Position In Order Research Articles

Amphiphilic Janus Particles Confined in Symmetrical and Janus-Like Slits.

We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the behavior of Janus spheres composed of attractive and repulsive parts confined between two parallel solid surfaces. The slits with identical and competing walls are studied. The adsorption isotherms of Janus particles are determined, and the impact of the density in the pore on the morphology is discussed in detail. So far, this issue has not been systematically investigated. New, unique structures are observed along the isotherms, including the bilayer and three-layer structures located at different distances from the walls. We analyze how selected parameters affect the positional and orientational ordering in these layers. In some cases, the particles form highly ordered hexagonal lattices.

BIM-based scan planning for scanning with a quadruped walking robot

Scan positioning for documenting the geometry of an existing building still relies on the experience of an expert surveyor. Therefore, it is important to utilize optimal scan positioning for an automated scanning process with an autonomous robot platform. This study presents an automated framework to determine the optimal scan planning for a stop-and-go mapping procedure with a quadruped walking robot based on BIM. The proposed framework comprises four main phases: Generation of scan-position candidates; optimal scan positioning; ordering of the optimal scan positions; data collection with an autonomous scanning system. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework presented better performance than those of the conventional approaches. Furthermore, the number of scan positions and the scan operation time were significantly reduced compared with manual scanning by skilled surveyors in real-world indoor environments. A future work will focus on an automated registration process and enhancement of computational performance.

PO-04-178 E-COMMERCE DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER RHYTHM MONITORING DEVICES: CLEARED FOR LANDING OR CLEAR AS MUD?

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) digital health products, especially personal ECG monitoring devices, have grown exponentially. Marketing studies show that ∼70% of consumers never click beyond the 1st search engine results page (SERP) of an online e-commerce (e-comm) site and frequently purchase from the 1st few products listed. Whether the majority of personal ECG devices available on e-comm platforms in the United States are FDA cleared or validated is unknown. To characterize DTC personal ECG monitoring devices on a popular e-commerce website. The most popular U.S. e-commerce website, Amazon.com (Amazon.com, Inc., Seattle, WA), was searched for “personal ECG.” Results on the 1st SERP were ranked in order of position on the webpage. Non-heart monitoring devices & duplicates were excluded. Devices were analyzed for name, type of analysis offered, presence of an external website, presence of non-medical use disclaimers, and for FDA clearance statement in the e-comm device description or on an external website. Results were cross-referenced to the FDA 510(k) clearance database and to PubMed for validation studies. A total of 61 devices were listed on the 1st SERP, of which 21 (43%) were excluded. The remaining 40 devices were: 23 (58%) ECG-capable, 7 (18%) PPG-rhythm capable, and 10 (25%) heart-rate only. Seven (70%) of the 1st ten devices on the SERP could not be found in the FDA 510(k) database. Of the 30 ECG or PPG-rhythm capable devices, 14 (47%) were not listed in the FDA 510(k) database: 2 advertised FDA clearance on an external webpage but were not listed in the FDA 510(k) database, 11 (79%) offered rhythm analysis with 2 (14%) also offering automatic QTc, 6 (43%) had a clearly stated non-medical use disclaimer in the e-comm description. Of the 16 (53%) devices confirmed to have FDA 510(k) clearance, 4 (25%) stated this clearly in the e-comm description. Validation studies were found for 13 (81%) of FDA-cleared vs 1 (7%) of non-FDA-cleared devices. Nearly half of DTC “personal ECG” devices on the 1st SERP of a popular e-commerce site may not be FDA cleared, do not have non-medical use disclaimers and the majority do not have validation studies. Also, few FDA-cleared devices are clearly labeled as such on the site. This can be potentially confusing and misleading for patients and consumers. Education to increase awareness and health policies for regulation are needed for this issue.

Surface-induced demixing of self-assembled isomeric mixtures of citral

The self-assembly of organic molecules and their interactions with metal surfaces have been of considerable interest, both for developing novel functional materials and for understanding fundamental design principles of nanostructures. In this study, we investigate the solution and surface-induced self-assembly of two stereoisomers of citral molecules (geranial and neral) using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that the morphology of the aggregates in water is concentration dependent (ranging from distorted spherical to slab-like aggregates) but independent of isomer effects. The isomeric mixtures of citral indicate homogeneous mixing based on differential density maps and high values of Shannon entropy. Interestingly, surface-confinement of citral aggregates on a Cu(111) surface leads to phase segregation and demixing of the two isomers that is more apparent in the surface-bound monolayer in comparison to the adjacent layers. Positional ordering and formation of domains are observed over a series of isomeric citral mixtures with varying compositions, as indicated by high differential density and low values of Shannon entropy. Our work provides new insights into molecular self-assembly of organic molecules in nanostructures and metal–organic overlayers.

Probabilistic reinforcement precludes transitive inference: A preliminary study.

In the basic verbal task from Piaget, when a relation of the form if A > B and B > C is given, a logical inference A > C is expected. This process is called transitive inference (TI). The adapted version for animals involves the presentation of a simultaneous discrimination between stimuli pairs. In this way, when A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E- is trained, a B>D preference is expected, assuming that if A>B>C>D>E, then B>D. This effect has been widely reported using several procedures and different species. In the current experiment TI was evaluated employing probabilistic reinforcement. Thus, for the positive stimuli a .7 probability was administered and for the negative stimuli a .3 probability was administered. Under this arrangement the relation A>B>C>D>E is still allowed, but TI becomes more difficult. Five pigeons (Columba Livia) were exposed to the mentioned arrangement. Only one pigeon reached the criterion in C+D- discrimination, whereas the remaining did not. Only the one who successfully solved C+D- was capable of learning TI, whereas the others were not. Additionally, it was found that correct response ratios did not predict BD performance. Consequently, probabilistic reinforcement disrupted TI, but some positional ordering was retained in the test. The results suggest that TI might be affected by associative strength but also by the positional ordering of the stimuli. The discussion addresses the two main accounts of TI: the associative account and the ordinal representation account.

Stability of End-to-End Base Stacking Interactions in Highly Concentrated DNA Solutions.

Positionally ordered bilayer liquid crystalline nanostructures formed by gapped DNA (GDNA) constructs provide a practical window into DNA-DNA interactions at physiologically relevant DNA concentrations; concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those in commonly used biophysical assays. The bilayer structure of these states of matter is stabilized by end-to-end base stacking interactions; moreover, such interactions also promote in-plane positional ordering of duplexes that are separated from each other by less than twice the duplex diameter. The end-to-end stacked as well as in-plane ordered duplexes exhibit distinct signatures when studied via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This enables analysis of the thermal stability of both the end-to-end and side-by-side interactions. We performed synchrotron SAXS experiments over a temperature range of 5-65 °C on GDNA constructs that differ only by the terminal base-pairs at the blunt duplex ends, resulting in identical side-by-side interactions, while end-to-end base stacking interactions are varied. Our key finding is that bilayers formed by constructs with GC termination transition into the monolayer state at temperatures as much as 30 °C higher than for those with AT termination, while mixed (AT/GC) terminations have intermediate stability. By modeling the bilayer melting in terms of a temperature-dependent reduction in the average fraction of end-to-end paired duplexes, we estimate the stacking free energies in DNA solutions of physiologically relevant concentrations. The free-energies thereby determined are generally smaller than those reported in single-molecule studies, which might reflect the elevated DNA concentrations in our studies.

A columnar liquid quasicrystal with a honeycomb structure that consists of triangular, square and trapezoidal cells.

Quasicrystals are intriguing structures that have long-range positional correlations but no periodicity in real space, and typically with rotational symmetries that are 'forbidden' in conventional periodic crystals. Here, we present a two-dimensional columnar liquid quasicrystal with dodecagonal symmetry. Unlike previous dodecagonal quasicrystals based on random tiling, a honeycomb structure based on a strictly quasiperiodic tessellation of tiles is observed. The structure consists of dodecagonal clusters made up of triangular, square and trapezoidal cells that are optimal for local packing. To maximize the presence of such dodecagonal clusters, the system abandons periodicity but adopts a quasiperiodic structure that follows strict packing rules. The stability of random-tiling dodecagonal quasicrystals is often attributed to the entropy of disordering when strict tiling rules are broken, at the sacrifice of the long-range positional order. However, our results demonstrate that quasicrystal stability may rest on energy minimization alone, or with only minimal entropic intervention.

Efficacy beliefs and motivational dynamics in early-season collegiate swimming relays

This study examined the moderating effects of efficacy beliefs and perceived indispensability on individual efforts in early-season collegiate swimming relays. Effort changes from swimmers’ individual best times to relay-leg times were compared as a function of relay members’ relative strength (i.e., fastest or slowest) and serial position (i.e., first or last leg). Participants ( N = 199) were collegiate swimmers in 200, 400, or 800-yard freestyle relays at fall invitational meets providing 260 cases included for analysis. Individual lifetime best times, adjusted relay times, rank, serial position, and self-report measures (i.e., efficacy, perceived indispensability of their relay performance) were used for hierarchical multiple regressions. Results indicated that the slowest relay members came closer to their individual best times compared with their team members. The fastest members showed less effort change toward their individual best times than their team members. However, efficacy beliefs in one's teammates had a small positive moderating influence on the fastest members’ effort in relay performances. Based on our results, we recommend Division II and III collegiate coaches not be too concerned with positional order by particular rank at early season invitationals; instead, focus on how to obtain the most effort from each relay member. However, the slowest swimmers may perform better if not positioned first.

Readability, Understandability, and Actionability of Online Limb Preservation Patient Education Materials

With countless sites detailing disease management, treatment, and prognosis, patients often turn to the internet for medical decision-making assistance. While such sites provide ample patient education material, little is known about the reading level, understandability, and actionability of information on these sites. In a limb preservation population, assessing what information patients are interpreting becomes vital to ensure care is not compromised. Internet searches of the terms “Charcot foot, diabetic foot ulcer, foot ulcer, critical limb ischemia, gangrene, osteomyelitis, lymphedema, DVT, pulmonary thrombosis, and amputation” were performed. The Flesch Kincaid readability score from the text from the first 10 links with patient education information were calculated. Understandability and actionability of each resource were then graded by 2 reviewers. Across the 100 accessed websites, 10% maintained patient education materials with at least one readability score at or below the recommended sixth grade reading level. Seventy-three percent of the materials revealed an understanding greater than the recommended 70%. Ninety-nine percent of materials maintained patient education materials with actionability less than 70%. The Spearman Rho correlation revealed a statistically significant relationship between understandability score and the order of each keyword's respective website search position (Rho = −0.01; p = .002). Overall, many online limb preservation patient education materials are written well above the recommended sixth grade reading level with varying understandability and actionability scores. Online resources, as well as physician offices, should examine their patient education materials to ensure they are of an appropriate reading level and provide actions to be taken in case of emergencies.

Atomic Lattice Resolved Electron Tomography of a 3D Self‐Assembled Mesocrystal

AbstractComplex 3D architectures of nanoscale building blocks can be created by self‐assembly, but characterization of the atomic to mesoscale structure of such materials is limited by the difficulty of visualizing atoms across multiple length scales. Here, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and full‐tilt tomographic reconstruction are used to image a single‐crystalline region of a 3D epitaxially‐fused PbSe quantum dot (QD) superlattice containing 633 QDs at a spatial resolution of 2.16 Å. The combined real‐space and reciprocal‐space analysis enables 3D mesoscale correlations of atomic lattice and superlattice order across hundreds of nanocrystals in 3D for the first time. Inhomogeneity in QD positional and orientational order reveals that the QD surface layers template the superlattice and that orientational entropy is higher in the interior layers than the surface layers. The measurement and analysis techniques presented here are applicable to a broad range of 3D nanostructured materials.

Rotational Dynamics of Discoid Colloidal Particles in Attractive Quasi-Two-Dimensional Plastic Crystals.

Plastic crystals formed from anisotropic molecules or particles are an important state of matter characterized by the presence of long-range positional order and the lack of long-range orientational order. The rotational motion of molecules or particles in plastic crystals is the most attractive characteristic of the system. Here the rotational dynamics of the discoid particles in quasi-two-dimensional colloidal plastic crystals stabilized via depletion interactions are quantitatively studied using time-resolved confocal microscopy. The measured probability distribution of particle orientation reveals the existence of a strong coupling between the lattice symmetry and particle rotation, resulting in anisotropic rotational dynamics modes resembling the underlying hexagonal crystalline symmetry. Furthermore, the orientational distribution function provides information about the potential surface of rotational dynamics. The observed slow rotational diffusion can be attributed to the presence of orientational minima and potential barriers on the potential surface. Our findings with a real experimental system provide important insights into the role of attraction in the phase behaviors of plastic crystals.

Complex-tensor theory of simple smectics

Matter self-assembling into layers generates unique properties, including structures of stacked surfaces, directed transport, and compact area maximization that can be highly functionalized in biology and technology. Smectics represent the paradigm of such lamellar materials — they are a state between fluids and solids, characterized by both orientational and partial positional ordering in one layering direction, making them notoriously difficult to model, particularly in confining geometries. We propose a complex tensor order parameter to describe the local degree of lamellar ordering, layer displacement and orientation of the layers for simple, lamellar smectics. The theory accounts for both dislocations and disclinations, by regularizing singularities within defect cores and so remaining continuous everywhere. The ability to describe disclinations and dislocation allows this theory to simulate arrested configurations and inclusion-induced local ordering. This tensorial theory for simple smectics considerably simplifies numerics, facilitating studies on the mesoscopic structure of topologically complex systems.

A Recursive tree-structured neural network with goal forgetting and information aggregation for solving math word problems

Most existing state-of-the-art neural network models for math word problems use the Goal-driven Tree-Structured decoder (GTS) to generate expression trees. However, we found that GTS does not provide good predictions for longer expressions, mainly because it does not capture the relationships among the goal vectors of each node in the expression tree and ignores the position order of the nodes before and after the operator. In this paper, we propose a novel Recursive tree-structured neural network with Goal Forgetting and information aggregation (RGFNet) to address these limits. The goal forgetting and information aggregation module is based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and we use it to build a sub-goal information feedback neural network (SGIFNet). Unlike GTS, which uses two-layer gated-feedforward networks to generate goal vectors, we introduce a novel sub-goal generation module. The sub-goal generation module could capture the relationship among the related nodes (e.g. parent nodes, sibling nodes) using attention mechanism. Experimental results on two large public datasets i.e. Math23K and Ape-clean show that our tree-structured model outperforms the state-of-the-art models and obtains answer accuracy over 86%. Furthermore, the performance on long-expression problems is promising.11The source code of this paper is available at: https://github.com/SCNU203/RGFNet.

PENERAPAN PASAL 51 AYAT (1) KUHP DALAM MENENTUKAN KESALAHAN DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DI BIROKRASI

This research is motivated by the fact that in recent years, many defendants from Corruption Crime cases have used Article 51 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code, as evidenced by many Judges in the District Court (first instance) who granted the request, but many were also Supreme Court Judges who annulled it. The problems in this study include (i) What are the provisions of the position order contained in Article 51 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code that can eliminate errors and accountability for corruption in the bureaucracy? (ii) How is the legal application of the office order in Article 51 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code in determining the guilt and responsibility of corruption crimes in the Supreme Court Decision No. 685 K/PID/2005 and No. 1393 K/Pid.Sus/2014. This research is a normative research with juridical approach methods and analytical descriptive. The data was come from secondary data, primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary with literature data collection. The method of analysis used is a qualitative analysis. The results of the study First, there are (2) two conditions that must be met in order for an executor of an order to escape the noose, namely subjective conditions and objective conditions. Secondly, in Supreme Court Decision No. 685 K/PID/2005, judges apply the law normatively without judging more deeply and fundamentally, as in Supreme Court Decision No. 1393 K/Pid.Sus/2014, judges are more deeply assessed regarding the condition that a person can be given Article 51 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code.

Deep learning techniques for the localization and classification of liquid crystal phase transitions

Deep Learning techniques such as supervised learning with convolutional neural networks and inception models were applied to phase transitions of liquid crystals to identify transition temperatures and the respective phases involved. In this context achiral as well as chiral systems were studied involving the isotropic liquid, the nematic phase of solely orientational order, fluid smectic phases with one-dimensional positional order and hexatic phases with local two-dimensional positional, so-called bond-orientational order. Discontinuous phase transition of 1st order as well as continuous 2nd order transitions were investigated. It is demonstrated that simpler transitions, namely Iso-N, Iso-N*, and N-SmA can accurately be identified for all unseen test movies studied. For more subtle transitions, such as SmA*-SmC*, SmC*-SmI*, and SmI*-SmF*, proof-of-principle evidence is provided, demonstrating the capability of deep learning techniques to identify even those transitions, despite some incorrectly characterized test movies. Overall, we demonstrate that with the provision of a substantial and varied dataset of textures there is no principal reason why one could not develop generalizable deep learning techniques to automate the identification of liquid crystal phase sequences of novel compounds.

Computational assessment of hexadecane freezing by equilibrium atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

HypothesisUpon cooling, alkanes can form intermediate phases between liquid and crystal. They are called “rotator” or “plastic” phases and have long-range positional order with rotational freedom around the long molecular axis which gives them non-trivial and useful visco-plastic properties. We expect that the formation and structure of rotator phases formed in freezing alkanes can be understood much deeper by tracking the process at molecular level with atomistic molecular dynamics. SimulationsWe defined an appropriate CHARMM36-based computational protocol for simulating the freezing of hexadecane, which contained a sufficiently long (500 ns) equilibrium sampling of the frozen states. We employed it to simulate successfully the freezing of bulk and interface-contacting hexadecane and to provide a pioneering clarification of the effect of surfactant on the crystallization mechanism and on the type of intermolecular ordering in the crystallites. FindingsThe devised computational protocol was able to reproduce the experimentally observed polycrystalline structure formed upon cooling. However, different crystallization mechanisms were established for the two types of models. Crystallites nucleate at random locations in the bulk and start growing rapidly within tens of nanoseconds. In contrast, the surfactants freeze first during the fast cooling (<1 ns), followed by rapid hexadecane freezing, with nucleation starting along the entire surfactant adsorption layer. Thereby, the hexadecane molecules form rotator phases which transition into a more stable ordered phase. This collective transition is first-time visualized directly. The developed robust computational protocol creates a foundation for future in-depth modelling and analysis of solid-state alkane-containing, incl. lipid, structures.

Computational approach for structure generation of anisotropic particles (CASGAP) with targeted distributions of particle design and orientational order.

The macroscopic properties of materials are governed by their microscopic structure which depends on the materials' composition (i.e., building blocks) and processing conditions. In many classes of synthetic, bioinspired, or natural soft and/or nanomaterials, one can find structural anisotropy in the microscopic structure due to anisotropic building blocks and/or anisotropic domains formed through the processing conditions. Experimental characterization and complementary physics-based or data-driven modeling of materials' structural anisotropy are critical for understanding structure-property relationships and enabling targeted design of materials with desired macroscopic properties. In this pursuit, to interpret experimentally obtained characterization results (e.g., scattering profiles) of soft materials with structural anisotropy using data-driven computational approaches, there is a need for creating real space three-dimensional structures of the designer soft materials with realistic physical features (e.g., dispersity in building block sizes) and anisotropy (i.e., aspect ratios of the building blocks, their orientational and positional order). These real space structures can then be used to compute and complement experimentally obtained characterization results or be used as initial configurations for physics-based simulations/calculations that can then provide training data for machine learning models. To address this need, we present a new computational approach called CASGAP - Computational Approach for Structure Generation of Anisotropic Particles - for generating any desired three dimensional real-space structure of anisotropic building blocks (modeled as particles) adhering to target distributions of particle shape, size, and positional and orientational order.

ПЕРШІ КОМАНДОРСТВА ТАМПЛІЄРІВ НА ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ: ПРИЧИНИ ТА ЧАС ПОЯВИ

Introduction. Throughout the 13th century, the Order of the Templars actively strengthened their positions in Europe, particularly in its Central-Eastern part. The relevance of the study lies in understanding the reasons and context for the expansion of the Templar Order's influence on this region, considering the geopolitical, economic, and socio-cultural environment of the time. The aim is to analyze the causes of the Templars' emergence and the initial phase of their activity in Polish territories based on sources and specialized historical literature. Methods. The scientific research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific approach, and it includes general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and comparison, as well as specialized historical (typological and systematic historic) methods. Research Results. Key factors for the appearance of the Templar Order in Poland were identified: the interest of the Polish aristocracy in the Crusades, colonization, and economic initiatives aimed at strengthening the Order's positions on the global stage. The Order developed an infrastructural network by establishing commanderies for optimizing management and economic activity, which facilitated the growth of the Order's network in both military and economic contexts. Conclusions. In the 13th century, the Templar Order expanded its influence onto Polish territory, which was of strategic importance due to its proximity to key Central European states (Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, Slovakia, and the Galicia-Volhynia Principality). The Polish leadership supported the Templars, granting them land privileges, which helped establish their presence through a network of commanderies. Moreover, the Templars intensified their economic and trade operations, becoming a key element in the medieval economy of the region. The combination of strategic, economic, and political factors contributed to the Templar Order's establishment in Poland.

Positional ordering induced by dynamic steric interactions in superparamagnetic rods.

The dynamic motion produced by precessing magnetic fields can drive matter into far-from-equilibrium states. We predict 1D periodic ordering in systems of precessing rods when magnetic interactions between rods remain insignificant. The precession angle of the rods is completely determined by the field's precession angle and the ratio of the field's precession frequency and the characteristic response frequency of the rods. We develop a molecular dynamics model that explicitly calculates magnetic interactions between particles, and we also simulate rods in the limit of a strong and fast precessing magnetic field where inter-rod magnetic interactions are negligible, using a purely steric model. Our simulations show how steric interactions drive the rods from a positionally disordered phase (nematic) to a layered (smectic) phase. As the rod precession angle increases, the nematic-smectic transition density significantly decreases. The minimization of unfavorable steric interactions also induces phase separation in binary mixtures of rods of different lengths. This effect is general to any force that produces precession in elongated particles. This work will advance the understanding and control of out-of-equilibrium soft matter systems.

Mathematical modelling and dynamic analysis of composite hollow shaft

A numerous sector like aerospace, marine and automobile industries are extensively adopted the composite shaft due to its magnificent engineering properties. It possessing an excellent strength to weight ratio, higher the fundamental natural frequency and damping property over to conventional shaft. Present study deals with dynamic behaviour of composite shaft through improved simplified homogenized beam theory. Various influencing parameters like rotary inertia. Internal damping, and stacking sequence of composite material on composite shaft’s dynamic property has been studied. The finite element formulation has been accomplished to get the solution of the governing equations. The fundamental frequency of hollow carbon-epoxy composite shaft has been computed and verified with the published literature results. The present model has been extended for the analysis of hollow shaft with disc mounted on it. The effect of disc position and stacking order on critical speed and natural frequency of shaft rotor system has also been studied. It has been noticed that, critical speed and natural frequency is extensively affected by location of the disk and the staking order. When the disk is at center position has least natural frequency and critical speed. Natural frequency increases with shifting the disk towards the bearing end. The first natural frequency with the staking sequences 0°, 45°, and 90° gives 58.1 Hz while 75° gives 17.13 Hz. Authors of this study believe that the present dynamic model will be useful to practicing engineers for dynamic analysis of composite shaft with confidence.