Ordinary Farmers Research Articles

The Impact of Land Transfer on Sustainable Agricultural Development from the Perspective of Green Total Factor Productivity

China’s agricultural sector is transitioning from extensive management to intensive management, and land transfer brings about changes in land use and management methods, which may encourage the agricultural sector to enter a sustainable development track, but this mechanism has not been effectively proven. Using the SBM-GML index to construct a green total factor productivity index to measure the level of sustainable agricultural development in each province (or autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and provincial panel data from 2010 to 2022, we applied a panel interactive fixed-effects model to empirically test the impact of land transfer on sustainable agricultural development, with a focus on analyzing the heterogeneity and related mechanisms of this impact. The results indicate that (1) land transfer significantly promotes sustainable agricultural development, and this conclusion still held true after robustness tests such as controlling for regional omitted variables, replacing dependent variables, changing the sample size, IV estimation, and GMM estimation. (2) The mechanism testing found that land transfer mainly promotes sustainable agricultural development by increasing the desirable output, and has no significant effect on reducing non-point source pollution. At the same time, land transfer mainly improves the desirable output through factor allocation effects rather than scale operation effects, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development. (3) The heterogeneity analysis found that the higher the quantile of agricultural development level is, the weaker the role of land transfer in promoting sustainable agricultural development, indicating that land transfer has a greater impact on areas with poor agricultural development foundations, and areas with poor agricultural development foundations are more likely to obtain sustainable development space through land transfer. The impact of different land transfer methods and land transfer objects on sustainable agricultural development was heterogeneous. Compared with non-market transfer methods such as exchange and transfer, market-oriented transfer methods such as leasing and equity had a more significant impact on sustainable agricultural development. Compared to transferring land to ordinary farmers, transferring land to new business entities such as family farms, professional cooperatives, and enterprises can significantly promote sustainable agricultural development.

Research on Agricultural Supply Chain Finance Innovation Strategies Based on Blockchain

Comprehensively promoting rural revitalization and accelerating the construction of an agricultural power are important measures for the comprehensive construction of a modern national strategy. Under this strategic guidance, agricultural supply chain finance is particularly crucial as it is vital for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and farmers. However, ordinary farmers, small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, and core enterprises all face financing and credit risks throughout the supply chain. These challenges constrain their development and growth. This thesis first analyzes the current development status of agricultural supply chain finance, then identifies the risk issues affecting the development of agricultural supply chain finance through analysis of the relevant entities involved in the practice of agricultural supply chain. Finally, it proposes a solution approach through the innovative strategy of "dual-chain" combining blockchain with agricultural supply chain finance to address these problems. This thesis provides theoretical support for the development of agricultural supply chain finance and offers practical significance for the innovation research of agricultural supply chain finance under blockchain technology.

The Design and Development of Delta Arm for Multi-Purpose Agribots

Many challenges and obstacles prevail in the agricultural fields, such as weed removal, horticulture, and spraying herbicides and fertilizers. Individual robots for all these tasks cost a lot, which ordinary farmers cannot afford. The delta arm has to perform versatile functions like spraying and weed removal with great accuracy and reduced environmental impact. The primary objective of this research is to design a delta arm that can move in all directions efficiently. The driving and driven arm in the delta arm design should be correlated, which helps with the proper positioning of the end effector carrier. Similarly, the moving platform and the fixed platform are designed in a circular form. These measurements give a proper design and make the robotic arm work properly as it can move in all three degrees of freedom in XYZ directions. The NVIDIA jetson orin nano operates as the controlling unit of the delta arm. The study proved that the delta arm had achieved an accuracy rate of 98% at a speed of 107.5 mm/s, making it well-suited for agricultural field operations. In addition, the delta arm exhibits the capability to handle an end effector weighing up to 300 g. Therefore, introducing the delta arm agribot in the row-based agricultural field can make a revolution in the upcoming years as it can perform versatile tasks at a high speed.

The deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of domestic waste separation: a study on neighborhood effects and policy interventions.

Based on the perspective of combining informal and formal systems, this paper empirically explores the impact of neighborhood effects and policy interventions on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of domestic waste separation (DWS) by using data from the China Land Economy Survey (CLES) and constructing a probit model. It should be explained that the neighborhood effect in this paper refers to the fact that the behavior of farmers is highly susceptible to the behavior of their neighbors in the process of production and living. The results of the study show that neighborhood effects and policy interventions have a significant negative impact on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, respectively. Comparison of marginal effects shows that neighborhood effects > environmental advocacy > reward and punishment policies. From the interaction effects as a whole, neighborhood effects and policy interventions have complementary effects on the deviation of farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, with the complementary effects of neighborhood effects and environmental advocacy being more significant. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that neighborhood effects completely replace the inhibitory effect of policy interventions on the deviation of high-income farmers' willingness and behavior of DWS, but have no effect on political elite farmers. The interaction between neighborhood effects and policy interventions has complementary effects on low-income farmers and ordinary farmers, with the complementary effects of neighborhood effects and environmental advocacy being more significant.

How does full-cost insurance for wheat affect pesticide use? From the perspective of the differentiation of farmers' production scale

Theoretically, agricultural insurance influences farmers' use of pesticides by changing the expected income of agricultural production. Full-cost insurance, with high guarantee and high compensation characteristics, may significantly affect farmers' pesticide use. First, this paper constructs a production function to characterize and compare the marginal incomes of insured and uninsured farmers under risk uncertainty and analyses how insured farmers can increase marginal income by increasing or reducing factor inputs. Considering scale differentiation, it discusses pesticide use strategies different types of farmers may adopt to maximize household utility. Second, using survey data of the pilot counties of full-cost insurance for wheat in Henan Province, China, the simultaneous equation model is used for empirical testing. The results reveal the following: (i) Farmers' insurance participation and pesticide application behaviour are not mutually independent. (ii) For the whole sample, full-cost insurance for wheat has a significant pesticide reduction effect. (iii) However, considering scale differentiation, pesticide application decreases significantly among insured ordinary farmers but does not change significantly among insured large-scale farmers. Third, policy measures are proposed to activate the green development function of agricultural insurance.

KLASIFIKASI PENYAKIT BAWANG MERAH MELALUI CITRA DAUN DENGAN METODE K-MEANS

Shallot production is threatened by a number of diseases resulting in quite large losses and causing a decrease in shallot quality. One of the main diseases that attack shallots is purple spot disease and another common disease on shallots is lanas. Therefore it is necessary to classify the diseases of shallots in order to know the type of disease that attacks shallots. Shallot disease can be seen from the shape of the leaves and the texture of the leaves is the most appropriate feature used in the identification of shallot disease. However, the various forms of shallots are not easy for humans to detect, especially for ordinary farming communities. Therefore, technology can help detect shallot disease through leaf texture with the K-Means method using matlab. Based on the results of the identification test with test data as many as 20 images managed to get an accuracy value of 80%, where this accuracy value can be said to be good

『이반 데니소비치의 하루』

The main character of the novel, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, an ordinary farmer in the Soviet Union, was conscripted during the World WarⅡ and sentenced to 10 years in Gulag for treason while serving in the army. He has spent 8 years in a Soviet concentration camp(Gulag) and is currently in his 9th year. Shukhov is having a hard time fulfilling the given amount of work every day in the harsh cold weather and harsh environment. Most of the prisoners in the camp were classified as political prisoners, but in fact they were innocent people. Shukhov was also accused of treason and classified as a political criminal, but he too was only a victim of Stalin's violent policies. What is the strength that keeps Shukhov enduring life in the camp despite the harsh environment? In this article, we analyzed the theme of ‘Gulag and survival’. First, we looked at the Gulag in the Soviet Union. And we analyzed the prisoner characters including Shukhov held there. The Soviet Gulag originated from the Siberian exile in the 16th centry, and most of the prisoners in the 19th centry were ordinary criminals. Even in Soviet concentration camps(Gulag), political prisoners accounted for only 20% of all prisoners. However, most of the prisoners in the novel “One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich” were set as political prisoners. This seems to be Solzhenitsyn's intentional character setting. It was a way to emphasize the misguided policy of the Soviet Union. Shukhov and Baptist Alyoshka have a conversation about the Russian church and faith at the end of the novel, and here we learn that Shukhov's will to survive in the Gulag was very strong. That is, he has a clear purpose for survival. Also, although his faith was weak, it was confirmed that he had faith as a Russian Orthodox Christian.

Nurturing mental health and well-being using ordinary farms

Purpose This practice piece aims to review an occupational therapy led pilot programme – social farming as an intervention option in an adult community mental health setting in Ireland. It will also reflect on the practical implications of delivering the natural surroundings based programme through the COVID-19 pandemic and plans for the future development of such programmes in adult mental health services. Design/methodology/approach The Occupational Circumstances Assessment Interview Rating Scale (OCAIRS) was used to measure occupational participation (Forsyth, 2005). This was administered with participants’ pre and post their participation in the 10-week programme. An internal questionnaire was developed to further capture both the participant and farmer experiences of the social farming programme. Findings Whilst improvements were noted in a number of OCAIRS domains, it was difficult to identify small changes over a short period of time. The main domains of change were habits, roles, interests and personal causation. The success of the social farming placements was also reflected in the internal questionnaire. The pilot programme has resulted in the further development of the social farming programme and securing of funding for placements for five years. Originality/value It would be beneficial to consider other standardised assessments that assess quality of life and occupation for future placements. It is also beneficial to consider practical implications in delivering a social farming programme, particularly to those with barriers to transport. It is hoped this paper will contribute to the growing knowledge of social farming as a meaningful therapeutic intervention in mental health occupational therapy practice.

A Machine Learning Hybrid Approach for Diagnosing Plants Bacterial and Fungal Diseases

Bacterial and Fungal diseases may affect the yield of stone fruit and cause damage to the Chlorophyll synthesis process, which is crucial for tree growth and fruiting. However, due to their similar visual shot-hole symptoms, novice agriculturalists and ordinary farmers usually cannot identify and differentiate these two diseases. This work investigates and evaluates the use of machine learning for diagnosing these two diseases. It aims at paving the way toward creating a generic deep learning-based model that can be embedded in a mobile phone application or in a web service to provide a fast, reliable, and cheap diagnosis for plant diseases which help reduce the excessive, unnecessary, or improper use of pesticides, which can harm public health and the environment. The dataset consists of hundreds of samples collected from stone fruit farms in the north of Jordan under normal field conditions. The image features were extracted using a CNN algorithm that was pre-trained with millions of images, and the diseases were identified using three machine learning classification algorithms: 1) K-nearest neighbour (KNN); 2) Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD); and 3) Random Forests (RF). The resulting models were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation, with CNN-KNN achieving the best AUC performance with a score of 98.5%. On the other hand, the CNN-SGD model performed best in Classification Accuracy (CA) with a score of 93.7%. The results shown in the Confusion Matrix, ROC, Lift, and Calibration curves also confirmed the validity and robustness of the constructed models.

Farmer Movement in Rajasthan: General Analysis with special reference to Bijolia Farmer Movement

Many examples of farmer exploitation are found in the history of Rajasthan. All the subjects of the Bijolia estate were greatly distressed by the atrocities of the hideout. Due to the heavy burden of rent, their economic condition had become very pathetic. The ordinary farmer did not have food grains left to eat for the whole year after paying the bhog and rent. Farmers had become their slaves by taking loans from moneylenders. As a result of this fierce exploitation policy of the place, Bijolia farmers were not only burdened with the burden of debt, but the humiliating practice of wages used to humiliate them at every step and hurt their self-respect as well. No matter how important the family work was to the farmer, the constable of the place used to catch him for forced labor whenever he wanted. The farmers of Vijolia were very sad due to the unbearable economic burden of rent and the humiliating beating of begars. His mental anguish and pain had reached its peak. But the horror of the hideout was so tremendous that no one dared to express their heartache. The helpless and helpless farmer was tolerating that atrocity by hiding that internal agony in his end.

Effect of Farmers’ Perceptions of Sustainable Development Value on Their Willingness for Agricultural Land Secured Financing

Farmers’ perceptions of land value determine how land is used, which, in turn, can affect the ecological protection and sustainable development of land resources. This study constructed an index system of farmers’ perceptions of the sustainable development value of agricultural land in four aspects: economic value, security value, ecological value, and emotional value. Using data from 1652 farm households in Shaanxi Province, China, we empirically analyzed the influence of farmers’ perceptions of sustainable development value on their intention to obtain financing secured by agricultural land. Farmers’ perceptions of sustainable development value were found to have a significant negative effect on their willingness for agricultural land secured financing, and social capital played a negative moderating role in the relationship between the two. Further, we found differences between ordinary farmers and new management entities in their value perceptions of agricultural land; thus, there was heterogeneity in the effect on intention to obtain financing secured by agricultural land. Based on the findings, we suggested ways to promote the market development of agricultural land financing, including guiding farmers to form sustainable perceptions of agricultural land value, and innovating mortgages secured by agricultural land with new management entities as the main demanders.

Researching operational reliability of key combine systems in Stavropol Territory

The paper analyzes the performance parameters of the main systems of combine harvesters by the example of ordinary farms in the Stavropol Territory. For a detailed determination of the indicators of using combine harvesters, the method of timing the work of this type of agricultural machinery and accounting and statistical documentation of farms were used. The data of continuous and selective timing together with the data from primary documentation of farms allowed obtaining the information on the indicators of use and reliability of combine harvesters when harvesting grain crops in the ordinary operation. The timing of the work of the combines was carried out during the harvesting season of 2015-2019 in the territory of the Stavropol Territory, which included two types of harvesting - continuous and selective. 86 combine harvesters were put under surveillance. A significant proportion of the occurring failures was accounted for the harvesting part, mechanical transmissions, various hydraulic systems, threshing tools, electrical and electronic controls. Based on experimental studies, the distribution of occurring failures of combine harvesters in the course of their work is mounted. Recovery times for such systems can be long.

Design of an Intelligent Hydroponics System to Identify Macronutrient Deficiencies in Chili

Nutrient contents are important for plants. Lack of macronutrients causes plant damage. Several macronutrient deficiencies exhibit similar visual characteristics that are difficult for ordinary farmers to identify. Collaboration between Computer Vision technology and IoT has become a non-destructive method for nutrient monitoring and control, included in the hydroponic system. Computer vision plays a role in processing plant image data based on specific characteristics. However, the analysis of one characteristic cannot represent plant health. In addition, knowing the percentage of macronutrient deficiencies is also needed to support precision agriculture systems. Therefore, we propose a Multi Layer Perceptron architecture that can perform multi-tasks, namely, identification and estimation. In addition, the optimal architecture will also be sought based on the characteristics of the combination of three features in the form of texture, color, and leaf shape. Based on analysis and design, our proposed model has a high potential for identifying and estimating macronutrient deficiency at the same time as well and can be applied to support precision agriculture in Indonesia.

Adébáyọ̀ Fálétí: The Portrait of a Cultural Connoisseur

The recent death of Alàgbà Adébáyọ̀ Fálétí, father, husband, writer, poet and journalist, may not qualify as a national event. Yet we have just lost a cultural hero whose lifestyle and literary activities cut right to the heart of living for oneself and living for others. Bàbá Fálétí could pass for an ordinary farmer in Òkè-Ògùn, as well as a professor of literature at any Ivy League university across the world. Thus, one immediate point of association with his memory is his easy going and quiet force of character that, I suspect, was moulded in the cauldron of a life lived within the character-forming context of the Yorùbá communal values and ethos. No wonder Alàgbà Fálétí eventually became a sturdy man of culture whose understanding projected a firm conviction about what culture can enable us to do.

Sandtorg.

In this paper, I discuss a potential market place for theexchange of goods at Sandtorg in Harstad municipality,Troms and Finnmark county during the Iron Age and theMiddle Ages. Recently, a total of 125 objects were uncoveredon a farm, previously only mentioned in written sources inthe mid-16th century. Finds of jewelry, silver, coins, weightand metal waste from the Viking Age suggest that exchangeof goods started at the site somewhere between AD 800 and 900. Further finds indicate that there were exchangegoods here throughout the Middle Ages and onwards to thehistorically documented trade. At the location, excavationshave uncovered a far larger amount of metalworking wastethan one would expect on an ordinary farm. This included lead, copper alloys, iron and silver. The finds indicate asmithy close to the Viking Age beach level and may suggestconstruction and repair of sea vessels at the site. AroundSandtorg there are no known Viking Age graves, indicatingthat Sandtorg did not have a large permanent population,and consequently was not a large marketplace. However,it is possible that the market function was combined withservices such as repairs or construction of seagoing vesselsand guesthouses for travelers. If so, the activity at Sandtorg may have been significant.

Riding to Learn, Learning to Ride: Early School-busing in Connecticut, 1900–1945

Riding to Learn, Learning to Ride: Early School-busing in Connecticut, 1900–1945

Impact of Goal Orientation and Information Elaboration on the Performance of Farmer Cooperatives under Rural Revitalization

The development of farmers’ cooperatives in underdeveloped areas has not generally achieved good economic performance, and it is impossible to overestimate the driving and self-development capabilities of cooperatives. It has opened up a situation for the continued development of cooperatives. Based on the goal-oriented and information elaboration theory, this paper has carried out related research. First, it analyzes the impact of goal orientation and information elaboration on the performance of farmers’ cooperatives, which conducts in-depth discussions. Then simulation research methods used to study the impact of goal orientation on farmers’ cooperative performance, and draw a series of valuable research conclusions. Finally, based on the above theoretical research results, this paper put forward measures to improve the performance of modern organizations of farmers’ cooperatives. Through the theoretical construction and practical investigation of the cooperative social organization embedded in rural social governance, it fully affirmed that the cooperative as an autonomous organization formed by ordinary farmers, with its unique organizational advantages and institutional charm in the economic role of rural society and participation in the function of social governance. The research in this paper is gradually deepened at the rural revitalization strategy, and fruitful results have been achieved because of forming a complete research framework.

Pioneers of the plantation economy: militarism, dispossession and the limits of growth in the Wa State of Myanmar

The characteristic mobility of highland populations in Southeast Asia relied to a large extent on their particular adaption to an ecological environment: swidden cultivation of tubers on mountain slopes. This ecology corresponded to cosmologies in which potency was limitless, or at least had no fixed and delimited precinct (as did the rice paddies and Buddhist realms in the valleys). Military state building, modern transport, and new crops and agricultural technologies have effectively ended swidden cultivation. In this article, I follow the pioneers of the plantation economy in the Wa State of Myanmar, who dispossess local populations of their land and employ them as plantation labour. The limits of growth and potency they encounter are (a) in the natural environment and (b) in the resistance of local populations. Yet, even though there are such limits, the potency to which these pioneers aspire is still limitless. It is however channelled through a new economy of life, epitomised in the plantation, nourished in excessive feasting, and maintained by the kinship dynamics of capture and care.

Pre-Fractionation as a Way to Improve the Efficiency of Grain-Cleaning Systems

In most ordinary farms, the seed production share in the structure of the post-harvest processing and storage cost reaches 40 %, which is largely determined by the low productivity and operating quality of grain cleaners of existing grain-cleaning units. In farms, the required quality is achieved by repeatedly passing seed through grain cleaners, which leads to increased production costs, losses, and seed damage. Designing grain-cleaning lines based on the conventional flow sheet construction principles does not allow reducing the seed material damage and the production cost and leads to the cost of units increasing almost directly proportional to their productivity.One way to solve the issue of improving the grain-cleaning system efficiency while reducing material and labor costs is the development and implementation of the grain mixture pre-fractionation technology based on the physical and mechanical characteristics of particles. Fractionation on an inclined plane with a curved surface (trampoline) increases the efficiency of grain cleaners by 20–30 % due to obtaining fractions of different quality before further processing.

Assessment of the Link Between the Disseminations of Cash Crops and Water in Community Managed Small Scale Irrigation: Hare Small Scale Irrigation, Southern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the agricultural sector which is the vital sector in the economic development and poverty reduction. In this scheme, there are different groups of farmers who has been assumed to be the model and ordinary farmers by the current Ethiopian ruling party (FDRE). From this, the different farmers was selected from the model and ordinary farmers and grouped under the different investment models based on their crop choice. In the analysis, there are four elements of strategies through can get the water security. The location can influence the water access for the different water users. Based on this, the farmers located at the head-end while the farmers located at the tail-end of the scheme have the limited access for the water. Similarly, peoples can influence the water security through “know who”. Based on this, the large plot holders and banana growers are concentrated at the head-end and middle of the scheme making the close contact with the water committees, they have the sufficient water access relatively compared with small plot holders and tail-enders. On the other hand, the farmers can get the water security from access to the technologies. From this regard, there is a recursive relationship between the distribution of water and the expansion of cash crops in the irrigation scheme. This recursive relationship is affected by the different strategies for securing access to water including the location of the plots, the “know-who”, the creating of hydraulic property relations and the access to technology.