Ordered Probit Regression Model Research Articles

'Working While Studying' and Educational Mismatching Among Youth: Evidence From Zambia

This paper analyzed the effect of working while studying in college and university on educational mismatching in the Zambian labor market. The study used the 2014 School to Work Transition Survey data and estimated a range of extended ordered probit regression models that took self-selection and sample-selection bias into account. Our results showed that working while studying significantly reduced the likelihood of being undereducated for the job but increased the likelihood of being overeducated for the job, implying that additional support to enable youth to get exposure to the right amounts and types of work during college or university studies could potentially increase productivity by ensuring job matching. Stakeholders designing work-based skills-development programs should consider the possible counter effects of combining learning and working. Furthermore, there is a need for investment in guidance mechanisms for students wishing to combine work and learning.

Self-care Practices of Type 2 Diabetes Patients by Socio-demographic and Clinical Factors: An Ordered Probit Model

Abstract

Factors associated with patient satisfaction with health care among Polish older people: results from the polish part of the COURAGE in Europe

ObjectivesThe growing number of chronic conditions and functional limitations resulting from demographic changes and the aging of the population poses several challenges for health care and public health. Consequently, it plays a role in the assessment of the impact of diagnostic and treatment effects on patient satisfaction. The study aims to assess older patients’ overall satisfaction with the medical care and healthcare system in Poland and to verify such factors as patient-doctor interactions, access to health care and other sociodemographic characteristics as possible determinants of patient satisfaction at the later stage of life. MethodsThe survey data represent the polish part of the cross-sectional COURAGE in Europe study. Satisfaction with hospital care, outpatient care, and the healthcare system in Poland was assessed. The indices for the psychosocial dimension of the patient-doctor relationships and access to hospital/outpatient care were developed based on patients’ experiences as the possibility of talking about private matters, the clarity of explanations, the involvement in decision-making process, being treated respectfully, the duration of waiting and the ease of access to a preferred doctor or other healthcare professional. The ordered probit regression models were used. ResultsThe psychosocial dimension of patient-doctor relationships was associated with the satisfaction with both hospital and outpatient care. Being treated with respect (very good experience vs. bad odds ratio [OR] = 8.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.9, 34.4]) and the possibility to talk about private matters with medical team (very good experience vs. bad OR = 3.5, 95% CI: [1.1, 10.4]) during the last stay in hospital were reflected in the higher satisfaction with the healthcare system. By contrast, the involvement of patients in the decision-making process (very good experience vs. bad OR = 3.6, 95% CI: [1.8, 6.7]) or access to outpatient health care (based on developed index OR = 1.02, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.02]) were found to be significant determinants of satisfaction with the healthcare system in Poland. Other factors associated with satisfaction with hospital stay were gender and changes in health conditions, whereas achieving the expected outcome was related to satisfaction with outpatient care, and the expenditure for medicines and medical services – to satisfaction with the heathcare system. ConclusionThe investigation confirms an important role of doctor-patient communication skills in improving older patient satisfaction and highlights the need for identifying the psychosocial dimension of patient-doctor relationships as an important part of health care.

Prohibited Grazing Policy Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction in Rural Northwest China-A Case Study in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

In order to restore degraded grasslands, the Chinese central government initiated the Prohibited Grazing Policy (PGP) in areas of severe grassland degradation and ecologically fragile regions which is an important payment for ecosystem services (PES) program. Since the initiation of this policy in the early 2000s, the PGP has significantly influenced participants’ lives. Therefore, in order for the policy to be successful, it is necessary to understand what determines participants’ satisfaction in the policy. This paper presents an analysis of survey data from Yanchi County using ordered probit regression models to explore the factors influencing PGP satisfaction and life satisfaction. The empirical results suggest that farmers’ policy perception, environmental perception, and livelihood strategies of raising sheep had significant effects on PGP satisfaction. Additionally, PGP satisfaction, marital status, environmental satisfaction, self-reported influence of the PGP on income, self-reported income level, and self-reported income and expenditure had significantly positive effects on overall life satisfaction. These results are important for promoting better implementation of such programs as well as enhancing social stability and sustainable development in these regions.

The mechanism by which social media influencers persuade consumers: The role of consumers’ desire to mimic

AbstractWe explore the mechanism through which social media influencers (SMIs) persuade consumers to adopt brands. Guided by the influence framework, we propose and test empirically SMIs’ influence mechanism, which occurs in four principal stages: (a) a SMI's influence attempts (showcasing H1: attractive; H2: prestigious; H3 and H4: expert; H5: informative; and H6: interactive Instagram contents); (b) target consumers’ attitudinal response to the influence exercised (evaluating the SMI as a H7: taste and H8: opinion leader); which, in turn, affects (c) the targets’ desire to comply (the desire to mimic); and ultimately (d) their favorable behavioral outcomes (H9: social media word‐of‐mouth and H10: purchase intentions). On the basis of the survey data from 395 respondents, we used structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses and proposed model. We verified the robustness of our results using an ordered probit regression model and analyzed the mediating role of consumers’ desire to mimic SMIs in the influence mechanism. Our results confirm that the five aspects of influencing posts affect consumers’ attitudes positively and significantly, which in turn leads to positive behavioral outcomes through their desire to mimic SMIs. We discuss the results’ important implications for both scholars and practitioners.

Assessing the Role of the Perceived Impact of Climate Change on National Adaptation Policy: The Case of Rice Farming in Indonesia

Climate change (CC) is one of the primary threats to the agricultural sector in developing countries. Several empirical studies have shown that the implementation of adaptation practices can reduce the adverse effects of CC. The likelihood of farmers performing adaptation practices is mostly influenced by the degree of CC impact that they perceive. Thus, we identified the characteristics of farmers that affect the degree of the CC impact that they perceive. We used data from the Indonesian Rice Farm Household survey consisting of 87,330 farmers. An ordered probit regression model was used to estimate the effect of each variable on the degree of the perceived impact of CC. The results of this study confirm those of previous empirical studies. Several variables that have been identified as having a positive effect on farmer adaptation practices, such as farmer education, land tenure, irrigation infrastructure, cropping system, chemical fertilizer application, access to extension services, and participation in farmer groups, negatively affect the degree of the perceived impact of CC. However, a different result was found in the estimation of the gender variable. We found that female farmers have a higher CC resilience and ability to withstand climatic shocks and risks than male farmers. Female farmers have a more positive perception of future farming conditions than male farmers. We recommend the implementation of a national adaptation policy that use and expand the channel of agricultural extension services to deliver the planned adaptation policy, and prioritizes farmers with insecure land tenure. Additionally, we encourage the increasing of female involvement in the CC adaptation practices and decision-making processes.

Determinants of older consumers’ interest in home equity conversion products

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight opportunities for the banking sector arising from the population’s aging and the expected reduction in pension incomes. Home equity conversion (HEC) instruments are a potentially useful way of restoring households’ finances and satisfying their needs, with implications for the demand for financial services.Design/methodology/approachBy using an ordered probit regression model, the paper analyzes data obtained from a survey of 2,000 Italian households.FindingsThe main finding of this paper is that individuals with greater familiarity with consumer credit, a cognitive and decision-making approach favorable to use of credit, and an internal locus of control show greater interest in various forms of equity conversion.Originality/valueThis paper extends the analysis of the determinants of individuals’ interest in HEC products. It focuses more closely than the existing literature on households’ credit behaviors, attitudes toward credit and locus of control. The paper helps identify the potential targets of marketing campaigns and commercial proposals, and highlights the levers that the banks can focus on in communicating with customers and future prospects. Moreover, this paper suggests that there is a need to develop greater awareness on the part of people who could be interested in these products. Therefore, appropriate financial education projects should be implemented to develop a better “credit” culture, with due appreciation of the usefulness of credit as a means of supporting household budgets.

Occupational exposure to foreigners and attitudes towards equal opportunities

Abstract We examine the relationship between attitudes to foreigners and the share of foreigners at the occupational level. Using a question on equal opportunities for foreigners from the Swiss Household Panel, ordered probit regression models show a negative association between the share of foreigners in one’s occupation and positive attitudes to foreigners: workers seem to react to competition with foreigners. When we add the occupational unemployment rate, objective pressures in the labour market appear as relevant as contact at the occupational level. Further controlling for occupational heterogeneity establishes that both factors—particularly objective pressures—are probably accounted for by sorting on job quality. We also show that the association between the occupational share of foreigners and attitudes decreases for workers with better job prospects. This implies that workers welcome foreigners to overcome labour market shortages.

Entrepreneurial Skills and Youth Employment in Kogi State, Nigeria: The Case of N-Power

This study aimed at investagiting the effects of entrepreneurial skills on youth employment in Kogi State, using N-Power as a case study. Survey research design was adopted. The study adopted snowball sampling technique to select N-Power beneficiaries. A well-designed questionnaire was used as a viable instrument to collect data from beneficiaries in N-Teach, N-Health, N-Tax and N-Agro. Data collected were analysed using Multiple Regression and Ordered Probit Regression Model. Finding shows that entrepreneurial skills development has significant effect on N-Power beneficiaries in Kogi State. Finding furthers shows that interpersonal relation skill, technology adoption skill, decision-making skill and risk-taking skill have significant and positive relationship with youth self-employment in Kogi State. The study concluded that the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills is a vital approach towards self-employment. The study recommended that the government and policy-makers should device special focus for interpersonal relation skill, decision-making skill, technology adoption skill and risk-taking skill of N-Power beneficiaries; with less attention to financial literacy and creative thinking skills.

The Determinants of Utilization Ability and the Effects on the Functionings of Elders: Evidence from China

Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) data from 2011 to 2015 and bivariate ordered probit regression models, this study investigates the determinants of utilization ability and the effects on the functionings of Chinese elders based on the capability approach. The results suggest that three factors may affect the Chinese elders? utilization ability (Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). These are personal factors, like physical conditions or educational attainment; social factors like gender roles or the healthcare systems; and environmental factors, like residential environment. It is also shown that the utilization ability significantly affects the functionings of Chinese elders, like being in work, participating in social activity, and providing child care. Finally, it is found that there are inter-group differences between the rural elder group and the urban elder group in the determination of utilization ability and the effect on elder functionings in China.

Duvalier Regime in Haiti and Immigrant Health in the United States.

Haitians immigrate to the United States for many reasons, including the opportunity to escape political violence. The extant literature on Haitian immigrant health focuses on post-migration, rather than pre-migration, environments and experiences.Objective: In this study, we analyze health outcomes data from a nationally representative sample of Haitian immigrants in the United States from 1996 to 2015. We estimate age-adjusted associations between pre-migration residence in Haiti during the repressive regimes and generalized terror of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, who ran Haiti from 1957 to 1986. We used ordered probit regression models to quantify age-adjusted associations between the duration of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, and the distribution of post-migration health status among Haitian immigrants in the United States.Findings: Our study sample included 2,438 males and 2,800 females ages 15 and above. The mean age of males was 43.5 (standard deviation, 15.5) and the mean age of females was 44.7 (standard deviation, 16.6). Each additional decade of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime is associated with a 2.9 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 5.3) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.8 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 4.8) for females. Within the subsample of Haitian immigrants with any pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, each additional decade since the regime is associated with a 3.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.5) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.1) for females. Overall, we found statistically significant and negative associations between the Duvalier regime and the post-migration distribution of health status 10 to 57 years later. We found statistically significant and positive associations between the length of time since the Duvalier regime and post-migration health.

Duvalier Regime in Haiti and Immigrant Health in the United States

Background:Haitians immigrate to the United States for many reasons, including the opportunity to escape political violence. The extant literature on Haitian immigrant health focuses on post-migration, rather than pre-migration, environments and experiences.Objective:In this study, we analyze health outcomes data from a nationally representative sample of Haitian immigrants in the United States from 1996 to 2015. We estimate age-adjusted associations between pre-migration residence in Haiti during the repressive regimes and generalized terror of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, who ran Haiti from 1957 to 1986.Methods:We used ordered probit regression models to quantify age-adjusted associations between the duration of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, and the distribution of post-migration health status among Haitian immigrants in the United States.Findings:Our study sample included 2,438 males and 2,800 females ages 15 and above. The mean age of males was 43.5 (standard deviation, 15.5) and the mean age of females was 44.7 (standard deviation, 16.6). Each additional decade of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime is associated with a 2.9 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 5.3) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.8 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 4.8) for females. Within the subsample of Haitian immigrants with any pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, each additional decade since the regime is associated with a 3.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.5) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.1) for females.Conclusions:Overall, we found statistically significant and negative associations between the Duvalier regime and the post-migration distribution of health status 10 to 57 years later. We found statistically significant and positive associations between the length of time since the Duvalier regime and post-migration health.

The Effect of Lease Accounting on Credit Rating and Cost of Debt: Evidence from Firms in Korea

This study examines the effect of capital lease and operating lease options in accounting on credit ratings and the cost of debt using data for 13 years (2001 to 2013) on 6133 listed and unlisted domestic firms in Korea that recognize leases on financial statements. We use the Heckman two-stage model to control for sample selection bias from lease selection. The first stage is the probit regression in which the dependent variable is a dummy variable on the lease selection and the explanatory variables are factors known to affect lease selection. The second stage consists of the ordered probit regression model and the ordinary least square regression model where the dependent variables are credit rating and cost of debt, respectively. The results show that lease selection does not significantly affect corporate credit ratings—however, in terms of the cost of debt, enterprises that adopt operating leases spend considerably less than firms that engage in capital leases. Further analysis suggests that the results for credit ratings do not differ by listing status. However, the cost of debt for listed companies does not seem to differ by lease selection, while unlisted firms see a sharp decline in their cost of debt when they choose operating leases over capital leases.

Abstract PR08: Tumor masking or tumor aggressiveness? A structural equations modeling approach to estimate the impact of breast density on breast cancer stage, overall and by race

Abstract Background: Non-Latina (nL) black women are diagnosed at later stages and with more aggressive forms of breast cancer than their nL white counterparts, including higher-grade tumors and those that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR negative). High breast density (HBD) is a strong risk factor for a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis among women undergoing mammography screening, yet nL black women are slightly less likely to have dense breasts according to the standard clinical classification method. We previously found that after adjusting for differences in obesity using body mass index (BMI), nL black women were substantially more likely to have dense breasts compared to nL white women. Dense breast tissue can mask tumors and cause them to go undetected at screening, only to arise later as a lump, discovered symptomatically when they later stage. It is also conceivable that dense breast tissue could predispose women to develop more aggressive breast cancers that grow more rapidly, are more likely to arise between screens as “true interval” cancers, and therefore might be detected with more frequent screening. We used path analysis (or structural equations modeling, SEM) to estimate the separate contributions of tumor masking and tumor aggressiveness in mediating HBD's associations with later stage, overall and by race. Methods: We used data on 4691 women from the Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Registry, aged 40-79, and diagnosed at stages 1 (early), 2,3 or 4 (later), between 2001 and 2013. Breast density was obtained from the screening mammogram preceding diagnosis. Mode of detection was defined dichotomously as symptomatic versus screen detected. Path analysis (conducted in Mplus) was used to estimate the age, race, and BMI adjusted, direct and indirect effects of HBD on stage at diagnosis. Because estimates can vary depending on model assumptions, we ran simultaneous linear regression models and also ran simultaneous ordered probit regression models. In both sets of models we estimated the relative contributions of tumor masking and tumor aggressiveness in transmitting the association of HBD with stage at diagnosis. Results: A one-unit increase in BD was associated with a 9-percentage-point increased prevalence of later stage (stage 2,3,4, vs. 1) at diagnosis. Roughly one third of the HBD, later-stage association could be explained by tumor masking, and virtually none of the association could be explained by tumor aggressiveness. Similar results were obtained for linear and ordered probit models. Results were broadly similar for nL black and nL white women. Conclusion: Ours is the first analysis we are aware of to formally confirm via mediation analyses that tumor masking is the primary process through which women with dense breasts are disproportionately diagnosed at later stages. To reduce opportunities for tumor masking, women with dense breasts are often referred for supplemental/advanced imaging with breast MRI, ultrasound, or (increasingly) tomosynthesis. We think it is likely that the current criteria for referring women for advanced imaging based on breast density may contribute to racial disparities because (1) they do not account for the greater prevalence of more aggressive breast cancer in nL black patients, and (2) they do not account for the disproportionate prevalence of obesity among nL black women, which may obscure the usefulness of the usual clinical classification method of BMI in making referrals for supplemental imaging. Citation Format: Katherine Y. Tossas-Milligan, Garth H. Rauscher, Richard Campbell, Victoria Seewaldt. Tumor masking or tumor aggressiveness? A structural equations modeling approach to estimate the impact of breast density on breast cancer stage, overall and by race [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.

Application of theory of planned behaviour to households’ source separation behaviour in Ghana

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that encourage households’ source separation behaviour in Accra and Tamale Metropolises in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing a cross-sectional design, 855 households of Ghana were interviewed based on the theoretical framework of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The ordered probit regression model was employed to examine the factors that influence households’ source separation intention.FindingsThe results indicated that educational attainment of head of household, total income of household, occupation type of household head, information, past experience with source separation, inconvenience in terms of time, space and availability of formal source separation scheme, attitude, subjective norm and the location of the respondents significantly predicted households’ solid waste separation intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional design does not determine causality but an association. Thus, future studies should examine actual household waste separation behaviour by using the experimental design to test the TPB model.Practical implicationsTo promote solid waste separation at source, the public should be educated and provided with solid waste separation schemes that are efficient and compatible with households’ preference.Originality/valueThis study was partly motivated by the fact that despite the benefits associated with source separation, little attention has been given to formal source separation in Ghana. Moreover, there are limited studies on source separation behaviour in Ghana using the TPB as the theoretical framework.

Comparison of health system responsiveness between HIV and non-HIV patients at infectious disease clinics in Yunnan, China.

BackgroundChina is in an epidemiologic transition period. Health system responsiveness (HSR) has become an increasing concern in China. With the burden of increasing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, responsiveness of HIV care is urgently needed. We aimed at comparing the experience of HSR between HIV-positive and non-HIV patients.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in Yunnan, China, from January to February 2015 among two consecutive groups of HIV and non-HIV patients in two hospitals with the largest HIV admissions. Patients’ experience and expectation of HSR were measured using a self-reported questionnaire containing items of seven domains and 35 vignettes (five per domain). Each of the items and vignettes was ranked from 1 “very good” to 5 “very bad.” For each domain, B-scales were built based on the difference between experience and the vignettes. Ordered probit and censored ordered probit regression models were constructed to compare HSR experience between the two groups adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES) factors.ResultsThe majority of HIV patients were at clinical stage 1, were infected via unprotected sexual contact, and had a CD4 count <500 cells/µL. After adjustment by SES factors, HIV patients had better experiences of HSR in six of the seven HSR domains, prompt attention being the only domain that non-HIV patients had better experiences.ConclusionPerceptions of HSR experience were better among HIV patients except for prompt attention, which could not be explained by SES factors and difference in expectations. A reform is needed not to neglect the needs of non-HIV patients in the study area.

2402 - Investigation of Well-Being, Travel Behaviour, Built Environment and Lifestyle Preferences

Background The objective of the paper is to investigate how subjective well-being (measured by life satisfaction, general health status and stress level) is associated with travel behaviour, the built environment and lifestyle preferences. Travel behaviour research is interested in well-being as a means to evaluate the social value of travel, compare modes of travel and guide transportation policy. Travel is theorized to impact well-being directly through people's experience of their travel, and indirectly by facilitating access to healthy or fulfilling activities. Since the built environment and lifestyle preferences influence travel choices, they are also important considerations for travel behaviour and well-being. Methods The study used a 2016 travel activity survey of Nova Scotia residents including questions on subjective well-being. The survey data was combined with GIS-based built environment measures derived at the census Dissemination Area level. The study developed ordered probit regression models to explore the factors affecting life satisfaction, health status and stress level. A random-parameters modelling approach is used to investigate heterogeneous effects. Results The models offer several insights on the relationships between subjective well-being and travel behaviour. We find that trips with different purposes relate to well-being in different ways; for example, greater time spent on mandatory activities is linked to higher stress levels. Regular physical activeness is found to benefit life satisfaction and health status and may reduce stress levels. On the other hand, travel time shows a negative relationship with health status and a positive relationship on average with stress levels. The results also show significant heterogeneity within the population. For example, there is a significant variance in relation to stress levels, indicating that different people relate differently to spending time in an automobile. Number of vehicles owned relates positively to life satisfaction and health status, even when income levels are controlled for. The models also provide evidence of well-being's links to the built environment and lifestyle preferences. For instance, they show that residential proximity to parks relates positively to life satisfaction, and that community-mindedness is linked to higher life satisfaction and health status on average. Conclusions The study provides important behavioural insights with relevance for transportation and land use policymakers.

Examining the relationship between academic performance and workplace position: does the glass ceiling exist among graduates from the same university?

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between academic performance and workplace position. Academic performance is measured by undergraduate grade point average (GPA). A series of ordered probit regression models are estimated to isolate the impact of undergraduate GPA on the probability that female and male graduates from the same university hold middle or upper management jobs within their companies. After all potential heterogeneity and explanatory variables are controlled for, results of the pooled regression models suggest that women are less likely to hold both middle and upper management positions. Further analysis also suggests that lower GPA significantly decreases the probability that women hold these positions, while GPA seems to have no significant impact on workplace position for men. Moreover, most factors which positively impact the probability that women attain these positions also benefit men more at the highest level.

Effect Of Resource Management On Students’ Satisfaction In ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Universities In Kenya

In the present competitive business environment, quality of products and/service offered by any organization play an important role in determining the satisfaction of the customer. Customer satisfaction on the other hand contributes to firm performance. Similar to other organizations, universities endeavor to ensure quality of their service is attractive to the customers. To enhance the confidence in the quality of teaching, learning and research, most Universities in Kenya choose to be certified on ISO 9001 quality management standard. The Standard requires the organizations to establish a quality management system (QMS) to ensure provision of quality services and products that satisfy the customers. Since quality of university education has been a subject of concern in Kenya, there is need to understand what action is being taken to address the quality concerns. It is against this background that the study sought to establish the role of resource management based on ISO 9001 standard on the students’ satisfaction in ISO 9001:2008 certified universities in Kenya. A sample of 384 students drawn from all the 24 certified universities participated in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires. Quantitative data analysis methods used to generate frequency distribution, descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, ordered probit regression model was used to analyse the data using STATA software whereas chi squire test was used to test the hypotheses related to students’ satisfaction. The findings established that resource management enhanced the students’ satisfaction among the ISO 9001 certified universities in Kenya. The inferential statistics analysis revealed that resource management was positively and significantly related to students’ satisfaction. It is concluded that ISO 9001 certified universities in Kenya had better students’ satisfaction as a result of resource management. Based on the findings it is recommended that the universities should embrace better strategies to enhance the satisfaction of the students through resource management, a better effective leadership management, enhance product realisation and cultivate a culture of improvement management of the Quality Management Systems (QMS).

Factors influencing fire, earthquake, and cyclone risk perception in Yangon, Myanmar

This study investigated the factors that influence fire, earthquake, and cyclone risk perception in Yangon, Myanmar. In a survey, 199 respondents (85 males and 114 females, mean age 51 (SD 12), age range 17–80) rated seven risk perception items on a Likert scale of 1–5. Ordered probit regression was performed on the ratings and the socio-demographic and experiential factors of the respondents to determine if relationships exist between them. The Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 values of our ordered probit regression models range from 0.021 to 0.125. The results show that different sets of factors influence risk perception of fire, of earthquake, and of cyclone. One finding that is common across the three hazards is that none of the socio-demographic and experiential factors seem to influence the perceived ability to control the impacts of fire, earthquake, and cyclone. The results of this study can be used to fill in the gap in empirical risk perception research in Yangon and to encourage education campaigns necessary to enhance the residents’ understanding of and preparedness for disaster risks.