This article focuses on a kind of nonstrict nonlinear fractional-order systems (FOSs) suffering from state constraints and dead-zone input. Meanwhile, a finite-time adaptive dynamic surface control (DSC) approach based on backstepping technology and approximation principle of radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is developed. To overcome the problem of inherent computational complexity, a fractional-order filter is applied to approach the virtual controller and its fractional-order derivative in each step of the backstepping procedure. The barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) is employed to handle the state constraints, and finite-time stability criteria on the basis of fractional-order Lyapunov method are introduced to prove the finite-time convergence of the tracking error into a small region around the origin. It is shown that all the solutions of the closed-loop system are bounded, while the state constraints are satisfied within a predetermined finite time. Finally, two examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control scheme.