Ordinary Beta Research Articles

On parameter estimation of the standard omega distribution

The standard omega distribution is defined on the unit interval so that it is a probabilistic model for observations in rates and percentages. It is, in fact, the unit form of the exponentiated half logistic distribution. In this work, we first give a detailed shape analysis from which we observe that it is another flexible beta-like distribution. We observe that it can be J-shaped, reverse J-shaped, U-shaped, unimodal and show left and right skewness according to the values of its shape parameters. Contrary to the ordinary beta, it has the advantage of having a clear distribution function. We then discuss the existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimators and the Bayesian estimate of the parameters. The existence and uniqueness of the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters will give a great advantage to the possible practitioners of this model since the possibility of finding a spurious solution to the likelihood equations disappears then. The comparison of these estimators with the existing ones for the general omega distribution is made with the help of a simulation study. Two real data fitting demonstrations prove its usefulness among other beta-like distributions such as Kumaraswamy, log-Lindley and Topp–Leone.

Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Local Commercial Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Medical Applications: A Practical Approach

Owing to their exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, low weights and availability of their synthesis and purification carbon nanotubes (CNTs) became the focus of scientists in many medical and electronic applications, and reinforcement of various materials. A close understanding of structure-properties of (CNTs) will be necessary for the development of carbon-nanotube applications. High stiffness and tensile strength of CNTs provide mechanical stability for electric nano-circuits formed by CNTs. Meanwhile, at earlier time of their application, researchers main concern was dedicated for preparation methods of CNTs. Eventually the structural and physical characteristics of CNTs became more attractive for scientist proper applications. Herein the current work introduce a practical approach for screening the dielectric and mechanical properties of local commercial purchased single walled carbon nanotubes for medical applications. Dielectric properties of CNTS were expressed in term of electrical relative permittivity, and electrical conductivity. The dielectric relaxation obeys ordinary alpha and beta relaxation of dielectrics at current frequency range. Besides the mechanical properties in term of dimetral tensile and compression strength that are expressed by Young’s modulus that is closer to graphite. As a results, we highly recommend these commercial (SWCNTs) from our local suppliers for further medical applications.

Do Bank Regulation and Supervision Stabilize the Banking System? A Cross-Country Systematic Risk Analysis

This paper conducts a cross-country assessment of the impacts of bank regulation and supervision on the stability of banking sectors. We find that in normal time more private monitoring of banks significantly reduces both the tail beta and the ordinary beta. Greater capital stringency reduces the ordinary beta, but increases the tail beta. Official supervision, bank activity restriction, or banking entry requirements do not have significant impacts on either of them. Finally, during the financial crises, only the restriction on the new entry of banks can significantly reduce the tail beta of the banking sectors.

T-odd momentum correlation in radiative β decay

The triple-product correlations observable in ordinary neutron or nuclear beta decay are all naively T violating and can connect, through an assumption of CPT invariance, to constraints on sources of CP violation beyond the Standard Model. They are also spin dependent. In this context the study of radiative beta decay opens a new possibility, in that a triple-product correlation can be constructed from momenta alone. Consequently its measurement would constrain new spin-independent sources of CP violation. We will describe these in light of the size of the triple momentum correlation in the decay rate arising from electromagnetic final-state interactions in the Standard Model. Our expression for the corresponding T-odd asymmetry is exact in ${\cal O}(\alpha)$ up to terms of recoil order, and we evaluate it numerically under various kinematic conditions. We consider the pattern of the asymmetries in nuclear β decays and show that the asymmetry can be suppressed in particular cases, facilitating searches for new sources of CP violation in such processes.

Revisiting Total Beta: Round Two

As of late, the business appraisal profession has been inundated with articles defending or rebutting Total Beta, and discussing various related aspects of capital market theory. . . . . Much of the discussion is convoluted and, alas, much misstates fundamental concepts and theory. There appear to be as many opinions regarding every aspect of modern portfolio theory and its application (or lack thereof) to privately-held companies as there are writers to opine. This paper will provide a review of the theory and calculations underlying several key propositions in finance that are fundamental to the ongoing Total Beta debate. These propositions also form the basis for meaningful resolution of that debate. This paper will not address all aspects of modern portfolio theory, the derivation of common ordinary Beta, or the Total Beta debate. It will also not address the problems of investor lack of diversification or quantifying company specific risk. These are for later papers. This paper will address certain propositions by Total Beta advocates, Peter Butler and Gary Schurman. These are found in “A Tale of Two Betas” (Butler & Schurman, Value Examiner. January-February 2011. pp. 21-26) and “Derivation of the Butler Pinkerton Model” (May 2010 whitepaper by Gary Schurman on his website).

Revisiting Total Beta

Abstract Although thousands of pages have been written by academics and practitioners about common ordinary Beta, little has been written about Total Beta. Extant writing on Total Beta is, primarily, a good mix of confusion over (1) what Beta is supposed to represent, (2) the proper use of statistical methods to construct it, and (3) whether or not we should include the risk related to undiversified investors (investor-specific risk) in the definition and calculation of Beta. This paper proposes to concentrate on these three central issues and demonstrate why Total Beta is not the resolution of any of them. Because an accurate critique of new theory/practice depends on a thorough grasp of traditional theory, this paper provides a basic “refresher course” in the foundational definitions and concepts underlying modern portfolio theory and statistics that pertain to Beta. This paper then seeks to understand the derivation and meaning of Total Beta, as presented in the literature, and offer a rigorous critiqu...

Neutrinoless neutron decay feasibility

Within nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, it is shown that there is a virtual level in the energy spectrum of the electron moving in the neutron magnetic field considered as a spherical permanent magnet field. This means that the electron capture by the neutron is possible which, in turn, makes it possible to predict the neutrinoless neutron decay in which the captured electron plays the role of missing neutrino. Either produced electron can again undergo neutron capture, thus triggering a chain reaction, i.e., a certain cascade process. Such a chain reaction can be observed if it breaks. It is difficult to distinguish this break from the ordinary neutron beta decay, since the spatial and temporal resolution of modern detectors does not allow detection of cascade electrons.

Study of the Enhancement of Dipolar Resonant Excitation by Linear Ion Trap Simulations

Resolution improvements in dipolar resonant excitation have been examined in a round-rod quadrupolar collision cell for values of the Mathieu characteristic exponent beta equal to n/p, where n and m are small integers (prime beta values) versus other beta values where n and p are not small (ordinary beta values). The trajectories of ions moving in the time-varying electric fields of a quadrupole with and without buffer-gas molecules were calculated to determine the relationship of prime and ordinary beta values to frequency resolution for resonant ion excitation and ejection. For prime beta values, the ion trajectory in the hyperbolic quadrupole field will be exactly periodic with a period of at most 4 pi p/Omega, where Omega is the angular frequency of the main drive radio-frequency (RF) potential. Ion trajectory simulations with prime beta versus ordinary beta values show that the motion of ions with prime beta values have simpler trajectories of shorter periods. Frequency response profiles (FRPs) for round-rod quadrupoles at zero pressure show that dipolar resonant excitations with prime beta values exhibit significantly narrower bandwidths than those with ordinary beta values. Simulations show that at 0.05 to 0.8 mTorr of nitrogen, it is possible to reduce the FRP bandwidth by 20% (measured at 50% depth).

What can we learn from neutrinoless double beta decay experiments?

We assess how well next generation neutrinoless double beta decay and normal neutrino beta decay experiments can answer four fundamental questions. 1) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches do not detect a signal, and if the spectrum is known to be inverted hierarchy, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 2) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches are negative and a next generation ordinary beta decay experiment detects the neutrino mass scale, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 3) If neutrinoless double beta decay is observed with a large neutrino mass element, what is the total mass in neutrinos? 4) If neutrinoless double beta decay is observed but next generation beta decay searches for a neutrino mass only set a mass upper limit, can we establish whether the mass hierarchy is normal or inverted? We base our answers on the expected performance of next generation neutrinoless double beta decay experiments and on simulations of the accuracy of calculations of nuclear matrix elements.

Framework Determination of a Polytype of Zeolite Beta by Using Electron Crystallography

During a trial of synthesizing pure silica zeolite beta, we found recently ITQ-14 was a multiphase crystal and contained small peculiar pillars overgrown on ordinary beta zeolite. We have developed a new method applicable for solving a structure of this kind, i.e., Fourier reconstruction of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images and enhancement of the atomic positions in blurred potential map obtained by the reconstruction with a support of Patterson map derived from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns, which contain structural information with much higher resolution than that of HRTEM images. The new framework solution obtained by this method turned out to be a structure type C of beta, which was hypothetically proposed by Newsam et al., and we reported it briefly with observation results of surface structure of the framework. In the present paper, basic idea and the determination process are fully discussed.

Double beta decay

Double beta decay is the radioactive disintegration, in a single jump, of a nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A to the nucleus with atomic number Z + 2 . During this process the mass number is unchanged as two neutrons transform into protons and the nucleus emits two beta particles; the decay is possible for certain nuclei for which ordinary beta decay is either forbidden or strongly suppressed.

Nuclear beta decay induced by intense electromagnetic fields: Basic theory

A basic formalism is developed for the theory of the effect on nuclear beta decay of an intense, plane-wave electromagnetic field. Interactions of the field with both the nuclear particles and the decay electron are included. The formalism is developed from first principles, including a derivation of transition probabilities between explicitly time-dependent asymptotic states. Interaction of the field with the nucleus is analyzed in terms of separation of the nucleus into an inert core and a fragment. The field interacts with the fragment, consisting of the nucleons which are candidates for beta decay, plus any other nucleons angular-momentum coupled to them in initial or final states. A separation of variables in the dynamical equations for the nucleus into center-of-mass and relative coordinates for the core and fragment shows direct charge coupling even for a fragment consisting entirely of neutrons. The transition formalism involves specific intense-field wave functions both for the nucleus and for the beta particle. Complete results are presented for total transition probability per unit time for intense-field-coupled nuclear beta decay. A much simplified formalism is given for the special case of very high field intensity at very low frequency. The results then bear a formal resemblance to ordinary beta decay theory, but they contain specific field effects in the beta particle spectral function, and in the nuclear interaction matrix elements. This is the first of a series of papers on this subject.RADIOACTIVITY Intense-field-induced $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay forbiddenness removal.

An underground experiment on neutrinoless double beta-decay

Various theoretical and experimental investigations have been carried out on double beta decay, and particularly on neutrinoless ββ decay as a very sensible way of testing lepton non conservation. This decay has been mostly considered, and its lifetime calculated, as the product of two ordinary beta decays (1–3). Recently however B. Pontecorvo (4) has considered the possibility of a “direct” superweak interaction with ΔL=2. Experiments based on direct methods of detection of the electrons (nuclear emulsions, cloud and spark chambers, counters) have given up to now no evidence for any type of decay (3,5). On the contrary evidence for ββ decay of 128Te and 130Te has been obtained with chemical and mass spectroscopic analysis of geological samples (6). This technique cannot however discriminate between neutrinoless and two neutrino decay; and possible background effects simulating ββ decay are hard to be excluded.

Note on the Multivariate and the Generalized Multivariate Beta Distributions

Abstract In this paper some properties of the multivariate Beta distributions are discussed. Specifically it is shown that the density of the multivariate Beta I distribution can be decomposed as a product of independent ordinary Beta I densities and the Dirichlet densities, while the density of the multivariate Beta II distribution as a product of independent ordinary Beta II densities and the inverted Dirichlet densities. Some extentions of the results to the generalized multivariate Beta distributions are indicated.

Note on the Multivariate and the Generalized Multivariate Beta Distributions

Abstract In this paper some properties of the multivariate Beta distributions are discussed. Specifically it is shown that the density of the multivariate Beta I distribution can be decomposed as a product of independent ordinary Beta I densities and the Dirichlet densities, while the density of the multivariate Beta II distribution as a product of independent ordinary Beta II densities and the inverted Dirichlet densities. Some extentions of the results to the generalized multivariate Beta distributions are indicated.

A Unitary Symmetric Spurion Formalism of Weak Interaction

Roles played by the unitary symmetry in the weak interactions are investigated in the framework of a spurion formalism. By making use of spurions, currents of strongly interacting particles are constructed formally in octet form, and the interaction Hamiltonian is written in a form of current-current interaction, which is apparently invariant under the three-dimensional unitary group. Lepton current can be introduced in such a way that the transitions with IL1SI=2 do not occur. Isotopic spin selection rule, IL1II=1/2, holds for nonleptonic decays of baryons, but in leptonic processes (I .JII = 3/2) -transitions also occur, which lead to LIS/ LJQ = -1. If one assumes that the vector current is conserved in the unitary-symmetry limit, only terms corresponding to (LIS/ LJQ = 1) -transitions are included in the vector current, and thus transitions with LlS/LlQ= -1 occur mainly through the axial-vector interaction. Further, if we assume that the weak interaction Hamiltonian is invariant under R-reflection, we can fix the relative strength among the most of weak coupling constants by comparing our results with the experimental values of leptonic decays of baryons and the decay ratio of K->,uv-process to n~,uv-one. Using these coupling constants, we have derived the following conclusions which are consistent with experiments; (i) the leptonic decay probabilities of hyperons CIL1SI=1) are about one-tenth of the probability of ordinary beta decay, (ii) _l'+--> n,u+v decay probability (L1SjL1Q= --1) is about one-tenth of that of leptonic decays of hyperons, and (iii) relative decay probabilities and asymmetric coefficients of nonleptonic decays of baryons are all consistent with experimental facts.

On Simultaneous Beta-Gamma Emission from Nuclei

The possibility of simultaneous beta-gamma-emission as an alternative process for strongly forbidden beta-decay is investigated. The lifetime of the compound transition is estimated, and the beta- and gamma-spectra are given. Combinations of spin and parity for which the compound transition would not be obscured by the ordinary beta transition are listed.

STUDIES UPON MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found to occur from one-third to one-half as frequently in normal individuals as do ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci. 2. They were rarely isolated from the rhinopharynges of individuals suffering from chronic disease. 3. In acute respiratory tract infection other than that due to the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococcus the incidence of minute streptococci was slightly higher than in normal individuals. 4. In acute streptococcal infections, scarlet fever and acute tonsillitis, for example, the incidence of minute hemolytic streptococci did not significantly vary from the incidence found in normal human beings. 5. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found in the throats of 33 out of 42 patients ill with glomerular nephritis and in 25 out of 59 patients who were suffering from the various manifestations of rheumatic fever. 6. In glomerular nephritis and rheumatic infection the minute beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of more patients than were the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.