Ordinary Batch Research Articles

Effect of crosslinked core on minimum film formation temperature and morphology of composite microspheres

AbstractEffect of crosslinking on minimum film formation temperature (MFT) and particle morphology was investigated using the latices composed by the combination of crosslinked soft core‐hard shell. n‐Butyl acrylate (nBA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were used to prepare crosslinked rubber with methylmethacrylate (MMA) or styrene (ST) as a hard plastic component. Ordinary batch (flooded with secondary monomer) and semicontinuous (starved feed) operations were employed to compare the thermal properties of composite latices resulting from the different mode of secondary polymerization. As the degree of crosslinking increases, MFT of the latices obtained by batch operation became higher than those by semibatch operation. Observation of microtomed sections of particles stained with RuO4 did not reveal much difference in particle morphologies between the two operations. There was a definite relationship between MFT and molecular weight of THF soluble fraction of composite polymers regardless the mode of operation.

High production of alkaline protease byBacillus licheniformis in a fed-batch fermentation using a synthetic medium

High production (9016 U/ml) of alkaline protease byBacillus licheniformis has been achieved. A 49% increase in production was achieved by the method used as compared with a batch process. By using a synthetic medium and a fed-batch operation controlled by the Advanced Fermentation Software (AFS) package, it was found that the keys to high production of protease are: (i) to maintain a low concentration of glucose (<0.43 g/l) in the medium; (ii) to control pH at a certain level (pH 6.50) in the culture; and (iii) to use rough type colonies as the starting culture. Our fed-batch fermentation process successfully simulates and surpasses ordinary batch fermentation processes. By using ammonium sulfate instead of soy bean flour as the only nitrogen source, an expected benefit was the elimination of unpleasant odors caused by natural organic nitrogenous components in the media. This would improve the industrial production environment.

Optimal Design and Operation of Complex Batch Distillation Column

Abstract A new type of batch distillation column called a “complex batch distillation column” is proposed, and the characteristics of this column are studied. In the complex “batch distillation column, the feed is supplied to the middle of the column, and the liquid on the feed tray is recycled to the feed tank. The complex column is convenient for removing light and heavy impurities from the raw materials since the impurities could be withdrawn simultaneously from the top and the bottom. In this research, the complex column is regarded as a combined system of ordinary and stripping batch distillation columns where the condenser of the stripping column is heat-integrated with the reboilerof the ordinary column. First, the differences between the ordinary and stripping columns are clarified analytically. By using this result, the conditions at which the complex column works effectively compared with the ordinary batch distillation column are clarified.

Effect of gassing, agitation, substrate supplementation and dialysis on the growth of an extremely thermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus woesei

Growth of an extremely thermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus woesei, at 90°C in a 2–1 fermentor was significantly enhanced by gassing with N2/CO2 (95%/5%). Both growth and α-amylase activity were also positively influenced by increasing the agitation speed up to 1200 rpm under continuous gassing at 0.2 vvm. However, increasing the agitation speed to 2400 rpm led to decreases in the maximum cell concentration and α-amylase activity. Fed-batch cultivation resulted in increases in the specific growth rate, maximum cell concentration and α-amylase activity. Although the latter two parameters were higher when the broth was supplemented with both starch and concentrated medium, the specific growth rate was relatively smaller. Cultivation in a dialysis reactor gave a cell concentration of 2 × 109 cells/ml, which represents a 2.8-fold increase over that obtained in ordinary batch cultivation. This increase in the cell concentration was accompanied by a 5.2-fold increase in α-amylase activity.

Glutamine limited fed-batch culture reduces the overflow metabolism of amino acids in myeloma cells.

The murine myeloma cell line Sp 2/0-Ag 14 was cultured in an ordinary batch culture and in a glutamine limited fed-batch culture. In batch culture, the overflow metabolism of glutamine ends in excess production of ammonium and the amino acids alanine, proline, ornithine, asparagine, glutamate, serine and glycine. This pattern was dramatically changed in the fed-batch culture. Glutamine limitation halved the cellular ammonium production and reduced the ratio of NH4+/glutamine. The excess production of alanine, proline and ornithine was reduced by a factor of 2-6 while asparagine was not produced at all. In contrary to the other amino acids glycine production was increased. These results are discussed in view of the different nature of glutamine metabolism in the mitochondrial compartment vs. the cytosolic. Furthermore, essential amino acids were used more efficiently in the fed-batch as judged by the increase in the cellular yield coefficients in the range of 1.3-2.6 times for seven of the 11 consumed ones. In all, this leads to a more efficient use of the energy sources glucose and glutamine as revealed by an increase in the cellular yield coefficient for glucose by 70% and for glutamine by 61%.

A batch arrival queue with different vacations

This paper considers a queuing system with compound Poisson arrival and multiple server vacations in which the vacations are differently distributed. We derive the distributions of system size and the queue waiting time. We show that the queue waiting time decomposes into two independent random variables: one is the queue waiting time of the ordinary batch arrival M/G/1 queue; and the other is a mixture of the residual times of a sequence of vacations with appropriate weights.

Glutamine limited fed-batch culture reduces ammonium ion production in animal cells

In a glutamine limited fed-batch culture of the murine myeloma cell Sp 2/0-Ag 14 the production of ammonium ions was reduced to half of that produced in an ordinary batch culture. Other parameters like μ, DOT, length of stationary phase, the quotients lactate/glucose, ammonium/glutamine, and alanine/glutamine were also influenced by the feeding technique.

Production of dextransucrase by Leuconostoc mesenteroides immobilized in calcium‐alginate beads: I. Batch and fed‐batch fermentations

In batch fermentation Leuconostoc mesenteroides immobilized in calcium alginate beads produced a total dextransucrase activity equal to about 93% of that by free, suspended bacterial cells under comparable conditions in a bubble column reactor. Continuous sucrose feeding (5 g/L h) to the immobilized-cell culture in the airlift bioreactor increased production of enzymatic activity by about 107% compared with ordinary batch operation of this reactor. About 14% of the enzymatic activity produced by the immobilized cells appears as soluble activity in the cell-free broth compared with about 40% in case of free cells. In an airlift bioreactor, both the soluble and the intact (sorbed and entrapped) enzymatic activity produced by the immobilized bacterial cells was about 34% greater under automatic pH control, compared to that produced in a bubble column reactor with only manual pH control. During formation of dextran by intact enzyme within cells and beads, declines are observed in apparent enzymatic activity.

State estimation for solid apogee motor burning of geostationary satellite

This paper discusses the results of the state/orbit sequential estimation from the real doppler data of 0.1 s sampling measured for the short time boost phase of about 40 s by the solid apogee motor mounted on the Japanese geostationary satellite; broadcasting satellite, communications satellite and the geostationary meteorological satellite. The estimations were performed mainly by two stochastic Kalman filters. The first is the point mass model filter. The second is the attitude motion model filter, newly developed by the simplification of the detailed estimation algorithm, especially for the oscillating data with a spin period of the satellite equipped with an offset antenna. The detailed algorithm was generally constructed based upon the satellite spindynamics during apogee motor burn, considering the satellite mass property changes, C.G. off-set, and the motion of an offset antenna. The estimated state at motor burn out is in good agreement with the drift orbit and attitude independently determined by the ordinary Batch method. Particularly, the convergency of error covariance is excellently improved. This sort of analysis is important not only on the precise evaluation of the occurred apogee motor firing error, but also on the contribution to the real time estimation for the prompt maneuver decision just after solid motor firing, especially for the liquid apogee motor satellite.

High density culture of Coptis japonica cells increases berberine production

AbstractA high density culture method was devised to improve the yield of berberine from highly productive cells of Coptis japonica. By adjusting aeration and stirring, Coptis cells were cultured at densities of up to 75 g dm−3 (dry weight) in a culture tank fitted with a hollow‐paddle type stirrer.Whereas a maximum density of 30 g dm−3 of C. japonica cells could be used in ordinary batch culture, 48 g dm−3 could be used in a fed‐batch culture in which the amounts of the nutrients in the medium were made proportional to the density of the inoculum. Moreover, in fed‐batch culture done with modified medium, the composition of which had been determined from the amounts of components incorporated in cells grown at the usual density for ordinary batch culture, the cell yield was improved to 55 g dm−3 and the berberine yield to 3.5 g dm−3.

The people's time sharing system

AbstractA set of programs running under a multiprogramming batch operating system on the CDC 6600 which provide remote users with a time sharing service is described. The basis for the system is the ability of a user program to create job control statements during execution, thereby tricking the operating system into treating it as an ordinary batch job. The text editor and the interactive debugging facilities are described. The performance of the system, known as the People's Time Sharing System (PTSS), and user reaction to it are also described.

A versatile system for three-dimensional radiation dose computation and display, RTP

The Radiation Treatment Planning System (RTP System) is designed to give the radiotherapist and radiophysicist maximum versatility in calculating and displaying dose distribution throughout the irradiated three-dimensional target volume of the patient. This system can compute dose distributions for treatment plans involving either fixed or moving beams. The fields may be arbitrarily located in space and the dose distribution may be corrected for curvature heterogeneity, wedges, compensators, or blocks. A variety of displays may be produced which enables the therapist to visualize the dose distributions and the various patient structures. Displays may be obtained in any desired plane or slice through the patient. The system is designed to easily interface with virtually any type of input/output device. In particular, the system is designed so that it may be used either interactively, by a user at a console such as a teletype or CRT terminal, or remotely, as an ordinary batch program. The RTP System is not limited to any particular source of ionizing radiation or specific method of calculation. In order to allow the use of any quality of radiation, the computing part of the system is in a separate module (as is true also for the other parts). At present the calculation for dose values is done through the equation developed by Sterling et al., which has been extended to cover the following 60Co machines with acceptable accuracy: Eldorado A, Theratron F, Eldorado 8, and Theratron 80. Methods of calculation are being developed for other machines (especially linear accelerators) and will become available presently. The RTP System was developed under a grant from the National Cancer Institute (CA10208) and may be obtained without cost by request to the authors.

Control Storage Use in Implementing an Associative Memory for a Time-Shared Processor

Abstract—The Cambridge System, comprising a standard IBM System/360 Model 40 and an associative memory, is described from the viewpoint of its implementation using the READ-only control storage of the Model 40. In particular, we discuss the use of the ROS in 1) controlling the flow of data between the CPU and the associative memory registers, and 2) handling translation control, absent page indications, and variable field operand pretesting, when the associative memory is used for page translation in a time-sharing mode of operation. Although the main use of the system is as a computer facility that may be shared simultaneously by up to fifteen users, it may also be used as an ordinary batch processor having a small experimental associative memory among its facilities. The magnitude of the ROS additions and modifications, in terms of numbers of microinstructions, is given.

Ionengleichgewichte an Kationenaustauschern mit Kupfer und Zink. 6. Mitteilung über Ionenaustauscher

AbstractSide reactions in the solution and in the resin phase and the special binding forces cause difficulties in measuring ion‐exchange equilibria with heavy metal ions. To avoid these difficulties special experimental conditions must be used. The ordinary batch method can be improved by taking successively samples of the solution.