Maintenance Of Order Research Articles

Unpredictable and monetized contact with the police: Race, avoidance behaviors, and modified activity spaces

AbstractExponential growth in order maintenance policing and associated misdemeanor sanctions have led to disproportionate consequences for people of color. Using data from qualitative interviews with individuals in the metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, region, the current study documents the racialized and monetized nature of police contact. This work extends extant scholarship by considering how minor contact with the police shapes individual avoidance behaviors and activity spaces, places where people work and live. We consider how the combination of monetary sanctions, warrants, incarceration, and overpolicing in the region affects avoidance behaviors, particularly for people of color. Our findings suggest that the frequently unpredictable nature of police contacts and the parochial and often profit‐focused structure of policing organizations in the region leads individuals to modify the ways in which they move through the region and, for some, to isolate. Narratives reflect the need for constant calibration of behaviors and decisions, as well as the legacy that police contact and monetary sanctions can have on everyday routines.

Sustainable Development of Emergency Response Ability of Novice Policemen—An Empirical Study Based on Case-Based Instruction

The emergency response ability of police officers is a critical component of their career, and is also an important support for public security. However, few researchers have focused on the factors that influence emergency response ability, especially in the group of novice policemen. On the other hand, as the popular way to train emergency response ability, case-based instruction (CBI) generates various types of data, especially valuable text data; however, such text data is always ignored because of the lack of effective analysis methods. Therefore, this study employed automatic semantic analysis and hierarchical linear regression models to investigate the factors influencing the emergency response ability of novice policemen in the process of CBI. Results indicated that, among personal differences, prior knowledge, and basic professional skills, the latter showed stronger predictive validity than the others. In particular, information processing and judgment, command and decision, and order maintenance were the main indicators. This study also illustrated that automatic semantic analysis can effectively identify deep value from semantic data, which will support stakeholders to design strategies, make decisions, conduct evaluations in training and instructions, and ultimately help sustainable development in human careers.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ДЕРЖАВИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Проаналізовано прийняті в умовах воєнного стану законодавчі, нормативно-правові акти, що регулюють питання наповнення бюджетів і використання фінансових ресурсів. Встановлено, що у вересні порівняно з березнем 2022 р. дефіцит по зведеному і державному бюджетах зріс у декілька разів. Аналіз джерел і структури видів находжень і напрямів витрачання видатків державного і місцевих бюджетів за дев’ять місяців 2022 р. за галузями, у тому числі в розрізі бюджетних програм, показав, що найбільше видатків державного бюджету здійснено на потреби обороноздатності країни, соціальне забезпечення населення, реалізацію державою своїх основних функцій, зокрема, щодо підтримання громадського порядку, безпеки і виконання повноважень судової гілки влади. На місцеві бюджети покладено забезпечення проведення освітнього процесу та фінансування всього житлово-комунального господарства країни. Для суттєвого підвищення ефективності й результативності використання фінансових ресурсів держави запропоновано впроваджувати нові методолого-організаційні підходи в управлінні бюджетними видатками. Зазначено, що в умовах війни не можна оперувати старими організаційними формами, методологічними підходами, які не лише не відповідають вимогам ринкових відносин, у тому числі щодо забезпечення ефективності управління і використання фінансових ресурсів, а й залишаються чинником небезпеки, деформації виконання завдань усієї системи державного управління. У цій ситуації з’являється можливість розпочати реформування, застосувати дієвіші методи, принципи, способи методолого-організаційного забезпечення діяльності кожної бюджетної, і не тільки, установи чи організації. Це стосується як головного розпорядника бюджетних коштів, так і розпорядника нижчого рівня, одержувачів бюджетних коштів, тобто від міністерства до будь-якої іншої установи чи організації з метою проєктування нової організаційної системи управління на основі системного підходу до управління й використання видатків бюджету для підвищення ефективності використання фінансових ресурсів, покращення результативності фінансово-бюджетної та економічної політики держави.

코로나19 팬데믹 이후 방역적 사회안전망을 위한 민간경비의 역할

This study examines the gap (control of infected people and citizens, maintenance of order in hospital facilities, management of quarantine facilities, vaccine supply and demand, etc.) caused by a lack of quarantine response personnel in the process of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in our society through private security in the event of a recurrence of the pandemic. It was conducted to present it as a good for building a quarantine social safety net. To this end, the purpose of this study is to estimate the role that private security can play as a good for health security and how it will affect the agreed-upon control and safety society reorganization structure. After the presentation, the results were drawn through two interviews. A total of 10 people were selected for the study, including 6 practitioners and 4 researchers. The first interview was held from May 1 to 30, 2021, and the second interview was held from October 1 to November 5, 2021.
 Investigation results, research project 1. Regarding the 'role of private security for the establishment of an anti-epidemic social safety net', cooperation with public security (12) is 'support for the quarantine authorities to maintain order,' and the expansion of service services (12) is 'maintenance of order in the clinic, vehicle control, and guidance. For the role of 'work, simple administrative assistance work', and the role of assisting quarantine activities (4), the 'role of temporarily supplementing and supporting the work (maintenance of order in inspection clinics, vehicle control and guidance work, etc.) of insufficient medical personnel' was the most showed a high response. Research project 2. Regarding the 'precedence of private expenses for agreed control', cooperation with the quarantine authorities (4) refers to 'whether it is about establishing and supporting a business cooperation system between the quarantine authorities and private security', promoting local governments and strengthening cooperation ( 8) is 'continuous publicity development so that citizens can recognize and sympathize with the role of private security guards in their duties, such as control and guidance', and securing credibility and public confidence (6) is 'to inspire citizens' mature awareness of participation, public institutions, the media, Cooperation activities with civic groups, etc.' was the highest response by factor. Research project 3. As for 'alternatives to the priority of private security for agreed control', securing service quality and professionalism (5) means 'reinforcing education so that private security officers can clearly know their authority and duties', and improving image (8).), 'Strengthening public relations activities to change public perception', and 'Securing the budget of public institutions for the use of private expenses' for privatization and preparation of legal basis (16) showed the highest response by factor. Research project 4. Regarding 'Prospects for Security Reorganization Structure', the confidence in private security and the opportunity to take another leap (9) are 'the effect of increasing the use of private expenses due to cooperation in disaster situations', improving the government's awareness of the private defense system and increasing immunity (7) is 'the effect of incorporating private security as a safety resource into the total force mobilization system in the case of a national disaster', and the effect of increasing the quarantine social safety net (7) is 'preventing the overuse of some quarantine authorities due to the use of alternative resources for private quarantine agents. ' was the highest response for each factor.

Judiciary and Civil Society in Provision of Constitutional Rule of Law in the Russian Federation

The existing demand for ensuring constitutional legal order as an indicator of the embodiment of law and legality in the regulation of social relations, the role of the judiciary and civil society institutions in achieving the supremacy of the Constitution as the most important condition for the formation of a constitutional state testify to the relevance of the chosen topic of research. The article is aimed at developing conceptual positions on the relationship of various public institutions (state and non-state) in the framework of ensuring justice as the most important guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their associations, a fundamental condition for ensuring and maintaining constitutional legal order. The study of the role of the judiciary in its dialectical relationship with the institutions of civil society, in the formation and maintenance of the constitutional legal order was used as the main approach for the research of the selected problems. The application of systemic and structural-functional methods of research provided an opportunity to consider the issues of constitutional legal order as a holistic phenomenon, which is in direct dependence on the associated systems of the judiciary and civil society. The analysis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current legislation of Russia, domestic and foreign scientific publications on judicial power and its interaction with institutions of civil society made it possible to receive the scientific information on the nature of influence of these constitutional and legal institutes on maintenance of the constitutional legal order. There is a need to increase the level of constitutionalization of legal regulation of public relations in the specified sphere, aimed to guarantee the effective realization of the principle of people's authority. The results and conclusions presented in the article can be used for the purposes of improvement legal and regulatory framework for social relations in the spheres of relations between the judiciary and civil society in their aim to achieve and maintain constitutional legal order. The obtained scientific information can be used in the educational process, as well as a basis for further theoretical research in the field of problems of Russian constitutionalism.

ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНІ ПОВНОВАЖЕННЯ СЛУЖБИ СУДОВОЇ ОХОРОНИ

The tasks, powers, rights and duties of the Court Security Service are defined in the paper. The article inspected the following: The norms of the Law of Ukraine "On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges", the Law of Ukraine "On the High Council of Justice", the Decision of the High Council of Justice "On Approving the Regulation on the Court Security Service", the Decision of the High Council of Justice "On Approving the Regulation on Completion of Service by Employees of the Court Security Service", the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police" and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which regulate the powers of employees of the Court Security Service to detain persons suspected of committing criminal offenses and crimes, the powers of inspection of detainees and the inspection of their belongings in their possession, powers to limit actual possession of a thing, The law enforcement function of the Court Security Service. The procedural status of the Court Security Service under the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine has been determined. The functions of the Court Security Service as proposed by classification from the dissertation paper by O.I. Shkurko "Administrative and legal protection and maintenance of public order in courts” were considered. It is offered to supplement the classification of the functions of the Court Security Service according to their procedural powers and to generally classify the functions of the Court Security Service as procedural. The question of the detention of suspects by employees of the Court Security Service under the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine was investigated, the issue of the inspection of detainees and the inspection of things detained by the employees of the Court Security Service under the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine was reviewed, the issue of limiting the actual possession of things by the employees of the Court Security Service under the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine was investigated. Special scientific and general scientific methods were used: the method of scientific knowledge, comparative and legal method, system analysis method, dialectical method, systematization, and classification.

Policing re-centralization or de-centralization? A study of state responses in England and Hong Kong during COVID-19

Abstract The persisting challenge of COVID-19 is urging states to respond with evolving strategies via policing systems. Policing systems are now mandated with new tasks beyond daily maintenance of law and order. First, states rely largely on empowering the public police officers as sovereign enforcers against COVID-19. Yet, the enforcement of COVID-19 displays considerable variation across nations, despite the existence of specific laws designed to curtail behaviour. This study seeks to analyse and explain the diverged pattern of policing during the pandemic via the experiences of Hong Kong and England. Different severity of quarantine, social distancing, and lockdown orders have been imposed in both Hong Kong and England since March 2020, but with different levels of engagement in pandemic policing. Our paper explains how and why England (de-centralized and comparatively light policing) and Hong Kong (aggressive, re-centralized policing response) have experienced such divergences in policing response.

The value analysis of educational disciplinary policy from the perspective of three dimensions

In recent years, "educational punishment" has gradually become a hot issue of social concern, and the policy of educational punishment is constantly advancing. This paper analyzes the value of educational punishment policy from the three dimensions of phenomenon form, ontology form and policy process, and finds that: it is the value choice to solve the problem of "three neglect" of teachers and promote the all-round development of students; Its legitimacy is embodied in the legal existence of educational punishment power and reasonable educational punishment behavior is conducive to the maintenance of teaching order. The effect and room for improvement of educational punishment policy show its effectiveness.

Humor and social order: Towards the perspective of figurational sociology

The paper discusses the division of humor into ?positive?and ?negative?, and focuses also on ?negative? aspects, which allows a comprehensive sociological analysis of this phenomenon. In this sense, the central issue of sociological analysis is the function of humor related to the management of tensions in all types of social relations. The aim of the paper is to relate humor to the maintenance of social order, power relations, hierarchy and discipline. It is about conceiving humor as a regulatory mechanism of social control that is used to ridicule or embarrass actors who violate prevailing social norms. On the other hand ?rebellious? aspect of humor is analyzed, that is, humor conceived as resistance, i.e. ?weapons of the weak?. Given that it is possible to point out both disciplinary and ?rebellious? functions, the debate on the issue of the conservative or subversive nature of humor has not been resolved in the literature. The paper points out the developmental perspective of humor, i.e. the figurational explanation, that focuses on contextual and historical differences in which different functions of humor prevail, and humor is conceived as a kind of ?negotiation? within given social power relations and status relations between actors.

Violence and the Sacred Revisited

In this article, I seek to contribute to the recent philosophical interest in the phenomenon of narco-culture. I build on the intervention initiated by Carlos Alberto Sánchez’s A Sense of Brutality: Philosophy after Narco-Culture (2020) by articulating the spiritually “generative” aspects of violence. For this endeavor, I turn to the French philosopher René Girard, whose work audaciously understands community-building and the maintenance of social order as a violent process of sacralization. This conception of violence then permits me to challenge some of Sánchez’s interpretations of the violence and brutality of narco-culture. My argument is that any comprehensive analysis of the narco-world, just as any other existential option, must consider the spiritual component that, in Girard’s terms, can be expressed as a search for the sacred.

The Birth Certificate: An American History by Susan J. Pearson

Reviewed by: The Birth Certificate: An American History by Susan J. Pearson Miranda Sachs The Birth Certificate: An American History. By Susan J. Pearson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. 392 pp. Cloth $32.95, e-book $26.99. Susan Pearson's The Birth Certificate: An American History is a crucial contribution to the study of age as a category of analysis. But it is not only relevant to scholars of age. Pearson demonstrates that birth registration contributed to the growth of the modern state and to the maintenance of the Jim Crow racial order. The Birth Certificate spans over 300 years of history to show the rise of birth registration and its consequences. Pearson traces how the birth certificate became the foundation for individual identity in the United States while also contributing to the expansion of the bureaucratic, record-keeping state. In the book's eight chapters, she engages with the tension over the role of the birth certificate: Is it a form of identification or a way for the state to gather public health data? The first chapter opens by examining the haphazard nature of birth registration before the nineteenth century. White families might record significant life events in family Bibles. White slaveholders also recorded their slaves' births. In both instances, birth registration established property rights rather than individual identity. In the mid-nineteenth century, reformers began to clamor for more standardized, state-run projects for recording vital statistics. Men like Lemuel Shattuck, one of Pearson's principal actors, saw statistical information as useful to statesmen. With this knowledge, political actors could better direct resources to the populations they governed. Although most states required some kind of birth registration by the early twentieth century, chapter 2 explores why birth registration remained uneven. Rather than develop an administrative apparatus, most states relied on midwives, doctors, and local clerks. In contrast, the federal government dealt with Native Americans. Pearson shows how the registration of Native American births functioned to "individuate and assimilate" (92). After 1913, the Children's Bureau became a central player in birth registration, and chapters 3 and 4 examine its campaigns. One of the Children's Bureau's initial concerns was infant mortality. To collect reliable data on infant mortality, it needed reliable data on infant births. [End Page 168] In chapters 5 and 6, Pearson shows how the government relied on information on the birth certificate to regulate and separate Americans. In the fifth chapter, she charts the spread of chronological age. In particular, she shows that the growing number of child labor laws forced many parents to register their children's birth. In addition to age, birth certificates recorded race. As such, they provided information to uphold the Jim Crow racial order. Chapter 6 focuses on Walter Plecker, the assistant registrar at the Bureau of Vital Statistics in Virginia. Plecker, who opposed the "mixing" of races, took it upon himself to identify any and all African Americans in Virginia (200). He used genealogy to contradict individuals who identified as white or Native American on their vital documents. These chapters capture how the birth certificate helped to transform the socially constructed categories of age and race into seemingly verifiable facts. Throughout the twentieth century, Americans challenged the categories on birth certificates. As chapter 7 shows, the birth certificate established age as a normative fact—but what about people who had to file retroactively? The second half of the chapter explores the debates about whether birth certificates should include parental marital status. Public health experts claimed they needed data about children born outside of wedlock, but individuals with this information on their birth certificate were liable to suffer discrimination. Chapter 8 examines that same tension in regard to race. In both cases, this information was removed from the public birth certificate and relegated to a private section. As I read The Birth Certificate, I kept thinking about the gendering of birth registration. Initially, most reformers who advocated for birth certificates were male. By the early twentieth century, the people promoting birth registration were women. This shift occurred as male doctors were replacing female midwives in the delivery room. Did the feminization of the personnel involved...

SANCTIONS AS TOOL FOR STRATEGIC DETERRENCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF TARGETED SANCTIONS IN RUSSIA

Strategic deterrence through the use of sanctions in the international system is gaining support among major players. This is despite widespread scepticism over the instrument's efficacy, as seen by the widespread opposition to its use immediately following its implementation in Iraq in the immediate aftermath of the end of the Cold War. The takeover of Ukraine is the first opportunity since World War II to analyse the results of sanctions on a major power and permanent member of the UN Security Council. The issue raises the question of whether or not sanctions on Russia would be an effective strategy in stopping their aggressiveness in Ukraine. In this article, we analyse how targeted sanctions against Russia's economy can alter the course of the conflict in Ukraine. Given the energy linkages that most of these governments have with Russia, we see the sanctions' proponents the United States, the European Union, and the Baltic States suffering increasingly negative consequences. We also contextualise the acts of sanction busters empowered by the United States' inability to develop a consensus at the United Nations General Assembly and by Russia's veto to thwart the criminalization of their conduct in the United Nations Security Council. Despite this, it is becoming apparent that Russia's economy is feeling the effects of the sanctions, which is substantially diminishing their ability to properly prosecute the war. Methodologically, the study used a historical approach, meaning that it relied on information gathered from previously existing sources including encyclopaedias, encyclopaedia articles, and news stories. In conclusion, the data appears to bolster the view that the possible risk spawned in the harsh reality of targeted or comprehensive sanctions on Russia given the extent of the punishment regime is an acceptable price for the maintenance of the rule-based international order.

Policing the Sicilian Mafia: Repression and Control of the Mafia Phenomenon in Late Nineteenth-Century Italy

The article analyzes the repression of the Mafia phenomenon in Sicily between 1896 and 1901. The close attention paid to the Mafia by the authorities during this period produced a strong evidence base which this article examines through the lens of policing practices. These practices remain neglected as to date the historiography has focused on tracing legal developments rather than examining the application of laws by the forces of law and order. Accordingly, the article puts forward a series of historiographically important questions: what was the attitude of police forces in controlling dangerous individuals? How much do the practices adopted by police forces tell us about the possibilities for state intervention and the limits of its influence? What was the relationship between the perception of a criminal threat, police operations and the construction of judicial truth? The article reveals a very clear image of the Italian state in the liberal era. In fact, state officials and high-ranking institutional figures seemed interested in strengthening the social and political order by establishing control networks which could operate in any circumstances. They aimed to make it impossible not to interact with state officials. In this sense, rather than seeking a complete monopoly of violence, they aimed to oblige local power holders, social groups and semi-public figures to bargain with state officials. The effect was that social groups with means of violence at their disposal did not necessarily become a threat to the maintenance of order and nor did they necessarily forestall the possibility of state mediation and hegemony.

A prospective Police Technology Assessment of the use of non-penetrating projectiles for public order maintenance and riot control

Abstract The paper introduces Police Technology Assessment (PTA) to assess the feasibility of a new technology, in this case non-penetrating projectiles (NPPs) (both single- and multi-pellet) for public order maintenance. A PTA allows for a more complete and realistic assessment of the effects of less-lethal weapons than the medical and technical assessments that are usually applied. It assesses the socio-technical framework in which the weapons are to be positioned, including training, guidelines, and behaviour as well as individual and societal perceptions of the weapon within the complex interactions existing between these factors. The conclusion of the assessment is that implementation of NPPs for public order maintenance or riot control does not provide a realistic or effective potential use in line with the public order management concept in use in the Netherlands, whereas use of such projectiles would carry great risks, which include risks to the societal support for the way the police maintains public order.

A comparative analysis of African traditional method of curbing crime and the EndSARS protest in Nigeria

The Nigerian police as a law enforcement agency is saddled with the responsibilities of protecting lives and property and maintenance of law and order in Nigeria. It is noteworthy that the Nigerian Police set up Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) to fight the high rate of Armed Robbery and other criminality in the country. Consequently, the manner in which it carried out its duties resulted in the Nigerian youths protesting for the squad to be disbanded with the slogan ‘EndSARS’. It is observed that during the protest, Nigeria became restive that finally led to the loss of lives and property. The paper focused on how religion, particularly African Traditional Religion has provided a fulcrum on which social and moral control of the youths revolve with the aim of forestalling future occurrence of EndSARS protest in Nigeria. The work used a phenomenological approach. It was descriptive and analytical. The writer collected data from primary and secondary sources. It was discovered that social control in the traditional societies randomly selected by the writer was religiously inclined and moral laxity was frowned at owing to its attraction of the wrath of the gods on the offenders and the entire village and community if the culprits were not given appropriate punishment. While in a secular country like Nigeria where enforcement of morality has no link with religion, the contrary is always the case. The writer recommended that police brutality should be abolished in this country; rather the police and the youths should apply their African traditional religious tenets in all their doings which will not only checkmate crime but also help in forestalling future occurrence of EndSARS protest. To ensure justice and peace, victims of police brutality have to be compensated.

Public transport stops and crime within the city space. The case of Stare Bałuty in Łódź

The goals of the study presented in the article draw attention to the role of public transport stops in the spatial distribution of crime in the Stare Bałuty estate in Łódź, Poland. Answers are provided to the questions of spatio-temporal structure of criminal acts committed within the estate, the influence zone of transport stops as well as the assessment and effects of environmental crime predictors in their vicinity. Crime location quotient (LQC) was used to assess the intensity of crime and identify the influence zone that attracts certain categories of crimes to the vicinity of stops. The influence of environmental predictors on the level of threat was identified and assessed on the basis of B. Czarnecki’s method. The variables used in the analysis initially spanned 739 crimes and 53 public transport stops evaluated with regard to 20 safety aspects and their impact on the pro-crime effects on the scale of location as well as various forms and functions of urban development. A strong negative influence of public transport stops ‒ attracting various categories of crime, mostly property theft ‒ was discovered. The negative influence of stops on the concentration of crime within 200 metres is reinforced by the existence of environmental crime predictors. The recommendations and discussions resulting from the findings should influence the policy of crime prevention on the level of object location, management and the maintenance of socio-spatial order in the vicinity.

중국 호적경찰제도에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to make analysis of the meaning, organization, operation, evaluation, and development of the Chinese household registration police system, and to gain a deeper understanding of the “police” as an inherent object of Police Science research.
 The household registration system in most countries and societies can be understood as a population information management system operated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs or a department in the general administrative field. However, the “Integration of household registration and police” household registration police system that is now being implemented in China classifies the household registration system as part of the security, and the registration and management of personal information as part of the basic police operations.
 From its inception, China's modern household registration system was in the hands of the police. As the political situation changed, the household registration system was given a different purpose. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government set the primary purpose of the household registration system as the administration of public order and the maintenance of social order, influenced by three levels: historical influence, former Soviet influence, and its own needs. Such a household registration system is now considered as the foundation system of China's household police system.
 Household registration operations are emphasized as one of the most basic and important tasks of the Chinese public security police. The Chinese public security authorities have invested a great deal of manpower and resources in the operation of the household registration police system, resulting in a level of social security in China that is comparable to that of developed countries around the world. However, new problems that need to be addressed have arisen, such as leakage of personal information and negative social perception of the public security department.
 The Chinese household police system illustrated above has a great morphological difference from the police system that can be seen in most societies such as Korea. However, in terms of the concept of police, which is centered on the actual operation, the Chinese household police system can be considered as the police in the actual sense.

Matakan Tabbatar Da Tsaro A Gwamnatance

This paper dwelt on some of the security measures used by government to ensure and maintain security with a particular reference to Nigeria. It revealed that the Federal Government is the sole repository of security in Nigeria. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, as amended, has placed the burden and duty of security, the maintenance of law and order and protection of lives and property within the federation squarely upon the shoulders of the federal government. This means that the Federal Government solely owns and controls the security without sharing it with any of the 36 states and the FCT. Paragraphs 17 and 45 of Part 1, Second Schedule, of the Excusive Legislative List of the 1999 Constitution (as amended) has exclusively given the Federal Government control of the security agencies. Hence, the State Governments do not have direct control and significant roles to play in the maintenance of security, except complimenting the Federal Government via provision of logistics for the security agencies in their respective domains. Furthermore, the chapter explored the place of security in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as well as identified security agencies having the stake of ensuring security in Nigeria. It also enumerated and discussed some of the security measures being taken to provide, ensure security of lives and property in Nigeria as well as how Zamfara State Government has been making efforts and complementing Federal Government to contain the security threat the state grapples with. However, some of the security measures identified in the chapter are just overt ones with several covert ones not said here. This is because, no nation, world over, does reveal all of its security measures to avoid countering them by criminals, domestic collaborators and hostile nations.

Prison order through the hyperopticon, collectivism, and atomisation: The surveillance and disciplining of Ukrainian prison officers

Bentham's idea of the panopticon has long influenced the theorisation of prison order. However, this model of control has been applied almost exclusively to prisoners. Drawing on ethnographic work in Ukraine, I argue that the disciplining of prison officers through institutionalised mutual surveillance was just as important to the maintenance of prison order. Broadening the theorisation of prison order by introducing the concept of hyperopticon, I argue that prison order in a Ukrainian prison hinged on two opposites: collectivism of prisoners and atomisation of prison officers, both depending on the system of multifaceted and excessive surveillance.

Council in war: civilocracy, order and local organisation in daraya during the Syrian War

ABSTRACT While scholars have focused on rebel governance in Syria and elsewhere, other forms of governance have been neglected. This article explores the local council established in the rebel-held city of Daraya, Syria. It informs the fields of rebel governance and civil resistance, specifically wartime order, during civil wars and proposes that the forms and practices of local governance in Daraya exhibited a type of governance best labelled as ‘civilocracy’. In contrast to councils in other opposition-held parts of Syria, the council was established and led by civilians who welcomed rebels to work with them. Based on findings from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with former council members, the article finds that four factors were crucial for this form of governance to emerge and to endure. Key wartime events – a massacre and a siege –, earlier experiences of nonviolent activists, local ties, and the creation of a military office created a space for the maintenance of civil-led order. Daraya offers a fascinating example of how community’s norms affected how rebel governance was created and maintained. This research introduces a new concept to explain wartime order and encourages researchers to find causal explanations for the emergence of this particular governance form in other conflicts.