Process In Order Research Articles

Stabilization of Cu2O catalyst via strong electronic interaction for selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to ethanol

While cuprous oxide (Cu2O) remains the most efficient and viable electrocatalyst for the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to ethanol, its reduction to Cu during the catalytic CO2RR process poses a barrier to its industrial application. To address this challenge, we have reported a highly stable Cu2O-based catalyst by introducing pseudo-capacitive NiCo2O4 intermediate layers. The current densities observed on the surface of the prepared NF@NiCo2O4@Cu2O remained consistent over a 15-hour stability test, demonstrating excellent durability that exceeds that of the NF@Cu2O electrode by more than 200 %. Experimental characterization and DFT analysis indicate that the exceptional stability is primarily attributed to the pseudo-capacitive NiCo2O4 interlayer with cyclic charge–discharge properties, where NiCo2O4 can capture and eliminate accumulated reduced electrons around Cu2O under strong electronic interactions and release electrons through catalytic reduction to produce hydrogen. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4@Cu2O (111) heterostructure significantly reduces the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) required for C-C coupling of *CO intermediates compared to Cu2O (111). This mechanism establishes a cyclic charge–discharge process in order to prevent reduction of Cu2O into copper monomers. As a result, NF@NiCo2O4@Cu2O demonstrates a C2H5OH faradaic efficiency of 56.9 % at −0.5 V vs. RHE, surpassing many other Cu-based catalytic electrodes. This work provides new insights into studying strong electronic interaction structures to eliminate electron enrichment at the catalytic site for stabilizing catalysts and also offers an effective strategy for designing catalysts that maintain long-term stability in industrial applications.

The influence of the bounding surface on the structural ordering of short chains of oligoetherimides.

In this study, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the structural ordering of short oligoetherimide chains (dimers) near the bounding surface, depending on the structure of that surface. In order to clarify the possibility of oligoetherimide ordering along the symmetry axes of graphene, two types of bounding surfaces were considered: graphene, with a regular discrete position of interaction centers (carbon atoms), and a smooth, structureless impermeable wall. The chemical structures of the considered dimers consist of two repeating units of BPDA-P3, ODPA-P3, or aBPDA-P3 thermoplastic polyetherimides. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the process of structural ordering of the dimers near the surface of the graphene or wall was established. The ODPA-P3 and BPDA-P3 dimers form an ordered state near the graphene surface, while the aBPDA-P3 dimers do not demonstrate structural ordering. The simulation results confirmed that the ordering direction of the BPDA-P3 and ODPA-P3 dimers near the graphene surface is chosen randomly. Comparison of the oligoetherimide structure formed near the attracting wall without a symmetrical location of the interaction centers shows the similarity of the ordering of dimers near the graphene surface and the wall. As in the case of the graphene surface, the ordering of oligoetherimide molecules near the structureless wall demonstrates one direction of ordering. Therefore, we confirmed that the key factor for the onset of ordering is the presence of a confining surface, rather than the symmetrical arrangement of interaction centers in the substrate structure.

Producing non-basic word orders in (in)felicitous contexts: evidence from pupillometry and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

ABSTRACT The present study examined why speakers of languages with flexible word orders are more likely to use syntactically complex non-basic word orders when they provide discourse-given information earlier in sentences. This may be because they are more efficient for speakers to produce (the Speaker Economy Hypothesis). Alternatively, speakers may produce them to help listeners understand sentences more efficiently (the Listener Economy Hypothesis), given that previous studies showed that the processing of non-basic word orders was facilitated when the felicitous context was provided (i.e. a displaced object refers to discourse-given information). We addressed this issue by conducting a picture-description experiment, in which participants uttered sentences with syntactically basic Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) or non-basic Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) in felicitous or infelicitous contexts while cognitive load was tracked using pupillometry and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the felicitous context facilitated the filler-gap dependency formation of OSVs in production, supporting the Speaker Economy Hypothesis.

The impact of digitalization and economic diversification on economic growth: evidence from Saudi Arabia

The present study aims to assess the impact of economic diversification and digitalization on economic growth in Saudi Arabia during the period 1990–2021. We have looked into this relationship in both the overall economic and non-oil economic sectors using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach. The empirical results offer compelling evidence that economic diversification and digitization affect economic growth both directly and indirectly through their effects on non-oil GDP growth. The findings indicate that there is a long-run dynamic between economic growth, economic diversification, and digitalization. In the long run, digitalization contributes to the progress of non-oil economic growth and, therefore, sustainable economic growth. In addition, the causality test revealed that economic diversification develops the economy of new knowledge, which reinforces economic diversification, and non-oil economic growth supports digitalization. Consequently, digitalization played an important role in the Kingdom’s economic transition toward economic diversification. Indeed, our results prove that digitalization increases non-oil income and then reduces the supremacy of the oil sector in the economy, which promotes economic diversification. The KSA authority must accelerate the energetic transition process in order to support economic diversification and attract more foreign investment in information and communication technologies (ICTs).

SYNERGY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ANTI-CRISIS STRATEGIES IN ENSURING ENTERPRISE STABILITY

The article considers the current problem of ensuring the stability of an enterprise in conditions of economic instability through the synergy of the organizational structure and anti-crisis strategies. The research aims to learn about different approaches to the integration of organizational structures with strategic management, which contribute to increasing the adaptability of an enterprise to external challenges. The main elements of synergy are considered to be, in particular, the mechanisms of implementing anti-crisis measures within the existing organizational structure, which allow for increasing the stability of an enterprise in conditions of market instability. The article draws attention to the fact that effective cooperation of the organizational structure with anti-crisis strategies significantly improves the ability of an enterprise to adapt to changes in the external environment. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are formulated for improving management decisions aimed at increasing the adaptive potential of an enterprise. In particular, the possibilities of optimizing internal processes in order to react faster to changes and minimize risks related to crisis phenomena were analyzed in detail, which ensures the stability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The possibilities of optimizing internal processes in order to react faster to changes in the external environment are considered. Particular attention was paid to the role of leadership in implementing strategic changes. The effectiveness of using the company's resources in crisis conditions was assessed. The role of leadership in implementing strategic changes is considered separately. Leadership in crisis times plays an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of implementing anti-crisis measures, as well as in strengthening the corporate culture, which contributes to increasing the level of trust and cohesion of the team. The article shows that the effective use of the company's resources in crisis conditions is a key factor in ensuring its long-term stability. The conclusions from the work indicate the need to improve the organizational structure of the company in order to ensure its greater integration with anti-crisis strategies, which will allow the company to effectively face external challenges and strengthen its competitive position on the market. Therefore, the presented article contains practical recommendations that may be useful both for business managers and researchers in the field of strategic management and organizational development in conditions of economic instability.

Challenges in reliable preoperative blood ordering: A qualitative interview study.

Presurgical blood orders are important for patient safety during surgery, but excess orders can be costly to patients and the healthcare system. We aimed to assess clinician perceptions on the presurgical blood ordering process and perceived barriers to reliable decision-making. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted at a single large academic medical center. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners working in preoperative assessment clinics, and transfusion medicine physicians to assess perceptions of current blood ordering processes. Interview responses were analyzed using an inductive open coding approach followed by thematic analysis. Twenty-three clinicians were interviewed. Clinicians felt that the current blood ordering process was frequently inconsistent. One contributor was a lack of information on surgical transfusion risk, related to lack of experience in ordering clinicians, insufficient communication between stakeholders, high turnover in academic settings, and lack of awareness of the maximum surgical blood ordering schedule. Other contributors included differing opinions about the benefits and harms of over- and under-preparing blood products, leading to variation in transfusion risk thresholds between clinicians, and disagreement about the safety of emergency-release blood. Several barriers to reliable decision-making for presurgical blood orders exist. Future efforts to improve ordering consistency may benefit from improved information sharing between stakeholders and education on safe transfusion practices.

Enhancing Telemedicine Communication for Improved Outpatient Pediatric Trauma Care.

Pediatric traumatology is a complex field that requires a comprehensive understanding of physeal development, remodeling potential, and the ossification process in order to ensure appropriate patient treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the willingness of practicing physicians to participate in a telemedicine collaboration aimed at enhancing the exchange between the outpatient and inpatient sectors and promoting the digitalization of the pediatric sector. This is in response to the growing significance of digitalization in the medical field. A survey consisting of 15 items was sent to 800 practicing trauma surgeons, pediatric surgeons, and pediatricians within a 100 km radius of Hamburg, Germany. The survey included questions about the respondents' professional experience and telemedicine experience, as well as inquiries about possible telemedicine collaborations. The response rate was 19.3%. Less than half of the participants already used telemedicine in daily practice. In general, 75% of respondents expressed an interest in collaborating with the inpatient sector. The most common reasons for hospital referral were the need for surgery, inadequate treatment of children in practice and co-assessment. The majority were in favor of flexible communication, either via video telephony, imaging applications like or messaging applications. The study revealed a high level of interest in telemedicine collaboration. Information exchange should be tailored to individual needs, with practitioners requiring a versatile and personalized approach that includes imaging. Strict enforcement of data protection regulations is essential. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine collaboration in the treatment of pediatric trauma in both hospital and outpatient settings.

Environmental Sustainability of the Removal of Alpaca Fiber Dye Using a Thermally Modified Sludge from a Drinking Water Treatment Facility

In this work, the removal of dye using thermally modified sludge from a drinking water treatment facility (DWTS) was evaluated. This study gives value to the waste from the coagulation flocculation process (waste sludge) in order to remove an emerging organic agent (Bordeaux B). The sustainability of the process leads to a circular economy, which represents an important environmental contribution. The physicochemical characterization of the DWTS was carried out by standard methods. DRX and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and superficial specific area SBET N2 at 77 K were used. Thermal activation processes were carried out (200–600 °C) to obtain the best activated thermal conditions for dye removal (T: 500 °C). Muscovite and other minerals were found in the DWTS. Experimental conditions (batch mode) were determined: contact time (CT), pH, adsorbent dose (AD), and dye initial concentration (Co). SBET = 54.77 and 67.90 m2/g by DWTS and TA-500. The best removal efficiency was achieved at 500 °C (R = 85.57 ± 0.76 %, q max = 37.45 ± 0.14 mg/g), which, compared to other unconventional adsorbents, is more reliable and competitive. The adsorption process was adjusted to the Langmuir mathematics model, following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99).

Signatures of exciton-exciton annihilation in 2DES spectra including up to six-wave mixing processes.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a powerful spectroscopic tool that allows us to study the dynamics of excited states. Exciton-exciton annihilation is at least a fifth order process, which corresponds to intrachromophoric internal conversion from the double-excited high-energy chromophoric state into the single-excited state of the same chromophore. At high excitation intensities, this effect becomes apparent in standard 2DES and can be inspected via high order nK1⃗-nK2⃗+K3⃗ nonlinear processes. We calculate 2DES based on K1⃗-K2⃗+K3⃗ and 2K1⃗-2K2⃗+K3⃗ wave mixing processes to reveal exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) induced exciton symmetry breaking, which occurs at high excitation intensities. We present the general theory that captures all these processes for bosonic and paulionic quasiparticles in a unified way and demonstrate that the NEEs can be easily utilized for highly nonlinear two-dimensional spectra calculations by employing phase cycling for separating various phase matching conditions. The approach predicts various excitonic third- to fifth-order features; however, due to high excitation intensities, contributions of different order processes become comparable and overlap, i.e., the signals no longer can be associated with well-defined order-to-the-field contributions. In addition, EEA leads to breaking of the exciton symmetries, thus enabling population of dark excitons. Such effects are due to the local nature of the EEA process.

Factors influencing patients' decisions regarding participation in clinical trials: Review of current literature.

Obtaining timely data in clinical trials (CTs) is critical for drug registration. This depends directly on the speed at which patients are recruited. This paper provides an overview of selected scientific works and literature from different countries about patients' motivators and barriers to participating in CTs From 55 articles retrieved from PubMed, 5 were selected for the analysis. Additionally, 6 publications, including 2 by Polish authors, were reviewed. As a result, we identified 10 factors for further investigation: altruism, hope for personal benefit, access to better care, the role of a doctor, the opinions of close friends or relatives, financial compensation, side effects, the patient's role as a guinea pig, effort and time, and the use of placebo. Regardless of the therapeutic area, health status, study phase, country, geographic area, economic situation, or healthcare system, patients indicated very similar reasons when deciding to participate in a CT. Even if patients as a group had similar motives and concerns, there are individual elements or unusual factors that need to be better understood and evaluated to accelerate the recruitment process in order to avoid certain drugs or therapies being overlooked or underestimated. In this way, investigators can help patients make the best decisions and more effectively support the process of registering a new drug. Future research on factors influencing patients' decisions is still necessary: We do not know how the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced patient motivation, how new regulations on CTs are changing patients' perceptions of CTs, and what may be important depending on the study, country, therapeutic area and other factors.

An Investigation into Building Functional Failures in Akure South Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria

Functional failures and faults are regular occurrences in buildings and construction industries. The rate of building collapse in Nigeria has increased dramatically over the last decade and shows no signs of abating which has led to massive losses causing loss of physical properties, destruction of movable properties, injury, and loss of life. Beyond this, building collapse always has far-reaching economic, financial, psychological, and sociological implications. This study reported the causes of functional failures of buildings in Akure South Local Government Area, Nigeria. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the causes of functional failures in buildings and their impact on the quality and functionality of a building to build a theoretical framework that can help address the functional failures in buildings. The study utilized a questionnaire-based survey in the Akure South Local Government area. Data was collected from residents occupying the buildings. Information obtained includes the type of building and the current physical condition of the houses they live in, and 90 responses were collected and analyzed. The analysis identified six factors of functional failures in buildings investigated; damp 30%, cracks 50%, poor plumbing 45%, poor electrical wiring 35%, roofing defects 25% and Inadequate maintenance 70% and four causes of building failures; poor construction materials 32.7%, human errors 20.7%, natural disasters 12.4%, and a combination of the three factors 34.2%. Based on the findings, the results showed that the combination of the three factors was the most significant cause of building functional failures in the Akure South LGA, while natural disasters were the least significant cause. To mitigate the functional failures in buildings, it is important to enforce stringent regulations and standards by involving Governmental bodies (architectural Engineers and structural Engineers) to check building drawings and structural analysis report properly and correctly before design approvals, conduct regular inspections and internal audits, to help detect and rectify errors and maintaining standards throughout the construction process in order to enhance the quality, safety, and resilience of buildings, ensuring their functionality and longevity.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan Gula Merah pada Pedagang di Kecamatan Kusan Hulu

The study aims to analyze the marketing strategy of brown sugar sales to traders in Kusan Hulu District. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that the marketing strategies used by respondent 1, respondent 2, and respondent 3 were as follows: 1) The three sellers offered the same product, namely brown sugar without variants, 2) The price offered varied between Rp. 10,000 to Rp. 12,000 per pack, 3) The production site was at home, while marketing was done at home and in the market, 4) Promotion by Ibu Jamah and Ibu Nor Jannah is done by word of mouth, while Ibu Sari Ratna has started using social media as a means of promotion, 5) Each seller provides friendly and good service to consumers, as well as fast and thorough in handling requests, which increases customer satisfaction, 6) Each seller facilitates the ordering and payment process for consumers, 7) Each seller provides an attractive product display to attract the attention of consumers.

On autoregressive processes with Lindley-distributed innovations: modeling and simulation

In this paper, we develop an autoregressive process of order one, assuming that the innovation random variable has a Lindley distribution. The key properties of the process are investigated. Five distinct estimation techniques are used to estimate the parameters and simulation studies are conducted. The stationarity of the process is tested using a unit root test. The application of the proposed process to the analysis of time series data is demonstrated using real data sets. Based on some important statistical measures, the analysis of the data sets reveals that the proposed model fits well, and the errors are independent and Lindley-distributed.

Structural color of metallic glass through picosecond laser

Abstract The alteration in surface color of metallic glasses (MGs) holds great significance in the context of microstructure design and commercial utility. It is essential to accurately describe the structures that are formed during the laser and color separation processes in order to develop practical laser coloring applications. Due to the high oxidation sensitivity of La-based metallic glass, it can broaden the color range but make it more complex. Structure coloring by laser processing on the surface of La-based metallic glass can be conducted after thermoplastic forming. It is particularly important to clarify the role of structure and composition in the surface coloring process. The aim is to study the relationship between amorphous surface structural color, surface geometry, and oxide formation by laser processing in metallic glasses. The findings revealed that the periodic structure primarily determines the surface color at laser energy densities below 1.0 J/mm2. In contrast, the surface color predominantly depends on the proportion of oxides that are formed when energy densities exceed 1.0 J/mm2. Consequently, this study provides a novel concept for the fundamental investigation of laser coloring and establishes a new avenue for practical application.

Enhancing Manufacturing Quality Through Statistical Process Control

In the manufacturing industry, statistical process control, often known as SPC, is a strong instrument that can improve both the quality of the product and the efficiency of the process. It comprises the utilization of statistical approaches for the purpose of monitoring and controlling a process in order to guarantee that it functions effectively and generates products that are of a consistently high grade. The statistical process control (SPC) method enables producers to identify variances, trends, and irregularities that may have an impact on product quality. This is accomplished by collecting and analyzing data from the production process. It is possible for manufacturers to discover and rectify problems in real time with the assistance of statistical process control (SPC), which is accomplished through the utilization of control charts, process capability analysis, and other statistical approaches. This results in decreased waste, greater productivity, and increased customer satisfaction. This article examines the fundamentals of statistical process control (SPC), as well as its application in manufacturing environments and the advantages it offers in terms of improving both product quality and process performance.

Creation and functioning of the information-rich space of biological and ecological education of the Technopark "Quantorium" in the conditions of integration of interaction between schools and pedagogical University

The publication reflects the solution of the task of creating a Technopark space functioning on the basis of the latest information, communication and IT technologies for the implementation of modern biological and environmental education in the school-university system using the resources of the Quantorium Technopark. The authors of the study discuss the importance of integrating modern technologies and resources into the educational process in order to increase the effectiveness of learning and the practical applicability of knowledge in this field. The purpose of the article is to describe the concept of an information–rich technological space of biological and environmental education and the principles of its implementation on the basis of the Technopark “Quantorium”. The research methodology is based on the principles of developing training courses and educational and methodological support for them, involving the preparation of educational programs designed to implement innovative methods and the latest technologies in the field of biology, bioengineering, biotechnology and ecology; the use of laboratory and practical work, as well as large-scale application of biological and environmental experiments based on the use of technical resources of the Technopark. The results of the study. The paper analyzes in detail the main components of the technological information-rich space, including information systems, equipment and software used to develop training courses and laboratory work on environmental and biological topics. The role of the Technopark “Quantorium” as a center for innovation and support of educational projects, contributing to the introduction of modern educational technologies, is also considered. In their article, the researchers present the concept of an innovative information-rich space for the practical implementation of biological and environmental education. It is based on the multidisciplinary integrated application of all the resources of the Technopark “Quantorium”. The implementation of this concept will create an effective and innovative information and educational environment for school students and pedagogical university students, contributing to the development of environmental awareness and the training of qualified specialists in the field of ecology and biology.

Innovative solutions to frontier exploration in Eastern Mediterranean salt basins

The Eastern Mediterranean region is expected to hold large undiscovered natural gas resources that could address critical energy supply needs of the surrounding countries. However, exploration is challenged due to regional geologic complexities. The combination of Messinian salt structures and diapiric shales in offshore Cyprus and Egypt often causes strong attenuation of seismic energy and severe seismic imaging illumination shadows, which lead to large uncertainty regarding subsalt reservoir presence and the underlying petroleum system assessment. As part of the efforts to solve these imaging challenges, we present innovative seismic acquisition solutions to address key exploration risks such as reservoir presence. A one-sided wide-azimuth configuration consisting of one streamer vessel and one dedicated source vessel operating under the simultaneous-source mode was used to acquire data in a cost-effective way. An 8000 in3 low-frequency source was used on both vessels to provide higher energy output in the low-frequency bands of less than approximately 4 Hz. Our preliminary results show evidence of seismic image uplift due to enhanced acquisition and processing, leading to greater confidence in interpretation, which is critical for positioning wells in future drilling campaigns. This paper highlights seismic testing results undertaken to design a large exploration-scale seismic survey in the Eastern Mediterranean and early results from the execution of that program. This will help better refine optimal design criteria for future acquisition, signal processing, and imaging in order to unlock additional resources beneath complex salt provinces and identify where additional imaging needs still exist.

QR-based Canteen Management System

In recent years, the digitization of administrative and operational processes has transformed various sectors in the world, including food service management. This research presents the development and implementation of a QR-based canteen management system, designed to enhance the efficiency of canteen operations by leveraging contemporary technological advancements. The system employs a desktop application built with C# and the .NET framework, enabling users to order and pay for food items using a QR code-based login and cashless payment system. This solution addresses the inefficiencies of traditional pen-and-paper-based canteen management by automating order processing, payment, and sales record maintenance. The primary objective is to streamline canteen operations, reduce service time, and improve customer satisfaction through a user-friendly and reliable system.

Analysis of the Application of Accounting Information Systems in the Revenue and Cash Receipts Cycle (Case Study of the Company PT. ASM)

PT. ASM is a research, development and consulting services company that has the main objective of assisting in the implementation of Domestic Component Level (TKDN) certification for a product. This study aims to determine how the application of accounting information systems related to the revenue and cash receipt cycle before and after PT ASM uses web-based applications in order processing, and measuring the effectiveness. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study research type. The results of the study indicate that web-based applications as one of the improvements to accounting information systems that have been effectively implemented to minimize obstacles in order processing, but have not been fully effective in reducing the overall order completion time significantly.

Bobcat Optimization Algorithm: an effective bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving supply chain optimization problems

Supply chain efficiency is a major challenge in today’s business environment, where efficient resource allocation and coordination of activities are essential for competitive advantage. Traditional efficiency strategies often struggle for resources for the complex and dynamic network. In response, bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have emerged as powerful tools to solve these optimization problems. Referring to the random search nature of metaheuristic algorithms and emphasizing that no metaheuristic algorithm is the best optimizer for all optimization applications, the No Free Lunch (NFL) theorem encourages researchers to design newer algorithms to be able to provide more effective solutions to optimization problems. Motivated by the NFL theorem, the innovation and novelty of this paper is in designing a new meta-heuristic algorithm called Bobcat Optimization Algorithm (BOA) that imitates the natural behavior of bobcats in the wild. The basic inspiration of BOA is derived from the hunting strategy of bobcats during the attack towards the prey and the chase process between them. The theory of BOA is stated and then mathematically modeled in two phases (i) exploration based on the simulation of the bobcat’s position change while moving towards the prey and (ii) exploitation based on simulating the bobcat’s position change during the chase process to catch the prey. The performance of BOA is evaluated in optimization to handle the CEC 2017 test suite for problem dimensions equal to 10, 30, 50, and 100, as well as to address CEC 2020. The optimization results show that BOA has a high ability in exploration, exploitation, and balance them during the search process in order to achieve a suitable solution for optimization problems. The results obtained from BOA are compared with the performance of twelve well-known metaheuristic algorithms. The findings show that BOA has been successful in handling the CEC 2017 test suite in 89.65, 79.31, 93.10, and 89.65% of the functions for the problem dimension equal to 10, 30, 50, and 100, respectively. Also, the findings show that in order to handle the CEC 2020 test suite, BOA has been successful in 100% of the functions of this test suite. The statistical analysis confirms that BOA has a significant statistical superiority in the competition with the compared algorithms. Also, in order to analyze the efficiency of BOA in dealing with real world applications, twenty-two constrained optimization problems from CEC 2011 test suite and four engineering design problems have been selected. The findings show that BOA has been successful in 90.90% of CEC2011 test suite optimization problems and in 100% of engineering design problems. In addition, the efficiency of BOA to handle SCM applications has been challenged to solve ten case studies in the field of sustainable lot size optimization. The findings show that BOA has successfully provided superior performance in 100% of the case studies compared to competitor algorithms.