Order Of T2 Research Articles

식이 오일과 토코페롤 급여가 돈육의 지방산, 아미노산, TBARS, VBN 및 관능적 품질에 미치는 영향

우지가 5% 첨가되어 있는 일반적인 비육후기사료를 급여한 돈육(C), 우지 함량 중 2%를 들깨유로 대체 급여한 돈육(T1), 들깨유 2%에 비타민 E를 250ppm 첨가한 돈육(T2), 오징어유 2%를 대체 급여한 돈육(T3), 오징어유 2%에 비타민 E를 첨가 급여한 돈육(T4), CLA를 2% 대체 급여한 돈육(T5)의 육질특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 지방산 조성에 있어서 오일간에는 T5가 다른 세 처리구들(C, T1, T3)에 비하여 SFA와 EFA는 높은 반면 UFA, MUFA, UFA/SFA MUFA/SFA는 낮았다. 총아미노산 함량은 오일간에는 T3가 다른 세 처리구들 (C, T1, T5)보다 높았으며, 동일한 오일에서는 비타민 첨가에 따라 높게 나타났다. TBARS의 경우 오일간에는 C와 T1에 비하여 T3와 T5가 높았고, VBN은 C<T1<T3<T5 순이었으며, 총세균수, 유산균수 및 대장균군의 경우 오일간에는 차이가 없었다. 신선육의 관능평가에서 전체적인 기호도는 C와 T1에 비하여 T3와 T5가 낮게 나타났으며, 가열육의 관능평가에서 경도는 T3가 다른 세 처리구들(C, T1, T5)에 비하여 낮아 전체적인 기호도는 높았다. TBARS, VBN, 총세균수, 유산균수, 대장균군, 신선육 및 가열육의 관능평가에서 동일한 오일에서 비타민 첨가에 따른 차이는 없었다. 이상과 같은 결과를 요약해 볼 때 우지 대신 들깨유와 오징어유를 첨가 급여시에 육질에는뚜렷한 차이가 없었으나 비타민 첨가급여로 아미노산 함량이 증가되는 등 육질개선에는 다소 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Subjective pork quality was determined on the six groups of the following treatments. Meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed with finishing pig diets containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallow and 2% perillar seed oil(T1), 250ppm vitamin E(<TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250ppm vitamin E in T3(T4), 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(Conjugated linoleic acid, T5). In the fatty acid composition, SFA(Saturated fatty acid) and EFA(Essential fatty acid) were higher in T5 than in the rest of three treatments such as C, T1, T3 groups, while UFA(Unsaturated fatty acid), MUFA(Monounsaturated fatty acid), UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA were low. The total content of amino acid in the T3 were higher those for the rest of rest of C, T1, T5 the content for vitamin added treatment(T2, T4) groups higher than non treated one. T3 and T5 showed higher TBARS(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) values than the C and T1 groups VBN(Volatile basic nitrogen) values were higher in the order of T5>T3>T1>C. There was no difference in total plate counts, number of lactic acid bacteria and number of E. coli. In sensory property, the C and T1 showed a higher acceptance than the T3 and T5. In cooked meats, the T3 showed a lower hardness than that of control(C), T1 and, with a higher acceptance. In TBARS, VBN, total counts, lactic counts, and E. coli counts, sensory test of cooked meat and raw meat, there was no significant difference between vitamin supplement groups within each oil treatment.

농후사료 급여수준 및 방목이 춘계분만 한우 암송아지의 성장발육, 번식능력 및 사료이용성에 미치는 효과

봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지 60두를 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준 및 개량초지에서의 방목유무에 따라 5개 처리(T1: 전기간 우사 내 사육, 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, T2: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 0.5%, 방목, T3: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.0%, 방목, T4: 방목전 농후사료 체중의 1.5%, 방목, T5 : 방목전 농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 방목)를 두어 450일간 사양 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 전기간의 일당증체량은 T5, T4, T1, T3 및 T2가 각각 0.465, 0.428, 0.423, 0.387kg 및 0.322 kg으로 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았으며, 방목기의 일당증체량도 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았다. 2. 공시기간 동안 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 9.13-9.79kg(평균 9.49kg)이었고, T1, T3, T5, T4 및 T2의 순으로 사료이용성이 높았으며, 방목전 사사기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 TDN 이용성이 높았다. 방목기간의 처리구별 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 12.39-12.98 kg(평균 12.68kg)으로 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준에 따른 차이는 없었으나 축사내 사육시 보다 TDN 소요량이 15.6% 증가하였다. 그리고 전기간동안 농후사료에 대한 조사료비율은 57.8-73.6%(평균 63.7%)이었다. 3.성성숙기인 15개월령 체중은 201.2-237.3 kg(평균 223.8kg)으로 육성기 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 초임시기인 21개월령 체중은 270.2-331.4kg(평균 307.6kg)으로 방목전 사사기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중대비 0.5% 증가할수록 20.4kg이 증가하였다. 또한 체중 225kg에 도달되는 시기는 14.0-17.6개월령(평균 15.3개월령), 그리고 체중 275 kg에 도달되는 시기는 17.9-21.7개월령(평균 19.4개월령)으로 육성기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중 대비 0.5% 증가함에 따라 초임시기가 약 1.3개월씩 단축되었다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 봄에 태어난 한우 암송아지를 축사에서 볏짚 위주로 사육할 때의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.8% 그리고 개량초지에서 방목사육 할 때에는 체중의 1.5%가 적정 수준인 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 60 head of spring born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight; 125.3kg) for 450days from six to 21 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 5 treatment(twelve heads/ treatment) which were T1(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates and indoor feeding for over-all period), T2(0.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T3(1.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T4(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T5(2.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing). During the total experimental period, average daily gains by treatments ranged from 0.322 to 0.465kg(average 0.405kg) and higher in the order of T5, T4, T1, T3 and T2, and increased with the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing. TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were 9.13 to 9.79kg(average 9.49kg) higher in the order of T1, T3, T5, T4 and T2, For the grazing period, they were ranged from 12.39 to 12.98kg(average 12.68kg), and were not significantly different. But TDN requirements of grazing groups was higher about 15.6% than the indoor feeding group’s. The rate of roughage to concentrates by treatments were 57.8 to 73.6%(average 63.7%). The body weight of 15 and 21 month in ages, that is, the ages at puberty and first conception by treatments were 201.2 to 230.7kg(average 223.8kg) and 270.2 to 331.4kg (average 307.6kg), respectively, and the latter were high per unit of 20.4kg by increasing the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. The age of 225 and 275kg in body weight, that is, the body weight at puberty and first conception by treatments were 14.0 to 17.6 month (average 15.3 month) and 17.9 to 21.7 month(average 19.4), respectively, and the latter were shorter about 1.3 month by increasing the level of concentrates feeding every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. According to the above results, it may be concluded that spring born Hanwoo heifers are raised at indoor have to feed with 1.8% of body weight in concentrates under full feeding of rice straws for all period from six to 21 months in age, but with 1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for grazing period.

한우 수송아지에 대한 황토, 일라이트, 올리고당, 활성탄 및 크롬 급여가 성장발육 및 면역기능에 미치는 영향

한우 수송아지에 대한 육성기 항병력 증진물질 투여 효과를 구명하기 위하여 75일령에 이유된 한우수송아지 30두를 대상으로 사료내 항병력 증진물질 첨가 종류에 따라 6개 처리(T1: 관행사육, T2: 황토 2%첨가, T3: Illite 2% 첨가, T4: Oligosacharides 0.04% 첨가, T5: Charcoal powder 2% 첨가, T6: Chromium picolinate 0.1% 첨가)를 두어 3개월령부터 7개월령까지 120일간 사양시험을 실시한 결과, 처리구별 일당 증체량은 T3, T6, T4, T5, T2 및 T1이 각각 0.92, 0.90, 0.90, 0.88, 0.83 및 0.82kg으로 Illite 및 크롬은 이유직후 송아지의 성장발육에 영향을 미쳤으나 가공되지 않은 황토급여는 성장발육에 뚜렷한 효과가 없었다. 육성기 120일간 1일 평균 농후사료 섭취량 및 체중대비 섭취비율은 각각 3.91<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>4.15kg, 평균 4.03kg 및 3.1<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>3.31%, 평균 3.21%였고, 1kg 증체에 소요된 TDN 량은 3.20<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>3.57kg, 평균 3.35kg으로 T5, T3, T6, T4, T2 및 T1 순으로 우수하였다. 송아지의 혈청 내 IgG 농도는 처리구별로 10.2<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>11.6mg/<TEX>$m\ell$</TEX> 내에서 변화하여 정상 축에서 볼 수 있는 범위 내에 있었지만, T3 및 T5는 개시시에 비해 각각 6.9 및 2.8% 증가하였으며, 질병발생은 처리구별로 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 이상과 같은 결과들로 볼 때, 점토광물인 Illite는 다른 항병력 증진물질과 마찬가지로 어린 송아지의 발육 및 사료이용성을 증진시키지만 가공되지 않은 황토의 급여는 발육 및 사료이용성에 뚜렷한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Hwangto, Illite, and any other disease resistant materials as dietary supplements on the growth performance and immunity for growing period with 30 Hanwoo male calves weaned 75days in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 6 treatments(five heads/treatment), which were T1(Control), T2(Control + 2% Hwangto), T3(Control + 2% Illite), T4(Control + 0.04% Oligosacharides), T5(Control + 2% Charcoal powder) and T6(Control + 0.1% Chromium picolinate) for 120 days from three to seven months in age. The results obtained are summarized as follows; During the experimental period, average daily gains were 0.82 to 0.92kg, and were high in the order of T3, T6, T4, T5, T2 and T1. Especially the growth rate of calves for growing period was higher in Illite, chromium-picolinate and oligo- sacharides feeding groups than in any other groups. Average daily intakes and intake ratio to body weight of concentrates for 120days were 3.91 to 4.15kg(average 4.03kg) and 3.10 to 3.31% (average 3.21%), respectively. TDN intakes per kilogram gains were 3.20 to 3.57kg(average 3.35kg) and were smaller in the order of T5, T3, T6, T4, T2 and T1, respectively. Density of IgG in serum of calves measured by the IgG SDID Kit was 10.2 to 11.6mg/<TEX>$m\ell$</TEX>, and especially increase rate of IgG for experimental period was high in T3 and T5 by 6.9 and 2.8%, respectively. But incidence of disease was not found to be different by treatments. According to the above results it may be concluded that Illite is a sort of clay minerals increased the growth rate, feed efficiency and immunity of early weaned calves for growing period, but was not in unprocessed Hwangto.

육성비육 거세한우에 대한 점토광물 급여가 성장 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of domestic clay minerals on feed efficiency, meat quantity, meat quality and economic traits in 24 head of Hanwoo steers(166.1kg in body weight) for 540 days from six to 24 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment(six heads/treatment) which were T1(Control), T2(Control+Kaolinite), T3(Control+Bentonite), T4(Control+Illite). The results obtained are summarized as follows; The range of average daily gains were 0.682 to 0.713, 0.669 to 0.714, 0.690 to 0.840 and 0.699 to 0.756kg in growing, fattening, finishing and over-all period, respectively, and the gains were high in T1 for growing and fattening period but in clay mineral groups for finishing and over-all period, especially it was high in Illite and Bentonite groups. Concentrates and TDN intakes per unit of kg gains were lower in clay mineral groups than in control and was lower especially in Bentonite groups. In carcass characteristics, dressed carcass and fresh meat and retailed cut percent were not apparently difference by treatments, and yield index was 69.3, 68.9, 68.8 and 68.6 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively. Marbling scores were 5.1, 4.6, 4.4 and 3.3 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively, and the range of shear force by treatment was from 3.51 to 6.02kg/cm2. and were improved with significant difference(P

Role of Thyroid Hormone and Insulin in Control of Cardiac Isomyosin Expression

Previous studies show that both diabetes and thyroid state exert a strong regulatory influence on the pattern of rodent cardiac isomyosin expression. Therefore, we determined the separate and combined effects of thyroid hormone (T3) and insulin treatment on rodent cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression using a model of combined thyroid deficiency (Tx) and diabetes (D). The combination of Tx and D completely transformed cardiac isomyosin expression such that the fastα-myosin heavy chain (MHC) was completely repressed at both the protein and mRNA level of expression; whereas, the slowβ-MHC was upregulated to constitute 100% of the total MHC pool, based on both protein and mRNA analyses. Daily low doses of exogenous T3treatment (3μg/kg b.w. i.p.), in the absence of insulin treatment, partially restored expression of theα-MHC, while inhibiting expression of theβ-isoform. In contrast, daily insulin treatment (4 U/rat), in the absence of exogenous T3treatment, failed to exert any significant influence on the pattern of isomyosin expression in the thyroid-deficient diabetic rat model. Furthermore, when exogenous T3was administered in conjunction with insulin, the effect on MHC mRNA expression was greater than that of T3alone, thus suggesting the existence of interaction between T3and insulin action in the regulation of MHC mRNA expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that: (a) thyroid state is a dominant regulator of cardiac isomyosin phenotype; and (b) insulin does not exert any regulatory influence on cardiac MHC expression in a severe thyroid deficient state, instead it requires a critical level of circulating T3in order to be effective in blunting MHC transformation associated with diabetes. It is thus concluded that the regulation of cardiac MHC by insulin is a complex mechanism involving interaction of insulin with subcellular factors likely to have impact on the specific action of T3. This interaction is disrupted in the absence of sufficient thyroid hormone.

Coherent dips revisited

The semiclassical two-level multiwave coefficients are presented in the limit that the population-difference lifetime T1, is much greater than the dipole lifetime T2. These coefficients are easy to understand analytically and show how pump-probe detuning shifts the phase and the amplitude of pump scattering off induced population pulsations. In particular, a simple formula is found that shows how energy can be exchanged by two waves in an apparently pure-index regime. An FM wave is shown to propagate unchanged through such a medium, and the beat-note component of an AM wave is shown to be unmodified by a thin medium. Simple formulas for T1 of the order of T2 are given that reveal intense pump-dispersive and Lorentzian features at a glance. The results are of use in saturation spectroscopy, modulation spectroscopy, optical instabilities, and phase conjugation.

Effect of the network of hydrogen bonds on proton magnetic relaxation in solutions of copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acids with styrene

It was established that the formation of a fluctuation network of hydrogen bonds inhibits intramolecular mobility, which determines the rate of longitudinal and transverse magnetic relaxation of protons. The effect of fluctuation network on both relaxation processes is intensified with a reduction in temperature which may be due to an increase in life of hydrogen bonds. The life of the hydrogen bond was evaluated. A comparison was made of the effect on intramolecular mobility of networks formed by chemical crosslinks, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts or chains. An assumption was suggested that the main factor which determines the variation of intramolecular mobility in network formation is the increase in the mutual local density of units. It was established that, in contrast to the network of chemical crosslinks, the fluctuation network does not impose constant restrictions on the movement of chain elements, which may be regarded as isotropic for a length of time of the order of T2.