trained with Optimized Neural Network model to analyze the features. The proposed network model showed the highest performances with an accuracy of 93.86 % then that of conventional network model. To confirm the performances we conduct offline test. The offline test also proved that new network model recognizing accuracy was higher than the conventional network model with recognizing accuracy of 97.50 %. To verify our result we conducted Information Transfer Rate (ITR), from this analysis we concluded that optimized network model outperforms the other network models like conventional ordinary Feed Forward Neural Network, Time Delay Neural Network and Elman Neural Networks with an accuracy of 21.67 bits per sec. By analyzing classification performances, recognizing accuracy and Information Transformation Rate (ITR), we concluded that CWT features with optimized neural network model performances were comparably greater than that of normal or conventional neural network model and also the study proved that performances of male subjects was appreciated compared to female subjects.

Effects of different intensity interval exercise of 6 weeks on body composition of obese rats

To investigate the effects of different intensity intermittent exercise on the body function of obese rats, and to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet group (n=20) and high-fat diet group (n=60). After adaptive feeding for 8 weeks, 8 normal diet rats and 32 high-fat obese rats were selected for follow-up experiments. The experimental rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8): control diet-sedentary (CS),with ordinary feed and without any exercise; high diet-sedentary (HS), with high-fat feed feeding and without any exercise; high diet-continual exercise(HC), 60 min/day,5 days/week with 6 weeks; high diet-long time-low frequency interval exercise(HLL), 30 min/time,twice/day (intermittent 6 h), 5 days/week with 6 weeks; high diet-short time-high frequency interval exercise(HSH), 20 min/ time, 3 times/d (intermittent 3 h), 5 days/week with 6 weeks. The training intensity of rats in each exercise group was 25 m/min. After 6 weeks, rats in each groups were weighed, and resting metabolic rate(RMR), fasting blood glucose(FBG), triglyceride(TG) and other biochemical indexes were detected, and fat and muscle weight were measured. Before experiment, there were no significant differences in RMR, FBG and TG in each groups(P＞0.05).The body weight of HSH, HLL, HC and HS groups was higher than that of CS group (P＜0.05). After the experiment, RMR of the HSH,HLL and HC groups was significantly higher than that of HS and CS groups (P＜0.05), but without significant difference among the HSH,HLL and HC groups (P＞0.05).The body weight of HSH, HLL and HC groups was significantly lower than that of HS group (P＜0.05), but the three groups was not significant (P＞0.05); perirenal fat(PF), idymis fat(EF), perirenal fat/weight(PF/W) and epididymis fat/weight(EF/W) of HSH, HLL, HC group were significantly lower than those of HS group (P＜0.01), while there was no statistical difference among the three groups (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in gastrocnemius(GM) and quadricep(QF) of each group (P＞0.05), gastrocnemius/weight(GM/W) and quadriceps/weight (QF/W) in HSH,HLL and HC groups were higher than those of HS group (P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference among HSH,HLL and HC groups (P＞0.05);FEB,TG of HSH,HLL,HC group were lower than those of CS and HS group (P＜0.05),but the difference with HS group was more significant (P＜0.01),there was no significant difference among training groups(P＞0.05). 6 weeks of intermittent exercise of different intensity had a good intervention effect on the body composition of obese rats, and high diet-short time-high frequency interval exercise (HSH) may be more effective.

Effect Adding Petroselium sativam L to the Diet of layer Chicken for Reduce Fecal Bacterial Load

The present study was undertaken to assessment adding herbal preparation(Petroselium sativam L) in different series of doses 0.25%, 0.75 % and 0.125 % in chicken of layer feed breed on the total fecal bacterial count, as well as the count of coliform bacteria and the count of lactobacilli bacteria.Methods: The study was carried out in 35 weeks old Isa Brown breed(72 birds) with 18 birds per group for 3 replicate 6 birds in each. Control group T1was fed only with the ordinary feeding without any addition of herbs while in the treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, different levels of herbal preparation were added with ordinary feed of birds as mentioned above. The assessment of these experiments was carried out for 21 days and a sample composed of Six birds from each group were selected and the data collected from each birdResults: All groups showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in both of total fecal bacterial count and faecal coliform count and the differences were more apparent in the T4 as it compared to control group also a significant increment (p<0.05) was showed in lactobacilli count in all the groups with more ever increment in T4 when compared with control one.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the herb Petroselium sativam L supplementation at 0.25%, 0.75% and 0.125 % level to the layer diet causes a definite reduction in the faecal total bacterial count and faecal coliform count and increment of lactobacilli count specially at 0.125% level which recorded best value.

Earthquake trend prediction using long short-term memory RNN

&lt;p&gt;The prediction of a natural calamity such as earthquakes has been an area of interest for a long time but accurate results in earthquake forecasting have evaded scientists, even leading some to deem it intrinsically impossible to forecast them accurately. In this paper an attempt to forecast earthquakes and trends using a data of a series of past earthquakes. A type of recurrent neural network called Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is used to model the sequence of earthquakes. The trained model is then used to predict the future trend of earthquakes. An ordinary Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) solution for the same problem was done for comparison. The LSTM neural network was found to outperform the FFNN. The R^2 score of the LSTM is better than the FFNN’s by 59%.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of Yogurt on Gastrointestinal Motility of Dyspepsia Mice

With the development of the food industry and the improvement of the living standard, people’s diet structure has changed gradually. Excessive diet with high calorie and high protein could cause dyspepsia. Aim of our study is to discuss the effect of yogurt on gastrointestinal motility of dyspepsia mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, model group, Chinese medical group (Drug group), and yogurt group. The mice of normal group were given ordinary feed, the rest of groups were given high protein and high calorie feed and administered through gastric intubation with 52% milk solution to establish dyspeptic model from day 1 to 4. the gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, intestinal muscle tension, small intestinal contraction frequency and motilin were measured. Compared with the normal group, the gastric emptying rate, small intestinal propulsion rate, small intestine muscle tension, the small intestine contraction frequency and the motilin concentration were decreased in the model group, Compared with the model group, the intestine muscle tension in the yogurt group was increased, the difference has statistical significance(p<0.05), in addition, the gastric emptying rate in yogurt group was increased(p<0.05),the small intestine contraction frequency and the motilin of yogurt group were increased.Yogurt could improve gastrointestinal motility of dyspepsia mice.

Design and application of the feed water control strategy for a 350 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler

The delay and inertia of the supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler are larger than the traditional once-through pulverized coal-fired (PC) boiler. The ordinary feed water control strategy based on coal-water ratio has a poor performance when applied in CFB boiler. The paper explained the reason by analyzing the principle of the feed water control system in traditional PC boiler and combining with the characteristics of fuel combustion and heat transfer in CFB boiler. A double-feedforward self-balance feed water instruction was proposed based on the steam water balance theory. It contains the dynamic heat differential calculated by air and coal quantity and the load demand differential corrected by temperature. The proposed control strategy was applied in the actual operation of a supercritical 350MW CFB unit. The result shows that it overcomes the large delay and inertia of the boiler and realizes the accurate feed water control when load changes, which has great significance for improving the control performance of CFB boilers.

Functional Link Neural Network with Modified Artificial Bee Colony for Data Classification

Functional Link Neural Network (FLNN) has emerged as an important tool for solving non-linear classification problem and has been successfully applied in many engineering and scientific problems. The FLNN structure is much more modest than ordinary feed forward network like the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) due to its flat network architecture which employs less tuneable weights for training. However, the standard Backpropagation (BP) learning uses for FLNN training prone to get trap in local minima which affect the FLNN classification performance. To recover the BP-learning drawback, this paper proposes an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization with modification on bee foraging behaviour (mABC) as an alternative learning scheme for FLNN. This is motivated by good exploration and exploitation capabilities of searching optimal weight parameters exhibit by ABC algorithm. The result of the classification accuracy made by FLNN with mABC (FLNN-mABC) is compared with the original FLNN architecture with standard Backpropagation (BP) (FLNN-BP) and standard ABC algorithm (FLNN-ABC). The FLNN-mABC algorithm provides better learning scheme for the FLNN network with average overall improvement of 4.29% as compared to FLNN-BP and FLNN-ABC.

Effects of different intensities exercise combined with resveratrol on RBP4 in aged obese rats

To investigate the effects of different intensity exercise combined with resveratrol on retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) mRNA and protein expression in visceral adipose tissue and plasma RBP4 concentration of aged obese rats. Eighty male SD rats aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group. Rats of the control group(C) were fed with ordinary feed of 6% fat (n=12). The experimental group consisted of 68 rats, which were fed with 36%~40% high fat feed in three stages. The rat model of elderly obesity was established successfully. Twenty-four obese rats were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, including obese group (CO), resveratrol obese group (RO), low intensity exercise combined with resveratrol group (LRO) and moderate intensity exercise combined with resveratrol group (MRO). There were 6 rats in each group. The exercise intensities of the LRO group and MRO group were (12 m/min×15 min) and (15 m/min×15 min). Every day was exercised for 60 minutes. The rats in RO, LRO or MRO were treated with resveratrol at the dose of 52.5 mg/kg·d, while the rats in the control group were fed with the same amount of purified water, continued intervention for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, samples of blood, adipose tissue of around the kidney, testicle, vessel and visceral were collected. Blood glucose and plasma RBP4 concentration were measured. Insulin sensitivity(ISI) was calculated. The expressions of RBP4 mRNA and protein were also determined. Compared with normal (C) group, the expressions of RBP4 mRNA and protein and plasma concentration and plasma glucose of the model (CO) group were increased obviously (P<0.05, P<0.01). ISI was decreased obviously (P<0.05). Compared with model (CO) group, the expressions of RBP4 mRNA and protein and plasma concentration and plasma glucose of the RO and LRO and MRO groups were decreased significantly(P<0.05, P<0.01), while ISI was increased markedly (P<0.05). Compared with the RO and LRO groups, the expressions of RBP4 mRNA and protein and plasma concentration and plasma glucose of the MRO group were decreased, while ISI was increased, but there was no significant difference. Different intensities exercise combined with resveratrol could reduce the RBP4 mRNA and protein expression in visceral adipose tissue and plasma RBP4 concentrations of aged obese rats, but less affected by exercise intensity.

Mass spectrometric profiling of lipids in intestinal tissue from rats fed cereals processed for medical conditions.

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used for lipid profiling of intestine tissue sections from rats fed specially processed cereals and rats fed ordinary feed as a control. This cereal is known to increase the activity of antisecretory factor in plasma and the exact mechanism for the activation process at the cellular level is unclear. ToF-SIMS has been used to track food induced changes in lipid content in intestinal tissue sections to gain insight into the possible mechanisms involved. Data from 20 intestine sections belonging to four different rats from each group of control and specially processed cereals-fed rats were obtained using the stage scan macroraster with a lateral resolution of 5 μm. Data were subsequently subjected to orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The data clearly show that changes of certain lipids are induced by the specially processed cereal feed. Scores plots show a well-defined separation between the two groups. The corresponding loading plots reveal that the groups separate mainly due to changes of vitamin E, phosphocholine, and phosphosphingolipid fragments, and that for the c18:2 fatty acid. The observed changes in lipids might give insight into the working mechanisms of antisecretory factor in the body, and this has been successfully used to understand the working mechanism of specially processed cereal-induced antisecretory factor activation in intestine.

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spores intervention on glucose and lipid metabolism gene expression profiles in type 2 diabetic rats.

BackgroundThe fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. However, to the date, there is no detailed study for describing the effect of G. lucidum spores on oxidative stress, blood glucose level and lipid compositions in animal models of type 2 diabetic rats, in particular the effect on the gene expression profiles associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms.MethodsG. lucidum spores powder (GLSP) with a shell-broken rate >99.9 % was used. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: Normal control, normal rats with ordinary feed; Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats with ordinary feed without intervention; Group 3: GLSP, diabetic rats with ordinary feed, an intervention group utilizing GLSP of 1 g per day by oral gavages for 4 consecutive weeks. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by streptozocin (STZ) injection. The changes in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in blood samples were analyzed after GLSP intervention. Meanwhile, gene expressions associated with the possible molecular mechanism of GLSP regulation were also investigated using a quantitative RT-PCR.ResultsThe reduction of blood glucose level occurred within the first 2 weeks of GLSP intervention and the lipid synthesis in the diabetic rats of GLSP group was significantly decreased at 4 weeks compared to the model control group. Furthermore, it was also found that GLSP intervention greatly attenuated the level of oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed up-regulation of lipid metabolism related genes (Acox1, ACC, Insig-1 and Insig-2) and glycogen synthesis related genes (GS2 and GYG1) in GLSP group compared to model control group. Additionally, there were no significant changes in the expression of other genes, such as SREBP-1, Acly, Fas, Fads1, Gpam, Dgat1, PEPCK and G6PC1.ConclusionThis study might indicate that GLSP consumption could provide a beneficial effect in terms of lowering the blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Meanwhile, GLSP treatment was also associated with the improvement of blood lipid compositions through the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the type 2 diabetic rats.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0045-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Study of effect of Humifuse Euphorbia Herb on alleviating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic model KK-Ay mice

[To explore the effect of Humifuse Euphorbia Herb ( HEH) on alleviating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. Totally 40 KK-Ay mice fed with high-fat diet were divided into four groups: the metformin group, the model group, the HEH low-dose group and the HEH high-dose group, and orally administrated with metformin hydrochloride (250 mg x kg(-1)), distilled water, humifuse euphorbia herb 1 g x kg(-1) and 2 g x kg(-1). Besides, C57BL/6J mice with ordinary feed were taken as the normal control group and orally administrated with equal distilled water. The oral administration for the five groups lasted for eight weeks. Before and after the experiment, weight, fasting glucose and insulin tolerance were determined. The morphological changes in pancreas were observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining on pancreatic tissue sections. The serum insulin, TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin (ADPN) and leptin (LEP) were detected by ELISA. The results showed that HEH could reduce weight and fasting glucose in KK-Ay mice, alleviate hyperinsulinemia, reduce blood glucose-time AUC, increase 30-min blood glucose decline rate, relieve insulin resistance, significantly ameliorate the pathomorphological changes in pancreas in each group, decrease serum TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin levels in KK-Ay mice and rise serum ADPN level. This study proved that humifuse euphorbia herb can ameliorate the insulin resistance in KK-Ay mice, and its mechanism may be related to the effect on inflammatory factors and adipocytokines.