Order Reaction Rate Constants Research Articles

Photocatalytic activity of anatase titanium dioxide nanostructures prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering technique

In this work, nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts with high optical and structural homogeneity were successfully synthesized by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The TiO2 thin films were produced with high structural homogeneity without any heat treatment. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns and UV–visible spectroscopy gave an indication that the structure of prepared films is anatase with energy band gap of 3.23 eV. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy has confirmed the formation of Ti–O bond. The average size of TiO2 particles in the deposited films was ranging in 5–7 nm. These nanostructures are very applicable as photocatalysts as their photocatalytic activity was determined from the degradation rate with UV irradiation time as the first order reaction rate constant was determined to be 2.4 × 10−3 min−1.

Effect of digestate disintegration on anaerobic digestion of organic waste

Recently, digestate disintegration gained interest as an alternative strategy to feedstock pretreatment for anaerobic digestion. This study evaluated the effect of three different digestate disintegration methods (hydrogen peroxidation, ozone treatment and ultrasound) on manure digestate, potato waste digestate and mixed organic waste digestate. Lab-scale anaerobic digestion experiments were carried out by adding disintegrated digestate to the related substrate and inoculum with simulated recycle ratios of 0.2 and 0.5. Ultrasound disintegration of potato waste digestate yields 22.5% increase in biogas production. An increase in biogas production was linked to the treated digestate amount and the treatment dosage. First order model was used to investigate the effect of digestate disintegration on the first order reaction rate constant (k). The decrease in k and increase in biogas production were linearly correlated. This correlation was explained by the increased bioavailability of the organic matter and possible negative effects of digestate disintegration on the microorganisms.

Implementation of continuously electro-generated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for activation of persulfate to decompose amoxicillin antibiotic in aquatic media: UV254 and ultrasound intensification

In the present investigation, the treatment of amoxicillin (AMX)-polluted water by the activated persulfate (PS) was considered. As a novel research, continuously electro-generated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (CEMNPs) were utilized as the activator of PS in an electrochemical medium. The PS/CEMNPs displayed a remarkable enhancement in the decomposition of AMX molecules up to 72.6% compared with lonely PS (24.8%) and CEMNPs (13.4%). On the basis of pseudo-first order reaction rate constants, the synergy percent of about 70% was achieved due to the combination of PS with CEMNPs. The adverse influence of free radical-scavenging compounds on the efficiency of the PS/CEMNPs process was in the following order: carbonate < chloride < tert-butyl alcohol < ethanol. Overall, these results proved the main role of free radical species in degrading AMX. The implementation of ultrasound (US) enhanced the performance of the PS/CEMNPs process. Nevertheless, the highest degradation efficiency of about 94% was achieved when UV254 lamp was joined the PS/CEMNPs system. Under UV254 and US irradiation, the results showed significant potential of the PS/CEMNPs process for degrading AMX antibiotic and generating low toxic effluent based on the activated sludge inhibition test. However, more time is needed to achieve the acceptable mineralization.

Electron/gamma radiation-induced synthesis and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles supported on track-etched poly(ethylene terephthalate) membranes

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) possess unique properties for research due to their high stability and catalytic activity in electron transfer processes, such as hydrogenation reactions. One of the major challenges for application of Au NPs in heterogeneous catalysis is the search for better support materials to further increase their stability and catalytic activity. In this study, Au NPs were generated in the nanochannels of poly (acrylic acid) grafted poly (ethylene terephthalate) track-etched membranes (PAA-g-PET TeMs) by radiation-induced reduction in alcoholic solution using electron beams (5 MeV) and gamma-radiation (Co-60). Prior to irradiation Au3+ ions were immobilized by carboxylate groups of PAA grafts on PET TeMs. The effect of the absorbed dose as well as dose rate on the size and other characteristics of Au NPs were studied using UV–vis, FTIR, XPS spectroscopies, SEM and XRD analysis. It was found that PAA-g-PET TeMs can be successfully used as support material for radiation-induced synthesis of Au NPs with different sizes. The catalytic activity was investigated with the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The catalytic activity depends on the size of Au NPs, 10–20 nm Au NPs (synthesized using e-beam) showed first order reaction rate constant of 0.048 min−1, and for 20–35 nm (synthesized using gamma-rays) of 0.023 min−1. Thus for the first time, Au NPs were successfully obtained on modified PET TeMs showing high potential for catalytic applications.

Sulfate radical-based photo-Fenton reaction derived by CuBi2O4 and its composites with α-Bi2O3 under visible light irradiation: Catalyst fabrication, performance and reaction mechanism

Sulfate radical-based photo-Fenton (SR-photo-Fenton) reaction, assisted by visible light irradiation, was achieved by CuBi2O4 and its composites with α-Bi2O3 for refractory chemical degradation in aqueous solution. Herein, this catalyst was fabricated by a sol-gel method and the fabrication conditions, including calcination temperature and molar ratio of Cu/Bi, were optimized according to the crystal phase composition, catalytic activity and toxic copper ion leaching. The optimal calcination temperature was 500 °C and molar ratio of Bi to Cu was 2.0. The catalyst containing CuBi2O4 and α-Bi2O3 showed a higher density of surface OH which might be the key surface active site than pure CuBi2O4. The influence of initial solution pH, PMS concentration, catalyst dosage and catalyst reuse on rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was investigated. Importantly, calcination at 500 °C reverted the catalytic activity of catalyst. Results of electron paramagnetic resonance, competitive radical experiments and surface chemical property characterization demonstrated that the reaction mechanism of this novel SR-photo-Fenton reaction is a combination of interface and solution reactions. In the interface reaction, the transfer of photogenerated electron/hole pairs drives the decomposition of PMS to produce SO4− and OH. Furthermore, the cycling of Cu(I)/Cu(II) facilitated effective PMS activation to generate free radical that was responsible for the degradation of RhB. The second order reaction rate constant between RhB and SO4− was determined to be 0.595–6.436 × 1010 M−1 S−1 based on the chemical reaction kinetics of radical, which was a first and important report for SO4− chemistry.

Photocatalytic activity of Lu3+/TiO2 prepared by ball milling method

Ball milling method was applied to prepare Lu3+/TiO2 photocatalysts. The catalysts were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The photocatalytic activities were determined by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) equipped with a 300 W medium pressure mercury lamp. Results show that the first order reaction rate constants of Lu3+/TiO2 and pure TiO2 are 0.0565 and 0.0263 min−1, respectively, which both were evaluated under the condition of catalysts loading of 0.2 g/L, initial concentration of 25 mg/L for MB, mole ratio of Lu3+/TiO2 of 1.5% and milling time of 4 h. The average crystal sizes of 1.5 mol% Lu3+/TiO2 and pure TiO2 are 18.7 and 19.3 nm, respectively.

Reaction Rate Constants of Hydroxyl Radicals with Micropollutants and Their Significance in Advanced Oxidation Processes

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have gained popularity and are being extensively used for the degradation of micropollutants. The importance of 2nd order reaction rate constant of hydroxyl radicals with micropollutants (kOH) in AOPs is undisputable. The degradability of a micropollutant by an AOP can be predicted from its kOH along with other physicochemical properties, and hence are important for the design of water treatment chains. Furthermore, a micropollutant with known kOH value can be used as a probe compound to assess AOPs. In this work, the kOH of 212 micropollutants are reviewed. An overview is also provided on the generation of hydroxyl radicals, significance of kOH, and the typical methods used to determine kOH.

Investigation and kinetic evaluation of the reactions of hydroxymethylfurfural with amino and thiol groups of amino acids

In this study, reactions of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with selected amino acids (arginine, cysteine and lysine) were investigated in HMF-amino acid (high moisture) and Coffee-amino acid (low moisture) model systems at 5, 25 and 50°C. The results revealed that HMF reacted efficiently and effectively with amino acids in both high and low moisture model systems. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses of the reaction mixtures confirmed the formations of Michael adduct and Schiff base of HMF with amino acids. Calculated pseudo-first order reaction rate constants were in the following order; kCysteine>kArginine>kLysine for high moisture model systems. Comparing to these rate constants, the kCysteine decreased whereas, kArginine and kLysine increased under the low moisture conditions of Coffee-amino acid model systems. The temperature dependence of the rate constants was found to obey the Arrhenius law in a temperature range of 5–50°C under both low and high moisture conditions.

Priority pesticides abatement by advanced water technologies: The case of acetamiprid removal by ozonation

With the aim of exploring treatment alternatives for priority insecticide acetamiprid (ACMP) abatement, the removal of this compound from water by ozonation was studied for the first time, paying special attention to the kinetic, mechanistic and toxicological aspects of the process. The second order rate constants of reactions between ACMP and both molecular ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) were determined to be 0.25M−1s−1 and 2.1·109M−1s−1, respectively. On the basis of kinetic results, the degradation of ACMP during ozonation could be well-explained by the reactivity of this pesticide with OH. HPLC/MS analysis of the ozonated ACMP showed ACMP-N-desmethyl, 6-chloronicotinic acid, N′cyano-N-methyl acetamidine and N′-cyano acetamidine as the major transformation products (TPs), all of them formed through amine α carbon oxidation in combination with hydrolysis. Microtox bioassays revealed an increase in the toxicity of the medium during ACMP ozonation process, followed by a decrease to relatively low values. These changes could be attributed to the synergistic effects between TPs as well as to the presence of toxic intermediate aldehydes. Even though adopting strategies to further promote ozone decomposition to hydroxyl radicals appears to be essential, ozonation can be an effective treatment process for ACMP removal and associated toxicity abatement.

Homogenous activation of persulfate by different species of vanadium ions for PCBs degradation

In this study, batch experiments were conducted to examine vanadium (V) species and environmental factors on the homogenous activation of persulfate (PS) by vanadium ions for the degradation of PCBs (PCB28). The experimental results showed that both V(V) and V(IV) ions activated PS to effectively degrade PCB28. Even with a relatively low V ion concentration (0.01mM), PCB28 was efficiently degraded. The addition of model humic substances (HS) including gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CA), protocatechuic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA) facilitated PS activation and PCB28 degradation in the V(V)/PS system, and the pseudo-first order reaction rate constants (kobs) of PCB28 were increased 0.4–4.3 times; however, an excess of HS inhibited PCB28 degradation due to quenching reactions between HS and free radicals. Furthermore, higher pH favors PS activation and PCB28 degradation in the presence of GA, CA and PA. All underlying mechanisms of this process were elucidated by the analysis of V(V) species and free radical conversion via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Both Fe(III) and Fe(II) ions were beneficial for PS activation in the V(V)/PS system. Compared with other traditional transition metal activators such as Fe(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ag(I), V(IV) and V(V) were more efficient activators of PS for PCB28 degradation. This study elucidates new metal species for activating PS to degrade contaminants. In addition, this study also explores key factors affecting the remediation efficiency of soil based on PS activation with V species.

Mass transfer phenomenon in photocatalytic cascade disc reactor: Effects of artificial roughness and flow rate

Photocatalytic process is a green technology that has been widely used in textile wastewater treatment. Mass transfer phenomenon plays an important role in photoreactor with photocatalyst immobilized on surface. In this study, a novel photocatalytic cascade disc reactor coated with ZnO nanoparticles was first applied to investigate the effect of two influential parameters, i.e. artificial roughness and flow rate on photocatalysis degradation of Reactive Yellow 81 (RY81). Mass transfer coefficients were then determined to describe the effect of those parameters on photocatalytic process based on benzoic acid dissolution method. Fluid flow and concentration fields were simulated to explore the characteristics of mass transfer process with OpenFOAM software. Based on the experimental and simulation results, it was found that as artificial roughness and flow rate value increase, Reynolds number and consequently the first order reaction rate constant of RY81 and mass transfer coefficients significantly increase.

Microwave—assisted hydrothermal synthesis of monoclinic bismuth trioxide nanorods: optical and photocatalytic properties

Herein, the successful synthesis of bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) nanorods via a new microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique is reported. Detailed characterizations for the prepared nanorods employing various analytical techniques were considered for their structural, compositional, morphological, optical and photocatalytic properties. The detailed results confirmed that the prepared nanorods have a well-crystalline structure, growing with a high density and having pure monoclinic crystal structure. The prepared nanorods exhibited good optical properties were confirmedly the room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The as-prepared Bi2O3 nanorod structures showed efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) dyes under the application of UV light irradiation (365 nm). The pseudo-first order reaction rate constant is 0.007 min− 1. The fabricated Bi2O3 nanorods are very useful as ultraviolet light activated photocatalyst nanorod materials for decomposing methyl orange and various types of organic dyes.

Photodegradation of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxypiridazine, amitriptyline, and clomipramine drugs in aqueous media

The photochemical transformation of two antibacterial sulfonamides, namely sulfamethazine (SMT) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP), and two tricyclic antidepressants, namely amitriptyline (AMT) and clomipramine (CMP) were investigated. Experiments conducted in river water under artificial sunlight irradiation show an acceleration of the degradation for SMT, SMP, and CMP of a factor 1.6–7.7 by comparison to purified water. This acceleration is, at least partially, due to photosensitized reactions which can occur in river water. The photodegradation of CMP was particularly fast. In addition, no degradation was observed for AMT in purified water while photosensitized reaction occurs. Under ultra-violet (254 nm) irradiation in purified water, the four drugs were degraded. Calculated quantum yields of photodegradation were of 4.3 × 10−3, 5.1 × 10−3, 7.6 × 10−3, and 65.0 × 10−3 respectively for SMT, SMP, AMT, and CMP. UV coupled with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) was used as an advanced oxidation process for water depollution. The calculated second order rate constants of reaction with hydroxyl radicals were of 5.0 × 109, 5.0 × 109, 8.0 × 109 and 9.5 × 109 L mol−1 s−1 for SMT, SMP, AMT and CMP, respectively. Finally, the structures of photoproducts were proposed according to LC–MS/MS analyses. The elimination of SO2 was the main photochemical process for SMT and SMP. In the case of AMT and CMP, hydration and hydroxylation, respectively, were observed.

204 - Characterising the Reactions of Diselenides with Reactive Oxidants Generated During Chronic Inflammation

Introduction Activated leukocytes present at sites of injury or infection releases enzymes that produce reactive oxidants including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), singlet oxygen (1O2), various peroxides and free radicals. These oxidants play a key role in killing pathogens but excessive or inappropriate formation can give rise to host tissue damage and oxidative stress, and this been associated with multiple human pathologies. Recent kinetic data have shown selenium-containing compounds (selenols RSeH, and selenides RSeR) react rapidly with multiple oxidants and are readily recycled (by GSH and enzymes) to their reduced form, allowing catalytic activity. Hypothesis Readily available diselenides (RSeSeR) may act as highly efficient oxidant scavengers of biologically-relevant oxidants. Results The diselenides selenocystamine (SeCA), diselenodipropionic acid (DSePA) and glutathione diselenide (GSeSeG) react rapidly with HOCl, H2O2 and a range of organic hydroperoxides as assessed via UV/vis spectroscopy. These reactions are more rapid with HOCl than with H2O2, with the second order rate constants for reaction with H2O2 being in the range 10-2(for DSePA) to ~10-4 M-1 s-1 (SeCA and GSeSeG). The oxidation products of the fluorescently-labeled diselenide, Fmoc-selenocystine, have been characterised using UPLC and LC-MS/MS. Oxidation by HOCl and H2O2 results in cleavage of the diselenide bond (with a loss of absorption at 300 nm) and formation of low molecular mass species in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The seleninic acid (RSeO2H) is a major oxidation product. Conclusions Readily available and stable diselenides are rapidly oxidised by biologically-relevant oxidants, and may act as efficient oxidant scavengers in vivo, thereby ameliorating oxidative damage associated with inflammatory diseases.

Kinetic degradation of chloramphenicol in water by UV/persulfate system

Abstract Performances of chloramphenicol (CAP) degradation by direct ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, persulfate (PS) oxidation alone and UV irradiation-activated persulfate process (UV/PS) were systematically studied. UV/PS oxidation was superior over direct UV irradiation or PS oxidation alone. Both SO 4 − and HO were existing in UV/PS system, and SO 4 − was proved to be the primary radical species through the scavenging tests. The secondary order reaction rate constant between CAP and SO 4 − was estimated to be 1.33 × 10 10 M −1 s −1 . The CAP degradation fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetics well (R 2 > 0.95) in tests. Higher PS dosage, lower initial CAP concentration and acid pH promoted the CAP degradation. A maximum TOC removal of 31.7% was observed in 120 min at conditions of [CAP] 0 = 0.03 mM and [PS] 0 = 1.0 mM. At last, the electrical energy per order (EE/O) value in system was demonstrated to be 16.76 kWh/m 3 /order. Results indicated that the UV/PS system is potential alternative to control water pollution caused by emerging contaminants such as CAP.

Effect of generation growth on photocatalytic activity of nano TiO2-magnetic cored dendrimers

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were individually grafted on magnetic-cored dendrimers of 0th, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations. Dendrimer’s fractal structure makes nano TiO2 functional group disperse well in water, so we can make full use of the surface area of each nanoparticle to improve photocatalysis. Furthermore, nano TiO2 functionalized magnetite-cored dendrimer (nano TiO2-MD) can be easily recycled by an external magnetic field. Synthesized nano TiO2-MDs of various generations were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Pseudo first order reaction rate constants of methyl orange increased with the generation number of nano TiO2-MDs, but photocatalytic activity after five cycles of reuse was inversely proportional to the generation number. Generation growth directly increases the number of nano TiO2 functional groups to enhance the photocatalytic activity, but more loss of photocatalytic activity was observed in repeated use of higher generations of nano TiO2-MDs.

Degradation and fate of N-nitrosamines in water by UV photolysis

Carcinogenic nitrosamines have received much attention due to their formation in CO2 capture processes and probable emission into the atmosphere. Fortunately, nitrosamines are decomposed by exposure to UV irradiation. This may be an effective strategy to degrade nitrosamines, forming more benign products in the process. In this work, UV photolysis was used to examine the degradation kinetics and fate of nitrosamines (i.e., N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)) in water at 40°C. Nearly all nitrosamines were decomposed within the first 10min of photodegradation using 4W, low pressure Hg lamp. Pseudo-first order reaction rate constants were 1.8×10−2, 2.6×10−2, 2.6×10−2, 2.3×10−2, and 1.4×10−2L/W-min for NDEA, NDBA, NDMA, NDELA, and NPYR, respectively. There was minimal change in total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting negligible loss of nitrosamines and photodegradation products by evaporation.

Bi2WO6 nanocuboids: An efficient visible light active photocatalyst for the degradation of levofloxacin drug in aqueous phase

This study presents an efficient approach for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical compound under visible light. In this study Bi2WO6 nanocuboids have been synthesized using a facile ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method. Phase identification, chemical, morphological and photo-luminescent properties of the as synthesized nanostructures have been investigated by different techniques such as XRD, FTIR, TEM, FE-SEM, UV–vis DRS, XPS and BET surface area analysis. Further, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was evaluated for the degradation of levofloxacin in aqueous phase under visible light. Approximately 80% degradation of the drug was achieved in 150min. The kinetic studies revealed that photo-degradation of levofloxacin follows pseudo-first order reaction kinetic model and rate constant was found to be 0.00847min−1. A terephthalic acid photoluminescence technique was used to detect the role of OH radicals in photocatalytic process. The identification of levofloxacin intermediates during photocatalytic degradation was analyzed using LCMS technique and the reaction pathway based on them was proposed.

Kinetics and pathways for aqueous ROS photooxidation of sulfamethazine

Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) are emerging pollutants that are ubiquitous in the aqueous environment. They are of acute concern as their pseudo-persistence and many of them can induce environmental bacterial resistance. The molecular structures of the antibiotics contain both ionizable groups and heteroatoms. Theoretically, they can undergo acid-base dissociation and exist in different dissociation forms in the aqueous environment. Photochemical degradation has been proved to be a significant elimination pathway of SAs in sunlit natural waters. However, the environmental behavior of the antibiotics in different dissociation forms is still unclear, especially for their photooxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, in this study, sulfamethazine (SMZ) was adopted as a case to study the photooxidation kinetics of individual dissociation forms with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygens ( 1 O 2 ), and to investigate the corresponding intermediates and environmental fate. Competition kinetic experiments and matrix calculations were performed to determine the second order reaction rate constants of the dissociation forms with ·OH and 1 O 2 . The results indicated that their bimolecular rate constants for the reaction between SMZ and ROS increased with the increasing matrix pH. The three SMZ dissociation forms showed different ROS photooxidation activities, which was enhanced from cationic states to anionic states. The reaction activities in different dissociation forms with 1 O 2 varied by orders of magnitude, and the anionic states were most easily to be oxidized by 1 O 2 . In the normal pH range of natural waters (6.0−9.0), the corresponding environmental half-lives of SMZ were calculated to be 21.17−32.12 h for ·OH oxidation and 0.06−1.06 h for 1 O 2 oxidation, respectively. Compared with direct photolysis and ·OH oxidation, 1 O 2 oxidation may be a central factor in determining the environmental photochemical fate in sunlit surface waters. Furthermore, the main photooxidation products were enriched by solid phase extraction and identified by Agilent 6410B triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The different intermediates and pathways were involved for ·OH oxidation, 1 O 2 oxidation, and direct photolysis. One single product was formed from 1 O 2 oxidation, while diverse hydroxylated products were generated from ·OH oxidation. The present study found that SMZ showed new photochemical behavior: multiple ROS oxidation kinetics, pH dependent environmental half-lives, and different intermediates for the three photochemical reactions. These findings are of importance toward the goal of understanding the multivariate photochemical behavior of different antibiotic dissociation forms in surface waters. Thus, to assess the environmental fate and ecological risk of organic pollutants like SAs, the effects of acid-base dissociation must be considered.

Performance and reaction kinetics of CO2 absorption into AMP solution with [Hmim][Gly] activator

Absorption and regeneration of a new aqueous blend of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium glycinate ([Hmim][Gly]) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) were investigated. The physicochemical properties of [Hmim][Gly]-AMP mixed solution with varying molar ratios were obtained at different temperature, and the results demonstrated that the mixed solution had a low viscosity with a high solubility of CO2. It was found that the reactivity of AMP was significantly enhanced with the addition of [Hmim][Gly], and the absorption of CO2 into the mixed solution was independent of temperature within a range of 298–323K. The optimal regeneration temperature and time were 333K and 60min, respectively. The mixed solution could be regenerated efficiently after three cycles. Furthermore, the study of 13C NMR spectrum indicated that the reaction between CO2 and the [Hmim][Gly]-AMP solution was zwitterionic mechanism. Based on zwitterionic mechanism and two-film model, the kinetics of CO2 absorption into the mixed solution was investigated in the temperature range of 298–323K by employing a double stirred-cell absorber. The kinetics region was considered to be a fast pseudo-first order, and the second order reaction rate constant was calculated as follows: k2,[Hmim][Gly]−AMP=1.57×107exp(−3088.92/T).