Order Proportional Integral Derivative Controller Research Articles

The temperature control of the dense granular spallation target in China initiative accelerator driven system based on quantum evolutionary algorithm

The temperature control of the spallation target in accelerator driven subcritical system is the important issue that has the direct impact on stable and reliable operation of the coupling system. The China initiative accelerator driven subcritical system (CiADS) is composed by three facilities, including the high power accelerator, dense granular spallation target (DGT) and the subcritical reactor, where the DGT is the key component in connecting the accelerator and subcritical reactor, and the gravity driven tungsten alloy granules are considered as the material and coolant for the spallation target. In order to keep the working temperature in normal operation condition around the presetting value without bringing the large perturbation, the intensity of proton beam and the flow speed of tungsten alloy granules are considered as the main control approaches in adjusting the temperature inside the DGT, and the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller has been established based on the two approaches for the better adaptability to the temperature control in spallation target system. Moreover, the simulation method and quantum evolutionary algorithm have been employed for the selection and optimization of main parameters in PID controller in order to substitute the time consuming and error prone tasks in traditional experiential selection process. Finally, the reference control scenarios have been used to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of optimized method for the temperature control of the DGT system in CiADS.

Indirect optimal tuning rules for fractional order proportional integral derivative controller

AbstractIn this article, the tuning rules of fractional order PID controller are derived using Indirect Design Approach‐1. In Indirect Design Approach‐1, the plant is shifted in the frequency domain using the shifting parameter ψ. The tuning rules of stochastically optimized fractional order PID controllers exist in literature for the fixed values of maximum sensitivity. Maximum Sensitivity or robustness of the process is application dependent. Due to complex fractional order mathematics, the design of fractional order PID controller is complex. Therefore, in this article, new optimal tuning rules for FOPID controller are proposed using the shifted version of the plant. The adjustable robustness is achieved by varying tuning variable ψ which has a linear relation with the Maximum Sensitivity, Gain margin and Phase Margin. The range of ψ within which it can be varied is also proposed for both stable and unstable processes. Simulation is carried out in the MALTAB environment for validating the proposed methodology. A stable and an unstable first order process with time delay is considered for simulation. For the practical viability and novelty, a real‐time experiment on the level control of Canonical Tank using the proposed methodology is shown.

Design of Fractional Order Controllers Using the PM Diagram

This work presents a modeling and controller tuning method for non-rational systems. First, a graphical tool is proposed where transfer functions are represented in a four-dimensional space. The magnitude is represented in decibels as the third dimension and a color code is applied to represent the phase in a fourth dimension. This tool, which is called Phase Magnitude (PM) diagram, allows the user to visually obtain the phase and the magnitude that have to be added to a system to meet some control design specifications. The application of the PM diagram to systems with non-rational transfer functions is discussed in this paper. A fractional order Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is computed to control different non-rational systems. The tuning method, based on evolutionary computation concepts, relies on a cost function that defines the behavior in the frequency domain. The cost value is read in the PM diagram to estimate the optimum controller. To validate the contribution of this research, four different non-rational reference systems have been considered. The method proposed here contributes first to a simpler and graphical modeling of these complex systems, and second to provide an effective tool to face the unsolved control problem of these systems.

A novel fractional order proportional integral derivative plus second-order derivative controller for load frequency control

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a novel fractional order proportional integral derivative plus second-order derivative (FOPID+DD) controller for the load frequency control (LFC) of a hybrid power system (hPS). The investigated hPS incorporates conventional and certain distributed generation sources. Parameters of the proposed controller are optimised using a newly developed and powerful water wave optimisation (WWO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is established by considering multiple disturbances and nonlinearities like generation rate constraint, governor dead band and time delay related with the hPS. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with other controllers that are well studied in the literature. Simulation results reveal that the frequency dynamics of the hPS are enhanced with the proposed controller in terms of reduced frequency deviations and improved transient specifications. The sensitivity of the proposed controller is validated subject to wide variations in the hPS parameters.

Design and analysis of controllers for high voltage gain DC-DC converter for PV panel

Bidirectional high gain DC-DC buck boost converter is a virtual interface among PV source and inverter fed motor drive. In this article, a PV panel integrating a non-isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter that has high voltage gain voltage and a 3 phase three level DC/AC inverter is projected. It highlights the comparison between proportional integral controller (PIC), fractional order proportional integral derivative Controller (FOPIDC) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based Bidirectional DC/DC Power Converter System (BDDPCS). The design, model and simulation using SIMULINK of open loop BDDPCS and closed loop PIC, FOPIDC and FLC based BDDPCS are done and the results are discussed. The findings indicate higher performance for FLC based control of BDDPCS. The proposed BDDPCS has merits such as bidirectional power transferability, lesser hardware count with enhanced dynamic response. The hardware of BDDPCS is tested and the experiment result is compared in association with simulation results.

Delay margin computation of generator excitation control system by using fractional order controller

This article is devoted to stability analysis of generator excitation control system that has some time delay with fractional order proportional integral derivative controller by using direct method. When the time delay exceeds certain critical values, the excitation control system becomes unstable. In order to obtain more delay margin, in control part of the system, fractional order proportional integral derivative controller is used. A formulation is obtained to find out the maximum time delay which is known as delay margin with which the system can tolerate without any loss in its stability. All the possible stability regions analytically in the parametric space of the time delay is obtained by using an exact method and it is presented in this study. The method is formulated in frequency domain. The time-domain simulations are implemented to validate theoretical delay margin results in Matlab/Simulink. When it is compared with previous researches in literature, better stability margin is obtained. The results have shown that fractional order PID controller gives wide stability area than integer order PID controller.

New opposition cuttlefish optimizer based two‐step approach for optimal design of fractional order proportional integral derivative controller for time delay systems

New opposition cuttlefish optimizer based two‐step approach for optimal design of fractional order proportional integral derivative controller for time delay systems

IMC and GA Based Fractional Order Controller Design for Load Frequency Control Problem

This paper proposes a genetic algorithm based factional order proportional integral derivative controller for load frequency control (LFC) problem. Genetic algorithm used for tuning the proposed controller. Initially the proposed controller is applied to single area power system after that it is applied to two area power system. The turbines known as non reheated and hydro turbine, and all other physical parameters of turbine, governor are validating in practical system. The simulation test in the presence of uncertainties and constraints in the plant parameters, shows improved disturbance rejection, reducing peak overshoots and settling time.

Robustness of optimized FPID controller against uncertainty and disturbance by fractional nonlinear model for research nuclear reactor

In this study, a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is designed to create the reference power trajectory and to conquer the uncertainties and external disturbances. A fractional nonlinear model was utilized to describe the nuclear reactor dynamic behaviour considering thermal-hydraulic effects. The controller parameters were tuned using optimization method in Matlab/Simulink. The FOPID controller was simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the controller performance was evaluated for Hard variation of the reference power and compared with that of integer order a proportional integral derivative (IOPID) controller by two models of fractional neutron point kinetic (FNPK) and classical neutron point kinetic (CNPK). Also, the FOPID controller robustness was appraised against the external disturbance and uncertainties. Simulation results showed that the FOPID controller has the faster response of the control attempt signal and the smaller tracking error with respect to the IOPID in tracking the reference power trajectory. In addition, the results demonstrated the ability of FOPID controller in disturbance rejection and exhibited the good robustness of controller against uncertainty.

Fractional order [Proportional Integral Derivative] Controller Design with Specification Constraints: More Flat Phase Idea

Abstract The fractional order proportional integral derivative controller is attracting more and more attention. To design a controller with some specification constraints for the first order plus time delay (FOPTD) system, the idea of the “more flat phase” and the structure of the fractional order [proportional integral derivative] (FO[PID]) controller are proposed in this paper. Firstly, the stability region of the FO[PID] controller and the controller design with the “more flat phase” are introduced. Then the design procedure is presented by a simulation, and the pseudo code of the design procedure to obtain the parameter pairs and the achievable region is offered. The effectiveness of the proposed design method for the FO[PID] controller is verified by the experiment on the Peltier temperature control platform and the experiment results show a great potential in industrial applications.

FOPID Controller for Buck Converter

Abstract The implementation of a Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller for a DC-DC Buck converter is presented in this paper. Power conversion in such converters is a critical operation. Efficient conversion of power can lead to extension of battery life, reduction in heat, and allows it to build smaller gadgets. These can be achieved by designing an efficient controller. Recently, fractional order controller is found to be an alternative for the conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, so as to achieve better controller performance. The FOPID-based Buck converter is implemented in MATLAB and the controller is tuned using the Nelder Mead method of optimization in FOMCON Toolbox. The implemented controller’s performance is compared with the PID controller. The simulation results shows that the transient performance of the device using the FOPID controller has been significantly improved.

An Optimized Hybrid Fractional Order Controller for Frequency Regulation in Multi-Area Power Systems

Multi-area power systems inhere complicated nonlinear response, which results in degraded performance due to the insufficient damping. The main causes of the damping problems are the stochastic behavior of the renewable energy sources, loading conditions, and the variations of system parameters. The load frequency control (LFC) represents an essential element for controlling multi-area power systems. Therefore, the proper design of the controllers is mandatory for preserving reliable, stable and high-quality electrical power. The controller has to suppress the deviations of the area frequency in addition to the tie-line power. Therefore, this paper proposes a new frequency regulation method based on employing the hybrid fractional order controller for the LFC side in coordination with the fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller for the superconducting energy storage system (SMES) side. The hybrid controller is designed based on combining the FOPID and the tilt integral derivative (TID) controllers. In addition, the controller parameters are optimized through a new application of the manta ray foraging optimization algorithm (MRFO) for determining the optimum parameters of the LFC system and the SMES controllers. The optimally-designed controllers have operated cooperatively and hence the deviations of the area frequency and tie-line power are efficiently suppressed. The robustness of the proposed controllers is investigated against the variation of the power system parameters in addition to the location and/or magnitude of random/step load disturbances.

New opposition cuttlefish optimizer based two‐step approach for optimal design of fractional order proportional integral derivative controller for time delay systems

AbstractIn this article, an optimal design of the fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller for time delay system is proposed. The proposed optimal design is the combined performance of both the cuttlefish optimizer (CFO) and Opposition‐based learning (OBL) scheme called CFOBL scheme. The proposed CFOBL uses the concept of opposition based population initialization and opposition based position updating to improve its searching behavior, computational speed and convergence profile in the basic CFO. In FOPID controller, apart from the three tuning parameters (GP, GI, and GD) there are two additional tuning parameters that are λ and μ. Here, CFOBL is used to tune the three controller parameters and also to find the optimal values of λ and μ. The uniqueness of the proposed technique is to reduce the FOPID controller's fault in the higher order time delay scheme by the aid of the controller's increase limits. The objective of the proposed technique is chosen by considering the set point parameters and the accomplished parameters from the time delay system. The proposed technique is used to avoid high‐order delays and reliability constraints such as small overruns, time resolution and fixed condition defects. This technique is performed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the results are compared with different existing techniques such as Ziegler‐Nichols (ZN) tuning method, curve fitting (CF) technique, Wang technique, and regression technique.

Novel fuzzy fractional order PID controller for non linear interacting coupled spherical tank system for level process

In this paper, a novel Fuzzy Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FFOPID) controller is proposed to control the liquid level of Two Tank Spherical Interacting System (TTSIS). Spherical tanks are widely used in process industries due to its high storage capacity. These are non-linear due to its varying surface area with respect to its height and hence the level control of a spherical tank system is a challenging task. Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller is designed for a liquid level control of a spherical tank which is modelled as a fractional Order System. The performance indices such as rise time, settling time, peak time and peak overshoot are analysed for the proposed control scheme and compared to conventional controllers such as PI, PID, PID-SMC, FOPID. Moreover the time integral performance measures such as ITAE, IAE and ISE are analysed. Experimental results are shown to validate the obtained results with those of simulations. It has been proven that FFOPID outperforms all other existing techniques in terms of various time domain specifications and time integral performance measures.

Application of FOPID-FOF Controller Based on IMC Theory for Automatic Generation Control of Power System

In this work, an attempt has been made to implement a fractional based internal model control (IMC) for automatic generation control (AGC) of power system. In general power system, models are complex and having higher orders, as a result design procedure of IMC controller for AGC becomes complicated one. In this work, model order reduction (MOR) techniques are introduced to reduce effort in designing controller for such a complex system. These techniques can capture dynamics of higher order power systems with lower order models without loosing inherent properties of system. In this paper, Nyquist-based model reduction technique is employed for integer order model compression. A simple structure fractional order filter in cascade with fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID-FOF) controller based on the IMC theory is developed for obtained lower order models to solve load frequency control (LFC) problem. The distinguished feature is the less number of tuning parameters for the design of fractional controller. The resultant controller is implemented for the single area power system in MATLAB environment. The simulation results are compared to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Also, the proposed method is applied to two area PV-Reheated power system and three area non-reheated power system.

Frequency regulation in an AC microgrid interconnected with thermal system employing multiverse-optimised fractional order-PID controller

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the multi-verse optimised fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller as the novel control scheme for frequency regulation in an AC microgrid coupled with reheat thermal system. The novelty lies in the use of multi-verse optimizer (MVO) algorithm whose supremacy is established in this paper against the Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithms, respectively. For comparative analysis, performance of MVO optimised FOPID is compared against the conventional controllers optimally tuned using MVO. Further, the effect of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is also investigated besides sensitivity analysis against parametric variations. With MVO optimised FOPID controller, the minimum values of the Integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) and the settling time, both the performance indicators, are reduced significantly compared to the case when FOPID controller is tuned using other algorithms. MATLAB/Simulink is utilised for modelling and simulations.

Design of fractional order proportional integral controller using stability and robustness criteria in time delay system

In this paper, a tuning procedure of the parameters of fractional order proportional integral controller is presented for time delay system with arbitrary order. On the basis of obtaining stable solution space by utilizing some stability-domain boundaries which include real-root boundary and σ-stability boundary, the optimal solution can be achieved by applying specific frequency-domain specifications which include gain crossing frequency, phase margin, and robustness constraint. Using the same synthesis by traversing phase angle and phase margin in a given interval, the complete solution space of gain crossing frequency can be obtained and visualized, which is equivalent to demonstrate the complete solution space of optimal parameters of fractional order proportional integral controllers. As a comparison, the tuning procedure of the parameters of integral order proportional integral derivative controller is also discussed. At last, the proposed algorithm is validated by numerical simulation and experimental illustrations. The results show the robustness and advantage of the proposed fractional order proportional integral controller over other controllers.

Optimized FOPID controller for improving steady state and transient response of Microturbine Generation system

The power system structure is complicated and the demand is increasing rapidly. In order to minimize the power losses and to reduce the power shortage, Distribution Generation (DG) is added in the power system. Microturbine Generation (MTG) is a new type of DG which has become popular source of electric power industries due to their fuel flexibility, reliability, power quality and its size. In this paper, the modelling and simulation analysis of the MTG system are carried out with Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller to improve the overall performance of MTG system. The performance of the MTG system is studied under various linear and non-linear load conditions. The Microturbine model and converter controller models are simulated using MATLAB Software. FOPID controller is used to maintain constant voltage for various load conditions by maintaining the torque of the Microturbine (MT) system. The power quality of MTG system is analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Analysis. To improve the power quality, LCL filter is added in this paper. The overall performance of MTG system is analyzed with and without FOPID controller. When the results are compared with conventional PI controller, the MTG system shows better performance in FOPID controller.

Optimal tuning of FOPID controller based on PSO algorithm with reference model for a single conical tank system

The fractional order proportional integral derivative controller (FOPID) replaces the conventional PID controller for its immense merits such as its simple structure, better set point tracking, high disturbance rejection, higher capability of handling model uncertainties in nonlinear and real time applications. This paper addresses the effectiveness of the FOPID controller on a level control of single conical system in real time. It is one of the classical nonlinear control problem and its shape not only contributes the proper mixing of liquids and also guarantee to drainage of solid wastes. This study, a dual loop controller is proposed and constructed with a master process and slave process for a level control of a single conical tank system. In the slave process, the output response obtained by the traditional PID controller combined with the conical tank reference model and compared with the output response of the master process. The obtained error signal is used to dynamically correct the parameters of the FOPID controller in the master process. The tuning of FOPID controller is a challenging task due to its presence of extra parameters and it efficiently carried out by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The obtained result reveals that the Proposed PSO optimized FOPID controller with reference model demonstrated the better set point tracking, smooth controller response than other conventional integer order controllers.

Fractional order sliding mode control of a pneumatic position servo system

Gas flow has fractional order dynamics; therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the pneumatic systems with a proportional valve to regulate gas flow have fractional order dynamics as well. There is a hypothesis that the fractional order control has better control performance for this inherent fractional order system, although the model used for fractional controller design is integer order. To test this hypothesis, a fractional order sliding mode controller is proposed to control the pneumatic position servo system, which is based on the exponential reaching law. In this method, the fractional order derivative is introduced into the sliding mode surface. The stability of the controller is proven using Lyapunov theorem. Since the pressure sensor is not required, the control system configuration is simple and inexpensive. The experimental results presented indicate the proposed method has better control performance than the fractional order proportional integral derivative (FPID) controller and some conventional integral order control methods. Points to be noticed here are that the fractional order sliding mode control is superior to the integral order sliding mode counterpart, and the FPID is superior to the corresponding integral order PID, both with optimal parameters. Among all the methods compared, the proposed method achieves the highest tracking accuracy. Moreover, the proposed controller has less chattering in the manipulated variable, the energy consumption of the controller is therefore substantially reduced.