Compensation In Order Research Articles

Tangible Rewards or Intangible Rewards - Which Play Most Significant Role in Increasing Job-Hopping Behavior in Generation Y Employees in Pakistan?

Job hopping in the modern world is one of the major challenges that can be perceived in the current workforce market in Generation Y. The determination of this exploration is to scrutinize among tangible or intangible rewards, which plays most significant role in increasing job-hopping behavior in Generation Y employees in Pakistan. Tangible rewards were factored in 1. Market Competitive Pay, 2. Monetary Benefits and 3. Performance Incentives, whereas intangible rewards include 1. Quality of Work, 2. Work Life Balance, 3. Inspiration & Values, 4. Organization Environment and 5. Future Growth & Opportunity. The data was collected by means of close ended likert scale based questionnaire from 201 employees who belong to different industries in Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis & Structured Equation Modelling were used for the examination. The study found that job hopping is optimistically associated with intangible rewards in Gen Y employees & negatively associated with tangible rewards. This research provides insight to employers which factors must be considered while developing strategies for employees’ compensation and retention in order to retain their competent employees and minimize job hopping behavior in Generation Y employees.

Ultrahigh Resolution Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Cornea with Conical Scanning Pattern and Variable Dispersion Compensation.

Noninvasive corneal imaging is essential for the diagnosis and treatment control of various diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye. This study presents an ultrahigh resolution polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography instrument operating in the 840 nm wavelength band that incorporates a conical scanning design for large field of view imaging of the cornea. As the conical scanning introduces a dispersion mismatch depending on the scanning angle, this study implemented variable, location dependent, numerical dispersion compensation in order to achieve high axial resolution throughout the imaged volume. The corneal images were recorded in vivo in healthy volunteers showing various details of corneal structures.

The Go Between

The Islamic pastoral Afars inhabit the northeastern rangelands of Ethiopia. Some have settled in towns and trade centers where the Ethiopian state is present with the police and other government officials. The Ethiopian government is working on implementing state laws on the Afar who previously lived outside the regulations of the state. Now, however, many Afars have a foot in both sectors, having a home in town while maintaining close contact with their nomadic relatives. Hussein Hayie has a government position as Peace and Security officer. His work is to judge whether an incident should be handled as a criminal case for the police or be left as a case to be solved the traditional way by the elders of the clans. The Afar political organization is based on both territory and kinship. The political institutions are geared towards social control and the resolution of conflicts. The tribal leaders are often called upon to intervene before a small matter escalates to homicide and if a homicide occurs, to work out agreements of compensation in order to avoid blood-feuds. The film follows Hussein Hayie in town and when he visits his families in the nomadic camps. As a government employee, he is continuously on duty and in the film we see how he is called to act. However, Hussein is constantly treading a thin line in when negotiating cases a society existing both outside and inside the state. 36 mins. 2014. 

Design of Two Optimized Controllers of a Hydraulic Actuator Semi-Active Suspension: A Comparison Study

A parallel optimization of Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller and a sixth order phase lead-lag compensator of a high order naturally oscillatory hydraulic actuator are proposed in this paper. The PID controller parameters (proportional, integral and derivative) and the compensator parameters (gain, poles and zeros) are obtained by minimizing the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criterion. The proposed methods are demonstrated through a realistic numerical synthesis example of a hydraulic actuator dedicated to a semi-active suspension modeled by an eighth order transfer function. A simulation comparison is investigated for both controllers to compare their performances.

Design for continuous‐current‐mode operation of inductive‐power‐transfer converters with load‐independent output

The control design of inductive power transfer (IPT) converters can be greatly simplified by exploring the property of load-independent output. However, IPT converters can easily enter a discontinuous current mode (DCM) operation due to the non-linearity of the output diode rectification circuit at some loading conditions. The switching between operations of continuous current mode (CCM) and DCM within a switching cycle is highly non-linear, making the converter behaviour difficult to predict and analyse. The well-known first harmonic approximation (FHA) analysis method and the load-independent output property are no longer applicable when the converter enters DCM operation. This paper presents a simple and yet effective harmonic analysis method to reveal the main reason for the converter to enter DCM operation. Subsequently, the load boundary between CCM and DCM operations is derived in detail as a design criterion. A solution by increasing the input impedances at some higher order harmonic frequencies is also suggested to extend the load range against DCM operation. Finally, IPT prototypes using two higher order compensation circuits, having load-independent voltage output and capacitor filter, are demonstrated to verify the theoretical analysis.

Board size, director compensation, and firm transition across stock exchanges: evidence from Canada

In this study, we examine the relationship between the role and compensation structure of non-executive directors when firms on the TSX Venture Exchange (TSX-V) move to the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX-C) in Canada. Using data from 156 listed firms, we find that graduating TSX-V firms employ relatively larger number of nonexecutive directors and pay them a higher proportion of contingent compensation than do the TSX-C firms. The graduated firms also provide non-executive outside directors with more components of compensation package. However, we find no support for the hypothesis that a TSX-V firm would pay a higher average director compensation in order to graduate. We also find that increases in the total amount and the components of compensation package are consistent with the shift in emphasis from resource dependence to monitoring in the same firm following its graduation from TSX-V to TSXC. The study’s implications are given.

Hardware-in-the-Loop for Wind Energy Conversion with Resonant Current Control and Active Damping

In this paper, the design of current control system based on multiple resonant controllers with active damping control strategy for wind energy conversion system in Back-To-Back configuration with LCL filter is presented. Due to its ability to perform control and compensation of the injected currents into the network, the proposed system is a resonant current control (PR) and harmonic compensators (HC) of fifth and seventh order that allows the injection of currents with low harmonic distortion to the electrical network. The high frequency harmonics generated by the converter are damped by LCL filter. As a solution to the effects of the resonance frequency of the LCL filter, the active damping strategy is implemented. This improve the quality of current signal significantly, obtaining a THDi= 3.56\% and percentage level of each current harmonic lower than 2\%. The proposed control interacts in real time with the wind energy conversion system through the Hardware-in-the-Loop technique carried out in the Triphase PM5F60R, located in the microgrid laboratory of the University of Chile.

Modified inductive power transfer topology for electrical vehicle battery charging using auxiliary network to achieve zero‐voltage switching for full load variations

Wireless inductive chargers are benedictional over plug-in chargers when human safety and convenience are the main concern. The advancement in the inductive chargers is yet less appreciable due to the loss of soft switching, low efficiency with load variation, and compatibility. In this study, a modified inductive power transfer capable DC–DC converter topology for electric vehicle battery charging is proposed. A simple auxiliary network is proposed and is supplemented with a modified pulse width modulation gating technique for achieving soft-switching over full load variations. In addition to achieving zero-voltage switching during turn-on and turn-off process, the proposed auxiliary network aids in the converter size reduction as compared with fourth order compensation topologies. This proposed topology also provides flexibility in switch selection, reduced switch stress. The operating principle and working of the proposed topology are validated through MATLAB simulations. Finally, experimental results obtained using a laboratory prototype rated for 600 W at 85 kHz are presented. The simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement with full load efficiency of 91.5%.

Robust Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle – Manipulator System with Fuzzy Compensator

Abstract This paper proposes an improved Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach including a fuzzy compensator in order to track desired trajectories of autonomous Underwater Vehicle Manipulator Systems (UVMS). The tracking performance can be affected by robot dynamical model uncertainties and applied external disturbances. Nevertheless, the MPC as a known proficient nonlinear control approach should be improved by the uncertainty estimator and disturbance compensator particularly in high nonlinear circumstances such as underwater environment in which operation of the UVMS is extremely impressed by added nonlinear terms to its model. In this research, a new methodology is proposed to promote robustness virtue of MPC that is done by designing a fuzzy compensator based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimation in order to reduce or even omit undesired effects of these perturbations. The proposed control design is compared with conventional MPC control approach to confirm the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of robustness against uncertainties, guaranteed stability and precision.

DESAIN SISTEM KENDALI UMPAN BALIK STATE PADA KASUS KONTINYU UNTUK MEJA KERJA CNC

Fakhruddin Mangkusasmito, Tsani Hendro Nugroho in this paper explain that One of the important control system in the manufacturing industry is the position control. Mainly in the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine, work-table motion control system is used to regulate work-table movements when the machine process a workpieces on it. On standard machines, work-table movements are two axes (X-Y), which is driven by a motor and lead-screw. The discussion in this research only focus on one axis assuming that the systems on both axes are the same and independent. In this research, MATLAB is used to describe the behaviour of the system and also to design appropriate control system in continuos system using state feedback linear controller such as pole placement , tracking system, full order compensator and reduced order compensator. The goal is to obtain a fast response with a rapid rise time and settling time to a step command, while not exceeding an overshoot of 5%. The specification are than a percent overshoot equal to1%, 0,05s settling time and 0,03s rise time. The performance of each control methods are simulated and analyzed to decide the best suit control method for the systems with such criteria. And the result verify that using tracking system controller method achieve such specification with 0% overshoot, 0,04s settling time and 0,028s rise time.

A Design With High Order Compensation and low Temperature Drift Bandgap Reference Voltage Source

Based on the analysis of the conventional bandgap reference circuitry and the current IC of reference voltage source in the design of low voltage low power consumption and high power supply rejection ratio, a bandgap voltage reference with startup circuit and current compensation circuit is presented. It has a low temperature coefficient(<20ppm/℃)，a temperature coefficient of 9.3ppm/℃ in the temperature range from-50℃ to 125℃, and a PSRR of-64dB at low frequency,which meets the requirements of bandgap reference for low voltage, low power and high PSRR.

ANN-Based STATCOM Tuning for Performance Enhancement of Combined Wind Farms

Although the wind farms based on squirrel cage induction generators (SCIG) is cheaper than the wind farms based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIG), it is always in desperate need for reactive power compensation. Nevertheless, the wind farms based on DFIG are expensive compared with the SCIG wind farm, it features by its ability to control the active power independent of reactive power. However, combined wind farm (CWF) has been developed to collect the benefits of SCIG and DFIG wind turbines in the same wind farm. In this article, artificial neural network (ANN) is used to evaluate gain parameters of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in order to improve the stability performance of CWF. The impact of tuned STATCOM on the performance of CWF during gust wind speed and during three-phase fault is comprehensively investigated. The performance of CWF with STATCOM tuned by ANN is compared with its performance when the STATCOM tuned by the multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The results show that the performance of CWF can be enhanced using STATCOM tuned by ANN more than MOGA and WOA.

An EMD-SVM model with error compensation for short-term wind speed forecasting

In this paper, we propose an empirical mode decomposition-support vector machine (EMD-SVM) model with error compensation in order to reduce the cumulative error and improve the prediction accuracy of short-term wind speed forecasting. The essential idea behind the proposed approach is that the error of the current prediction is highly correlated with the previous prediction errors, and the forecasted speed should be compensated in terms of the errors incurred from previous predictions. Specifically, we first predict the historical data by the EMD-SVM model so as to obtain the corresponding prediction errors. Then, we establish the error compensation mechanism. Finally, we combine the EMD-SVM model with error compensation to obtain the final prediction results. The error compensation strategy is validated by a series of actual 10 min wind speed data collected from New Zealand. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed EMD-SVM model with error compensation can be successfully applied to short-term wind speed forecasting, and it has higher accuracy and stronger robustness compared with the method without error compensation.

An EMD-SVM model with error compensation for short-term wind speed forecasting

In this paper, we propose an empirical mode decomposition-support vector machine (EMD-SVM) model with error compensation in order to reduce the cumulative error and improve the prediction accuracy of short-term wind speed forecasting. The essential idea behind the proposed approach is that the error of the current prediction is highly correlated with the previous prediction errors, and the forecasted speed should be compensated in terms of the errors incurred from previous predictions. Specifically, we first predict the historical data by the EMD-SVM model so as to obtain the corresponding prediction errors. Then, we establish the error compensation mechanism. Finally, we combine the EMD-SVM model with error compensation to obtain the final prediction results. The error compensation strategy is validated by a series of actual 10 min wind speed data collected from New Zealand. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed EMD-SVM model with error compensation can be successfully applied to short-term wind speed forecasting, and it has higher accuracy and stronger robustness compared with the method without error compensation.

Tangible Rewards or Intangible Rewards – Which Play Most Significant Role in Increasing Job-Hopping Behavior in Generation Y Employees in Pakistan?

Job hopping in the modern world is one of the major challenges that can be observed in the current labor market in generation Y. The aim of this research is to explore among tangible or intangible rewards, which plays the most significant role in increasing job-hopping behavior in generation Y employees in Pakistan. Tangible rewards were factored in 1. Market Competitive Pay, 2. Monetary Benefits and 3. Performance Incentives, whereas intangible rewards include 1. Quality of Work, 2. Work-Life Balance, 3. Inspiration & Values, 4. Organization Environment and 5. Future Growth & Opportunity. The data was collected by means of a close-ended Likert scale-based questionnaire from 201 employees who belong to different industries in Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and Structured Equation Modelling were used for the analysis. The study found that job-hopping is positively associated with intangible rewards in generation Y employees and negatively associated with tangible rewards. This research provides insight to employers which factors must be considered while developing strategies for employees’ compensation and retention in order to retain their competent employees and minimize job-hopping behavior in Generation Y employees.

Non Integer Order Modeling and Control of Aerodynamic Load Simulator System

This article investigates the non-integer order model and the controller for aerodynamic load simulator system using fractional order adaptive fuzzy back stepping method. Extra torque disturbance is analyzed using fractional mathematics and a non-integer state predictor is proposed for the estimation of the state vector. For the lumped uncertainty, a fractional order compensation control is formulated using Lyapunov method. Algebraic estimator is derived to estimate the unknown parameters of the system. The proposed controller is simpler in structure and robust to noise, initial conditions. Simulation results authenticate the performance of the proposed control method.

Design and Control of a STATCOM for Non-Linear Load Compensation: A Simple Approach

Abstract This paper presents a systematic procedure to design a simple control for a three-phase VSC-based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in order to overcome the problems caused by the presence of the non-linear load at the point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed control method regulates the STATCOM in such a way that the source quadrature current component is forced to be zero so that only the active current component is drawn from the source and the harmonic and reactive current demands of the non-linear load are met by the STATCOM. The tuning of the inner and outer loop PI controllers is carried out with the help of the modulus optimum and symmetric optimum criteria, respectively. At last, a few case studies are presented using MATLAB simulation to exemplify the success of the proposed control method.

Second order compensation scheme for Haven’s technique to annul amplitude and phase mismatch for quadrature circuits

This paper, elucidates a second order Haven’s technique for generation of a pair of sinusoids in perfect quadrature phase. The effects of input amplitude mismatch on output phase mismatch and vice versa have been expounded. The proposed second order Haven’s Technique essentially estimates and corrects the amplitude and phase mismatches. This method aids in correcting amplitude and phase mismatch of any arbitrary magnitude. The developed technique is valid for mismatches occurring in both narrow band as well as wideband. Separate closed form expressions for compensation of both input amplitude and input phase mismatches have been derived. This study facilitates to determine the magnitude of phase angle error for a given amplitude mismatch and vice versa. Error plots for Haven’s technique have been generated and analysed. It is depicted that for every 1% of amplitude mismatch the phase mismatch increases by 0.6 degrees. The developed technique is modelled and simulated using available EDA tool for narrow band as well as wideband signals. The simulation results of the proposed technique confirm that for both narrow band and wideband signals, the input amplitude as well as phase mismatches are annulled completely. The developed Haven’s technique can find potential utility in implementation of Image Reject Mixer Architectures and Quadrature Oscillators for generation of quadrature waveforms.

Sagittal alignment of the cervical spine in the setting of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to investigate the impact of thoracic and lumbar alignment on cervical alignment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).METHODSEighty-one patients with AIS who had a Cobb angle > 40° and full-length spine radiographs were included. Radiographs were analyzed using dedicated software to measure pelvic parameters (sacral slope [SS], pelvic incidence [PI], pelvic tilt [PT]); regional parameters (C1 slope, C0-C2 angle, chin-brow vertical angle [CBVA], slope of line of sight [SLS], McRae slope, McGregor slope [MGS], C2-7 [cervical lordosis; CL], C2-7 sagittal vertical axis [SVA], C2-T3, C2-T3 SVA, C2-T1 Harrison measurement [C2-T1 Ha], T1 slope, thoracic kyphosis [TK], lumbar lordosis [LL], and PI-LL mismatch); and global parameters (SVA). Patients were stratified by their lumbar alignment into hyperlordotic (LL > 59.7°) and normolordotic (LL 39.3° to 59.7°) groups and also, based on their thoracic alignment, into hypokyphotic (TK < -33.1°) and normokyphotic (TK -33.1° to -54.9°) groups. Finally, they were grouped based on their global alignment into either an anterior-aligned group or a posterior-aligned group.RESULTSThe lumbar hyperlordotic group, in comparison to the normolordotic group, had a significantly larger LL, SS, PI (all p < 0.001), and TK (p = 0.014) and a significantly smaller PI-LL mismatch (p = 0.001). Lumbar lordosis had no influence on local cervical parameters.The thoracic hypokyphotic group had a significantly larger PI-LL mismatch (p < 0.002) and smaller T1 slope (p < 0.001), and was significantly more posteriorly aligned than the normokyphotic group (-15.02 ± 8.04 vs 13.54 ± 6.17 [mean ± SEM], p = 0.006). The patients with hypokyphotic AIS had a kyphotic cervical spine (cervical kyphosis [CK]) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a posterior-aligned cervical spine in terms of C2-7 SVA (p < 0.006) and C2-T3 SVA (p < 0.001) was observed in the thoracic hypokyphotic group.Comparing patients in terms of global alignment, the posterior-aligned group had a significantly smaller T1 slope (p < 0.001), without any difference in terms of pelvic, lumbar, and thoracic parameters when compared to the anterior-aligned group. The posterior-aligned group also had a CK (-9.20 ± 1.91 vs 5.21 ± 2.95 [mean ± SEM], p < 0.001) and a more posterior-aligned cervical spine, as measured by C2-7 SVA (p = 0.003) and C2-T3 SVA (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSAlignment of the cervical spine is closely related to thoracic curvature and global alignment. In patients with AIS, a hypokyphotic thoracic alignment or posterior global alignment was associated with a global cervical kyphosis. Interestingly, upper cervical and cranial parameters were not statistically different in all investigated groups, meaning that the upper cervical spine was not recruited for compensation in order to maintain a horizontal gaze.

A bi-level robust planning model for active distribution networks considering uncertainties of renewable energies

The distribution companies will face huge challenges in upgrading the existing network due to the uncertain integration of distributed renewable generations. In this paper, we propose a bi-level robust planning model for active management elements (AMEs) including on-load tap changer (OLTC), electrical storage system (ESS), capacitor bank (CB), and static VAR compensation (SVC) in order to accommodate uncertain development of wind power and photovoltaic power. The planning problem is constructed in two levels which are investment level and operation level. To overcome the poor convergence of the bi-level model, variables in both investment level and operation level are associated together. After equivalent transformation for non-linear terms the planning model can be formulated as a mixed integer second order conic programming (MISOCP) problem by some special means such as second order conic relaxation (SOCR) and big-M approach. We address the renewable uncertainties in four different seasons by a typical budget uncertainty set with adjustable budget. Then a two-stage robust mathematical model is proposed to decide a robust AME deployment scheme and solved by column and constraint generation (CCG) algorithm.