Compensation In Order Research Articles

A critical analysis of Massmart Holdings and Others v South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union [2022] ZALCJHB 119

South African law under the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), as amended, confers on the Labour Court the power to adjudicate on issues relating to strikes and to grant an interdict and/or order the payment of just and equitable compensation for any loss attributable to the strike or lockout. At least 48 hours before the strike, workers or their trade unions must give written notice of their intention to strike to the employer, the applicable negotiating council, and the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation, and Arbitration. If a strike follows the law, workers who take part in it are shielded from being fired for no other reason than that they are striking. Employees on strike and their trade unions are shielded from lawsuits for any losses or harm sustained while on the protected strike. During an unprotected strike, workers lose the legal protections afforded by labour laws, leaving them open to legal action and possible termination. In the case under review - Massmart Holdings and Others v South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union [2022] ZALCJHB 119 - the trade union, from whom the employer sought compensation for damages caused during a protected strike, objected to the Labour Court's jurisdiction as derived from the LRA. This article provides a critical review of the Labour Court's jurisdiction, particularly in the light of section 68 of the LRA, to order compensation. The analysis revisits previous judgments to test the correctness of the judgment given in the Massmart case.

Analisis Pemberian Kompensasi Finansial dan Beban Kerja terhadap Turnover Intention pada Karyawan Bagian Operator di SPBU 34.432.17 Cipeuyeum

This research aims to explore the relationship between providing financial compensation, workload, and the tendency to leave work (turnover intention) among operator employees at SPBU 34.432.17 Cipeuyeum Cianjur. This research used a qualitative approach involving 17 informants. Data was collected through interviews, observation and documentation. The triangulation process is used to ensure the validity of the data. Research findings show that according to informants' responses, providing financial compensation to operator employees is considered inappropriate and unfair. However, the workload is considered quite good. The tendency to leave work (turnover intention) is considered high. This shows that financial compensation has a significant impact on the tendency to leave work, while workload does not have a significant impact. The conclusion is that injustice and inappropriateness in providing financial compensation contribute to the high tendency to leave work. Meanwhile, workload, although considered quite good, does not have a significant impact on this trend. Therefore, companies need to pay attention to the balance between providing fair financial compensation and appropriate workloads in order to reduce the tendency of employees to leave the company. Keywords: Workload, Financial Compensation, Turnover Intention

Research advances in the mechanism of vestibular compensation and treatment

Unlike other sensory systems, since the vestibular system maintains the tension balance of the entire system in a"push-pull" mode, local dysfunction in the system will cause the balance of the entire system to collapse. Unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction will cause severe vestibular symptoms, but it can recover spontaneously within a few days to several weeks. This phenomenon is called "vestibular compensation"（VC）. Since the peripheral vestibular impact in most cases is irreversible, it is widely believed that the central mechanism plays a key role in the vestibular compensation process. Static symptom is fully compensated within a few weeks, which is in parallel with the restored balance in the resting discharge of the vestibular nucleus on both sides; the incomplete compensation of dynamic deficits takes longer and is achieved mainly through the mechanism of sensory substitution and behavioral substitution. Here we briefly reviewed the mechanism of vestibular compensation and treatment in order to provide an insight into further study and clinical treatment strategies.

Dual-Loop Integral Sliding Mode Control-Based Path Tracking with Reaction Torque for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Path tracking control is an important method for a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Autonomous Underwater Vehicle to perform specific underwater tasks. Therefore, this paper investigates a dual-loop integral sliding mode control (DLISMC)-based tracking controller for an AUV with model uncertainties and external disturbances, and introduces a new reaction torque model for static compensation in order to improve the attitude control capability for AUVs when performing path tracking. In addition, the stability of tracking control law based on DLISMC is demonstrated using the Lyapunov function. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out on MATLAB 2016/Simulink and compared with the Proportion–Integral–Differential (PID) control commonly used in industry as well as the dual-loop Proportion–Integral–Differential (DLPID). Simulation results show that the DLISMC has a smaller tracking error, faster convergence speed, and more robustness against external disturbances and reaction torque.

Teachers’ Job Satisfaction Indicators and Labour Turnover in Private Secondary Schools in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District Nigeria

This study sought to determine the extent to which teachers’ job satisfaction indicators influence labour turnover in private secondary schools in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District. In order to carry out this study objectively, four specific objectives, three research questions and four research hypotheses were postulated to guide the study. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 2,585 teachers in all the 121 government approved private secondary schools in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 346 teachers. A questionnaire with 28 structured items designed by the researchers was used for data collection for this study. Cronbach’s Alpha Technique was used in determining the reliability of the instrument and a correlation coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. Means with standard deviation was used in answering the research questions. The t-test statistics was used in testing the null hypotheses 1,2 and 4 while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in testing hypotheses 3 respectively at .05 level significance. The findings of the study reveal that there is no significant difference between the mean responses of male and female teachers on the extent to which job security, compensation, organizational policy and job prospect influences labour turnover in private secondary schools in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District. Based on the findings, it is concluded that provisions of teachers’ job satisfaction indicators in private secondary schools would positively increase teachers’ satisfaction, reduce labour turnover, increase students and teachers’ performance, increase students’ population, promote the image of the school, increase profitability earning capacity and competitive ability. It is recommended among other things that proprietors and proprietresses in private secondary schools should provide teachers with job satisfaction indicators such as job security, compensation, organizational policy and job propect in order to reduce labour turnover.

Particle Swarm Based Optimization of Power Losses in Network Using STATCOM

The main goal of this paper is to define the best location for the STATCOM compensator in order to minimize active power losses in the grid, using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.

Transition control of the blasius boundary layer using linear robust control theory

The paper considers control system design for linearized three-dimensional perturbations about a nominal laminar boundary layer over a flat plate (the Blasius profile). The objective is prevention of the laminar to turbulent transition using appropriate inputs, outputs, and feedback controllers. They are synthesized with a view to reducing transient energy growth, a known precursor to important transition scenarios. The linearized Navier–Stokes equations are reduced to the Orr–Sommerfeld and Squire equations with wall-normal velocity actuation entering through the boundary conditions on the wall. The sensor output is taken to be the wall-normal derivative of the wall-normal vorticity measured on the plate. Several multivariable output controllers are examined, including simple constant gain output feedback, loop transfer recovery, and H∞\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H_{\\infty }$$\\end{document} loop shaping. Reduced order compensators are developed using balanced truncation and analyzed for robustness using the gap metric between reduced order models and full order models. It is demonstrated that the level of minimum transient energy growth that can be achieved is similar for these diverse controller methodologies but falls short of that which can be achieved using optimal state feedback.

The effect of a structured running exercise intervention on non-exercise physical activity and sedentary behaviour in persons with mild Multiple Sclerosis and healthy controls

BackgroundExercise interventions fail to increase objective physical activity (PA) in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS), while they self-report higher exercise participation. This suggests that PwMS change their non-exercise PA (NEPA). We aimed to explore NEPA changes of PwMS and healthy controls (HC), and whether these constrain exercise adaptations.MethodsTwenty-nine mildly-disabled PwMS and 26 HC completed a 10-month home-based running program. A non-randomised controlled study design was used. The primary outcome was time in different NEPA intensities (light intensity PA [LIPA] and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA [MVPA]) and in sedentary behaviour ([SB]; total and uninterrupted SB) at baseline (T1), after 5 (T2) and 10 (T3) months of exercise. Data were averaged over days with and without exercise sessions (EX and NONEX days). Secondary outcomes included patient-reported and physical exercise adaptations (fatigue, walking mobility, blood pressure, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness).ResultsA significant reduction in non-exercise MVPA was observed from T1 to T2 (− 113 ± 31 min/week, p < 0.01) and from T1 to T3 (− 95 ± 26 min/week, p < 0.01) in PwMS, which approximately matched the weekly exercise duration at those time points. PwMS also increased their uninterrupted SB on NONEX days compared to EX days (+ 0.7 ± 0.3 h, p < 0.01). There were no changes in MVPA or SB of HC (group × time effect MVPA: p < 0.05; group × EX day effect uninterrupted SB: p < 0.01). Secondary outcomes improved similarly in both groups and were not associated with NEPA/SB changes.ConclusionsIn contrast to HC, PwMS significantly changed their NEPA and the pattern in which they accumulated SB in response to structured exercise. This might be a necessary behavioural compensation in order to adhere to the exercise intervention and did not constrain patient-reported and physical outcomes. Future research is warranted to unravel the underlying causes and to investigate the effects on other exercise adaptations, such as cardiometabolic health.Trial registration The present study was registered (December 10, 2019) at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04191772

Feedback control of heart rate during treadmill exercise based on a two-phase response model.

This work investigated automatic control of heart rate during treadmill exercise. The aim was to theoretically derive a generic feedback design strategy that achieves a constant input sensitivity function for linear, time-invariant plant models, and to empirically test whether a compensator C2 based on a second-order model is more dynamic and has better tracking accuracy than a compensator C1 based on a first-order model. Twenty-three healthy participants were tested using first and second order compensators, C1 and C2, respectively, during 35-minute bouts of constant heart rate treadmill running. It was found that compensator C2 was significantly more accurate, i.e. it had 7% lower mean root-mean-square tracking error (1.98 vs. 2.13 beats per minute, p = 0.026), and significantly more dynamic, i.e. it had 17% higher mean average control signal power (23.4 × 10-4 m2/s2 vs. 20.0 × 10-4 m2/s2, p = 0.011), than C1. This improvement likely stems from the substantially and significantly better fidelity of second-order models, compared to first order models, in line with classical descriptions of the different phases of the cardiac response to exercise. These outcomes, achieved using a treadmill, are consistent with previous observations for the cycle ergometer exercise modality. In summary, whenever heart rate tracking accuracy is of primary importance and a more dynamic control signal is acceptable, the use of a compensator based on a second-order nominal model is recommended.

Design of a High PSRR Low-pressure Bandgap Reference Source with Curvature Compensation

Based on the NUVOTON 0.35 μm BCD process, a low voltage bandgap reference with an input voltage of 5 V and output voltage of 0.6 V is designed in this paper. The traditional low-voltage bandgap reference output voltage has a large temperature coefficient and poor ability to suppress power supply fluctuations. In this paper, a circuit with high order compensation is proposed to reduce the temperature coefficient of the circuit, and a pre-regulated circuit is used to increase the power supply rejection ratio. The simulation results are at -30 °C∼130 °C. The output voltage of reference voltage is 947.5 μV, the temperature coefficient is 9.58 ppm/°C, and the power suppression ratio is -104.62 dB, which meets the design requirements of the power management chip.

Analysis of the combined effects of SVC and SSSC controllers to improve power system stability

The primary challenge facing the electricity transmission system in the aftermath of the disruption is reestablishing stability. Through adjustment of the transmission parameters, the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices have the potential to bring the system back into stable operation. It has been shown that using many FACTS devices together is more effective than using any one device alone. In this paper, the concept of coordination control between a Static Var Compensator (SVC) and a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is suggested in order to make the system more stable. The equivalent impedance of the line may be reduced by using the SSSC, which will also result in improved active power transfer capabilities for the line. A static var compensator, often known as an SVC, is used for shunt compensation in order to keep the bus voltage magnitude stable. When compared to the use of a single device, the use of SVC and SSSC coordinated control results in a much quicker arrival to the steady state response of the system. Both of these devices are controlled by using the same signal input tracking. It has also been seen that the system has resumed its previous synchronized state.

Technique for Reactive Loss Reduction and Loading Margin Enhancement Using the Curves of Losses versus Voltage Magnitude

This paper presents an alternative methodology to obtain the precise amount of shunt reactive power compensation in order to simultaneously reduce the total reactive power losses, improve the voltage profile and increase the loading margin of power systems. The amount of shunt reactive power compensation to be allocated is determined based on the curve of the total reactive power losses versus the voltage magnitude of a chosen bus. The best places for shunt reactive compensation are defined by the load bus participation factors of the critical mode provided by the static modal analysis. Simulation results employing shunt capacitors obtained with the new approach for the IEEE test systems (14, 57 and 300 buses) show that the procedure leads to a reduction in total reactive and active power losses and simultaneously improves the voltage profile and loading margin.

Optimal control of wind farm power output with delay compensated nested-loop extreme seeking control

In this paper, we propose to enhance the nested-loop extremum seeking control (NLESC)-based wind farm control strategy with the predictor-based delay compensation in order to improve its convergence characteristics under fluctuating wind. Earlier work has shown the effectiveness of NLESC for region-2 wind farm operation, i.e., maximizing the total power output of cascaded wind turbine array, while its convergence speed is highly limited by the delay of power output for downstream turbines due to wake propagation along the wind direction. By utilizing the delay compensated ESC proposed by Oliveira and Krstic, the delay compensated NLESC (DCNLESC) wind farm control is proposed, allowing the dither frequencies to be of similar magnitude as that in the single-turbine ESC. This can significantly improve the convergence speed of optimum tracking for real-time wind farm control. The wake propagation delay is estimated from turbine power outputs using cross correlation and proper filtering. Using the SimWindFarm platform, the proposed DCNLESC strategy is simulated with both a single-column three-turbine array and a 2 × 3 turbine array, under different wind speeds. The results show that the convergence speed toward the calibrated optimum is significantly improved over the NLESC operation. The convergence time for the upstream turbines' torque gain is reduced by 55%–14% in terms of integral time-weighted absolute error, while the impact on turbine fatigue loads is as low as no more than 3.5% increase on turbine tower and shaft.

Effects of Moderated Audit Committee Operations on Financial Performance of NSE-Listed Banks in Kenya

The research goal was to assess the effect of moderated audit committee operations on the financial performance of the NSE-listed banks in Kenya. The moderator is the CBK prudential guidelines. Likert collected responses were analyzed while the quantitative data from secondary data from the CBK supervisory reports were analyzed using descriptive ad inferential statistics. The research findings showed that the audit committee operations had no statistically significant effect on financial performance of Kenya’s NSE listed banks. The CBK prudential guidelines, which served as the moderator, did not change the fact that the audit committee operations were not statistically significant. Operations of the audit committee assist boards of directors in carrying out their governance duties, improving performance and competitiveness. Nonetheless, the study was carried out during the COVID-19 era, which may have contributed to the aforementioned results. The members of the audit committee should be chosen based on their qualifications, receive ongoing training, and have a designated reporting route to safeguard their independence and neutrality. The report also suggests that policies be established to govern audit functions, compensation, and fees in order to enhance the performance of NSE-listed banks. A suggestion to research the effects of internal audit procedures different from those used by the audit committee on financial performance of the NSE-listed banks in Kenya is imperative.

A novel large-scale EV charging scheduling algorithm considering V2G and reactive power management based on ADMM

Electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs) that utilize vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies can function as both controllable loads and virtual power plants, providing key energy management services to the distribution system operator (DSO). EVAs can also balance the grid’s reactive power as a virtual static VAR compensator (SVC) and provide voltage stability by utilizing advanced electric vehicle (EV) chargers that are capable of four-quadrant operations to provide reactive power management. Finally, managed charging can benefit EVAs themselves by minimizing power factor penalties in their electricity bills. In this paper, we propose a novel EV charging scheduling algorithm based on a hierarchical distributed optimization framework that minimizes peak load and provides reactive power compensation for the DSO by collaboration with EVAs that manage both the active and the reactive charging and discharging power of participating EVs. Utilizing the alternative direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the proposed distributed optimization approach scales well with increased EV charging infrastructure by balancing active and reactive power while decreasing computational burden. In our proposed hierarchical approach, each EVA schedules the active and reactive EV charging and discharging power for 1) reactive power compensation in order to minimize power factor penalty and electricity cost accrued by the EVA, 2) satisfaction of each EV’s energy demand at minimal charging cost, and 3) peak shaving and load management for the DSO. When compared with an uncoordinated charging model, the efficacy of this proposed model is successfully demonstrated through a 300% decreased peak EV load for the DSO, 28% lower electricity costs for EV users, and 98.55% smaller power factor penalty, along with 17.58% lower overall electricity costs, for EVAs. The performance of our approach is validated in a case study with 50 EVs at multiple EVAs in an IEEE 13-bus test case and compared the results with uncoordinated EV charging.

An Extended Experimental Study on Control of Unstable and Non-Minimum Phase Plants With the Cascaded Form of a Fractional Order Compensator

With the advent and emergence of calculus with fractional order (FO), the generalized form of the integer order (IO) has created significant advancement in the field of control. The real time systems represented by the FO models are more accurate enough developing improved performance in contrast to the classical IO one. In this context, the area is still deficient of methodical design algorithms with the different available structures of the FO compensators to control the various types of any unstable and non-minimum phase (NMP) Linear Time Invariant (LTI) plants. There is dearth of detailed analytical and experimental work on the cascaded form of this FO lead compensator in the available literatures. The cascaded structure of the non-integer order compensator is therefore employed here through classical control theory to exhibit the simplified design method in frequency domain explicitly through numerical studies and MATLAB simulation results. These FO compensators with its non-integer order helps one to add the required exact magnitude and phase to the plant to be compensated at a particular frequency thus leading to the unique solution of the desired compensator parameters. This proposition has been further extended to compensate a highly non-linear unstable NMP Cart-Inverted Pendulum System. Experimental results have been appended in support of the method explained to show the applicability of this study in control system design.

Terminal sliding mode attitude-position quaternion based control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle

In this paper is presented the development of a terminal sliding mode attitude-position quaternion based control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle UAV. First, the dynamics of this UAV is divided into an attitude and position loop in order to design suitable independent control laws. The type of control law implemented for each loop is of the kind of hybrid terminal sliding mode and quaternion controller. The advantages of these control strategies over other techniques found in the literature are that the implementation of a quaternion based control strategy provides a relatively simple approach considering that the dynamics for the attitude and position loops can be described in this way. The quaternion based control strategy is suitable considering the kinematic and dynamic model of a quadrotor UAV, meanwhile the sliding mode controller part provides a relativelly simple control strategy taking into consideration that is reliable against uncertainties and provide a fast and accurate attitude-position tracking considering a reference to be followed by each loop. It is important to take into consideration that when an attitude command is given, the closed loop dynamics of the attitude block is stabilized generating at the same time the reference for the position loop. The terminal sliding mode controller part is obtained by selecting an appropriate sliding surface in order that the control law for each loop would be drove to the reaching phase faster and accurately. It is worthy to mention that both control loops posses feedforward neural networks as compensators in order that the tracking error will be reduced by both control strategies. Finally, a numerical experiment is conducted in order that the theoretical results are validated offering the appropriate discussion and conclusions about this research study.

A Generalized, Frequency Domain-Embedded, State Space Approach for Controller Synthesis

This paper develops a novel control synthesis approach for a wide class of practical systems. The control action is derived by inserting a compensator device in the forward path of the system that is to be controlled. The compensator design method is based on a state space system that is embedded in the frequency domain of the plant. It uses a nonlinear subspace that is the image of the compensator being used to determine the parameters of the compensator and modify system behavior. The coordinates of the state space system are taken as the compensator parameters. The method is capable of designing a compensator of arbitrary order to make the system comply with given stability performance requirements provided that these requirements can be geometrically interpreted in the frequency domain. The approach is developed and a proof of its ability to converge, if a solution exists, to the compensator tuning parameter set that satisfy the desired performance conditions is provided. A set of design examples are supplied to demonstrate the applicability of the approach to different types of linear, nonlinear, SISO and MIMO systems and system with delays.

Ethical implications of economic compensation for voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention and epidemic control.

Despite tremendous efforts in fighting HIV over the last decades, the estimated annual number of new infections is still a staggering 1.5 million. There is evidence that voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) provides protection against men's heterosexual acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Despite good progress, most countries implementing VMMC for HIV prevention programmes are challenged to reach VMMC coverage rates of 90%. Particularly for men older than 25 years, a low uptake has been reported. Consequently, there is a need to identify, study and implement interventions that could increase the uptake of VMMC. Loss of income and incurred transportation costs have been reported as major barriers to uptake of VMMC. In response, it has been suggested to use economic compensation in order to increase VMMC uptake. In this discussion paper, we present and review relevant arguments and concerns to inform decision-makers about the ethical implications of using economic compensation, and to provide a comprehensive basis for policy and project-related discussions and decisions.

Fractional order robust adaptive control design for actuator failure compensation in dual ball-beam system

This paper is to proposes a fractional order adaptive control scheme design for actuator failure compensation in order to balance of a ball-beam system with redundant actuators. The proposed controller is based on a fractional order sliding surface from which an adaptive actuator failure compensation control scheme is obtained. In order to control the dual ball-beam system with redundant motors, a linearized model is derived, which is subjected to actuator failures. A set of numerical simulation tests representing few selected types of actuator failures scenarios are carried out to assess the output tracking performance of the proposed controller design when dealing with such failures