Aphyllophorales Research Articles

Diversity In N.W. Himalayan Macrofungi (Basidiomycetes) and their Conservation

The diversity and distribution of macrofungi belonging to Jelly fungi, Agaricales, Aphyllophorales and Gasteromycetes in N. W. Himalayas, based on extensive survey and collections of these fungi from this region have been discussed in the present communication. An emphasis is laid to intensify the survey and identification of taxa and habitats worthy of conservation, leading to ascertain the exact status of species. The paper discusses the various threats to which not only the fungi but their habitats are also constantly exposed, and suggests the strategies for their effective conservation. The problems faced in evolving the parameters towards the preparation of Red Data lists/Books on fungi have also been discussed and possible remedies to overcome them are outlined.

TRAMETES QUEL. EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF FUNGI BY THEIR SPECIES

Main aim of the article is to explore evaluation of physical factors affecting the growth of fungi by their species. There is a certain group of basidiomycetes that are adapted to live only in wood. From an eco-trophic point of view, these fungi belonging to saprotrophs, biotrophs, and polytrophs are called xylotrophs. The main function of these fungi is the destruction or biological decomposition of lignocellulosic substrates. The genus Trametes belongs to the division Basidiomycota, class Basidiomycetes, subclass Homobasidiomycetidae, order Aphyllophorales, family Poriaceae (Poliporaceae). 627 species include to this genus (Trametes Fr.), including cosmopolitan representatives (Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Lloyd). Representatives of this genus are well known as producers of many biologically active substances: polysaccharides, polysaccharides, glucans, glycoproteins, triterpenes, flavonoids, chitin, extracellular hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, unsaturated fatty acids, high-quality proteins including all amino acids, vitamins, easy trace elements in the form of absorbable organic compounds. Keywords: Trametes, fungi, polysaccharides, glucans, glycoproteins

Ganoderma: The mushroom of immortality

Ganoderma is the genus from order Aphyllophorales with more than 300 species. Ganoderma contains various compound that showed many biological activities e.g. enhancer of immune system, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory action. These bioactive compounds related to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides classes. Proteins, lipids, phenols, sterols, and others, are also recorded. Ganoderma is currently an important source in the pharmaceutical industry and is one of the most promissing projects in the world of food and medicine, which is being highlighted these days. In Egypt seven species of Ganoderma were recorded by Abdel-Azeem (2018). Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. A variety of commercial G. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. The commercial cultivation of Ganoderma in Egypt not started yet. In this article the most important bioactive materials produced by Ganoderma, their applications and business opportunity in Egypt will be discussed.

Medicinal mushroom for prevention of disease of modern civilization.

Medicinal mushroom for prevention of disease of modern civilization.

New taxa of Aphyllophorales and Agaricales described by S. Domański

The paper deals with 105 new taxa und new combinations of fungi proposed by Polish mycologist Professor Stanisław Domański during thę years 1962-1992 (<i>Aphyllophorales, Coniophoraceae, Corticiaceae, Echnodontiaceae, Hericiaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae</i> and <i>Agaricales: Pleurotaceac</i>).

Antioxidant components of selected indigenous edible mushrooms of the obsolete order Aphyllophorales

BackgroundSpecies of phylum Basidiomycota are of great interest in many studies as a source of valuable biological compounds. AimsTo estimate the levels of antioxidant compounds (phenolic acids, indole compounds and sterols) in edible species of Aphyllophorales (sensu lato): Hydnum repandum L. and Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. MethodsA reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of antioxidant components (phenolic acids, indole compounds, and sterols). ResultsAnalysis of phenolic acids revealed that 8 out of the 10 analyzed compounds were present. The quantitatively predominant in Hydnum repandum was protocatechuic acid (75.23mg/100g DW), and in Sparassis crispa it was p-hydroxybenzoic acid (43.92mg/100g DW). In turn, analysis of indole compounds identified 5 out of the 12 analyzed compounds: indole, melatonin, serotonin, tryptamine, and l-tryptophan. Moreover, ergosterol was also identified and quantitatively determined (150.37mg/100g DW) in Sparassis crispa extracts. ConclusionsThe data presented in this paper confirm the significant potential of chemical components with recognized antioxidant activity. The species can be considered as an alternative source of phenolic acids and ergosterol.

Host Distribution of Phellinus from India

Phellinus is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hymenochaetaceae from order Aphyllophorales. Many species of Phellinus cause white rot. Phellinus spp. causing white rot of various kinds in live standing or dead gymnospermic and angiospermic wood occurs worldwide. A total number of 427 species of Phellinus are reported worldwide while only 96 species are reported from India. The current study was based on thorough Indian literature survey for the host range of Phellinus species. About 51 plant families shows infection of Phellinus spp. Amongst all the families, genera of Caesalpiniaceae are found to be most susceptible, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Pinaceae, Mimosaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Moraceae and Myrtaceae are also amongst the most frequently infected families. Mangifera is the most frequent host of Phellinus.

한국산 균식성 거저리의 숙주버섯

한국산 균식성 거저리가 서식하는 숙주버섯의 종류 및 기주와의 관계를 정리하였다. 대부분의 한국산 균식성 거저리는 담자균강 가운데 민주름버섯류를 숙주버섯으로 선택하였다. 한국산 균식성 거저리는 모두 4개족(가시거저리족, 뿔거저리족, 뾰족날개거저리족, 르위스거저리족) 31종으로 조사되었으며, 이 균식성 종들이 각각 서식하는 숙주버섯은 모두 42종으로 파악되었다. 한국 전역에 분포하는 31종의 균식성 거저리 목록과 균식성 거저리의 숙주버섯 목록을 제공하였다. 각 목록은 성충과 애벌레의 숙주버섯 이용 양상을 토대로 작성되었는데, 균식성 거저리의 약 62%가 균의존형(obligate mycetobionts)으로 밝혀졌다. We present a list of Korean fungivorous Tenebrionidae associated with higher fungi (Basidiomycetes). Most fungivorous tenebrionids are associated with the order Aphyllophorales. A total of 31 Tenebrionid species (both adults and larvae) belonging to four tribes (Bolitophagini, Toxicini, Scaphidemini, and Diaperini) are presented in our checklist. Of these, 62 percent are obligate mycetobionts, In addition, 42 fungal hosts of fungivorous tenebrionids are presented. Both thetenebrionids and the fungal hosts reported here are found throughout Korea.

Lenzitella-A Polypore Genus New To China

A genus of Aphyllophorales, Lenzitella, is newly recorded from Beijing and Sichuan. It is a monotypic genus with the only species, Lenzitella malenconii. The illustrated description of the fungus is given based on the Chinese collections.

Taxonomic study on Korean Aphyllophorales (5) – on some unrecorded genera and species –

A total of 149 species and 209 strains of Korean Aphyllophorales in Seoul National University Fungus Collection (SFC) were analyzed by taxonomic and phylogenetic methods. Among those examined fungal specimens, 9 genera Abundisporus, Antrodiella, Cyphellopsis, Dendrothele, Dichomitus, Laxitextum, Piloderma, Skeletocutis and Tubulicrinis, and 23 species, Abundisporus fuscopurpureus, Antrodiella semisupina, Auriporia pileata, Cantharellus subalbidus, Clavulina cinerea, Cyphellopsis confusa, Dendrothele acerina, Dichomitus campestris, Haplotrichum aureum, Heterobasidion annosum, Hyphoderma argillaceum, Hyphodontia tropica, Inonotus dryophilus, Isehnoderma benzoinum, Laxitextum bicolor, Phanerochaete radicata, Phellinus lonicericola, Piloderma byssinum, Skeletocutis nivea, Tomentella terrestris, Trametes elegans, Trametes tenuis, and Tubulicrinis accedens were confirmed as new to Korea and registered here with descriptions.

Conifer root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l.

SUMMARY The root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidon annosum is one of the most destructive diseases of conifers in the northern temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe. Economic losses attributable to Heterobasidion infection in Europe are estimated at 800 million euros annually. The fungus has been classified into three separate European intersterile species P (H. annosum), S (H. parviporum) and F (H. abietinum) based on their main host preferences: pine, spruce and fir, respectively. In North America, two intersterile groups are present, P and S/F, but these have not been given scientific names. The ecology of the disease spread has been intensively studied but the genetics, biochemistry and molecular aspects of pathogen virulence have been relatively little examined. Recent advances in transcript profiling, molecular characterization of pathogenicity factors and establishment of DNA-transformation systems have paved the way for future advances in our understanding of this pathosystem. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen and H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen; kingdom Fungi; class Basidiomycotina; order Aphyllophorales; family Bondarzewiaceae; genus Heterobasidion. presence of the fungus fruit bodies, basidiocarps whitish in the margins, upper surface is tan to dark brown, usually irregular shaped, 3.5 (-7) cm thick and up to 40 cm in diameter; pores 5-19, 7-22 and 13-26 mm(2) for the P, F and S groups, respectively. Small brownish non-sporulating postules develop on the outside of infected roots. Asexual spores (conidiospores) are 3.8-6.6 x 2.8-5.0 microm in size. Mating tests are necessary for identification of intersterility groups. The fungus attacks many coniferous tree species. In Europe, particularly trees of the genera Pinus and Juniperus (P), Picea (S), Abies (F) and in North America Pinus (P) and Picea, Tsuga and Abies (S/F). To a lesser extent it causes root rot on some decidous trees (Betula and Quercus). Disease symptoms: symptoms (e.g. exhudation of resin, crown deterioration) due to Heterobasidion root rot in living trees are not particularly characteristic and in most cases cannot be distinguished from those caused by other root pathogens. Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is a white rot fungus. Initial growth in wood causes a stain that varies in colour depending on host tree species. Incipient decay is normally pale yellow and it develops into a light brown decay to become a white pocket rot with black flecks in its advanced stage. silvicultural methods (e.g. stump removal), chemicals (urea, borates) and biological control agent (Phlebiopsis gigantea, marketed as PG Suspension(R) in the UK, PG IBL(R) in Poland and Rotstop(R) in Fennoscandia) are commonly used approaches for minimizing the disease spread.

Macroelements and heavy metals in some lignicolous and tericolous fungi

Considering the importance of Basidiomycotina fungi as bioindicators and the increasing tendency of air and soil contamination nowadays, content of macroelements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na, and some of heavy metals (microelements): Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn in sporocarps of 22 species of macrofungi from National park Fruska Gora was analyzed in this work. The majority of them are lignicolous species from the class: Homobasidiomycetes order Aphyllophorales s. lato and two of them belong to subdivision Ascomycotina. Special attention was given to the medically important fungal species widely distributed in this area: Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Coriolus. versicolor, Flammulina velutipes, Meripilus giganteus and Omphalotus olearius. Since fungi uptake macro- and microelements from the substrate, the soil and tree samples were also analyzed. The aim of this study was to determine the common concentration data of these elements in unpolluted area. According to the obtained results, fungi tended to accumulate K, P and N with lower variability recorded than that for Ca, Mg and Na due to essential importance of these elements in fungal metabolic processes, independently from ecological group affiliation and habitats. The analysing substrate (wood) contain higher concentration of Ca and Pb in relevance to fungi. As a result of transfer factors (TFs) that were estimated from the ratio of "concentration in fungi on dry weight basis" to "concentration in the tree or soil on dry weight basis" analyzed fungi tended to accumulate Cu and Zn, and partially Cr. Among the species that accumulate microelements the following species could be emphasized: Meripilus giganteus (except for Zn) Schizophyllum commune (except for Pb), Ganoderma applanatum (except for Fe and Zn). Superaccumulators of Fe were the lignicolous, medically imortant species M. giganteus, G. lucidum, Sch. commune, and tericolous ones: C. atramentari- us, F. velutipes, and P. vernalis. Good Cu accumalators were tericolous species: Psathyrella vernalis, Morchella vulgaris, and Coprinus atramentarius, then the species possesing the rhizomorphs: Armillaria polymyces and Omphalotus olearius, and finally lignicolous species: Ganoderma applanatum and Pseudotrametes gibbosa. The highest accumulation of Zn was recorded for the species Schizophyllum commune, while the fungal species expressed the smallest tendency of accumulation of Pb, except one tericolous saprophytic species C. atramentarius. The greatest accumulation of Cr was found in tericolous species especially C. atramentarius, too. Statistical cluster analysis classified fungi mostly by location, by which the urban site is distinguished from the others, where the analyzed tericolous species were found. These data indicate that the accumulation ability is not only genetically coded, but also influenced by environmental factors. This data could be used in toxicology, pharmacology and environmental protection.

"Phellinus" Species Inducing Hoja de Malvón Symptoms on Leaves and Wood Decay in Mature Field-Grown Grapevines.

Hoja de malvon is a common vine wood disease widely spread in grape production areas of Argentina which causes wood necrosis, decline, and the death of plants. Leaves are smaller than normal and chlorotic, with margins curled downwards. A basidiomycete, provisionally classified as Phellinus sp., is the fungus most frequently isolated from infected plants. The aim of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of this fungus in field-grown grapevines and to clarify its taxonomic positioning. The trunks and branches of five 13-year-old grapevines cv. Riesling were infected on October 1994. Six years later some of the infected grapevines showed foliar symptoms of hoja de malvon. The inoculated fungus was reisolated with relatively high frequency, together with other fungi from different necrotic areas near the inoculation sites. The fungus under study was ascertained to belong to the Hymenochaetaceae family (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycota). Further inoculations of a much greater number of plants and with various associated fungi like species of the genera Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella and Botryosphaeria, will be conducted.

Screening for pectinolytic activity of wood-rotting basidiomycetes and characterization of the enzymes.

Seventy-five fungal strains from different groups of basidiomycetes, newly isolated from rotten wood, were screened for pectinolytic activity. Despite the fact that basidiomycetes are scarcely referred to as pectinase producers, the polygalacturonase (PG) activity was detected in 76% of the strains; 16% with activity higher than 40 nkat/g, 40% between 13.3 and 40 nkat/g, and 44% with activity lower than 13.3 nkat/g. The highest productions were obtained among the fungi from order Aphyllophorales, family Polyporaceae. The characterization of the enzymes from the highest PG producers (Lentinus sp., Gloeophyllum striatum, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Schizophyllum commune) showed optimum temperature for catalytic activity at 60-70 degrees C and two peaks of pH optimum (3.5-4.5 and 8.5-9.5). The enzymes exhibited high pH stability (3.0-11.0) but after incubation at 40 degrees C for 1 h their activity dropped by 18-73%.

야생초파리의 번식처로 이용되는 제주도산 버섯

1999년에서 2000년까지 해발 <TEX>$200{\sim}1000m$</TEX>에 이르는 제주도 한라산 일대에서 성숙한 야생버섯을 채취하여 야생초파리류가 번식처로 이용하는지의 여부를 조사하였다. 조사한 버섯 중에서 2목 12과 19속에 속하는 35종에서 초파리가 번식하였다. 이중 번식초파리가 동정된 버섯은 2목 8과 11개속에 속하는 14종이었다. 나머지 21종의 버섯에서는 초파리 유충(또는 번데기)만 발생하여 종이 확인되지 않았다. 35종 버섯중 34종은 주름버섯목(Agaricales)에 속하였고 노루털버섯(Sancodon scabrsoum) 1종만 민주름목(Aphylloprales)에 속하였다. 과 별 분포로는 35종 중 무당버섯과(Russulaceae)가 10종, 광대버섯과(Amanitaceae) 6종, 송이버섯과(Tricholomataceae)와 주름버섯과(Agaricaceae)가 각각 4종 그물버섯과(Boletaceae)가 3종 독청버섯과(Strophariaceae)가 2종 이었고 나머지 6과는 각 1종씩 이었다. 속 별로는 무당버섯속(Russula)이 8종, 광대버섯속(Amanita)이 6종, 주름버섯속(Agaricus)이 4종, 그리고 젖버섯속(Lactarius)의 2종순이었고 나머지 속은 각 1종씩 이었다. 버섯 크기별 초파리의 선호성은 갓의 지름이 5cm이상의 비교적 큰 버섯을 선호하였다. 버섯에서 번식하는 초파리는 총 14종이었고, 이중 버섯초파리속(Mycodrosophila)이 1종, 등초파리속(Hirtodrosophila) 이 5종, 그리고 초파리속(Drosophila)이 8종으로 가장 많았다. 두띠노랑초파리(Drosophila bizonata)와 여섯줄등초파리(Hirtodrosophilia sexvittata)는 6종의 버섯에서 번식하였고, 가시별초파리(D. unispina)가 3종, 기타 다른 초파리는 2종 흑은 1종의 버섯에서 번식하였다. 이번 조사의 결과와 여러 문헌을 종합해볼 때 이번에 밝혀진 것 보다 더 많은 종류의 버섯이 초파리와 번식적인 면에서 상관관계를 가질 것으로 판단된다. Wild Mushrooms collected in Mt. Halla of Jeiu Island around altitude of <TEX>$200{\sim}1000\;m$</TEX> from 1999 to 2000 were studied to investigate utilization as the natural breeding sites by wild drosophilids. Thirty-five mushroom species belonging to the 19 genera of 12 families from 2 orders were used as natural breeding sites by drosophilids. Adult flies emerged from 14 species of mushrooms belonging to the 11 genera of 8 families from 2 orders were identified. From the rest of 21 species of mushrooms, only larvae or/and pupae were reaped. Among 35 species of mushrooms, 34 species belonged to order Agaricales and only one species, Sarcodon scabrosum, belonged to order Aphyllophorales. In terms of composition of mushroom families, total 35 species belonging to 12 families were composed of 10 species of Russulaceae, 6 species of Amanitaceae, 4 species of each Tricholomataceae and Agaricaceae, 3 species of Boletaceae, 2 species of Strophariaceae and each one species of rest 6 families. Concerning the composition of the genus, 35 species belonging to 11 genera were composed of 8 species of Russula, 6 species of Amanita, 4 species of Agaricus, 2 species of Lactarius, and each one species of rest 7 genera. In terms of the mushroomsize preference of drosophilid flies for breeding sites, most flies preferred comparatively large mushrooms above 5 cm of pileus size in diameter, Fourteen species of drosophilids were identified as mushroom-breeding species. Among these, one and five species belonged to genera Mycodrosophila and Hirtodrosophila respectively, The genus Drosophila included the most abundant 8 species. Drosophila bizonata and Hirtodrosophila sexvittata bred on 6 species of mushrooms respectively, D. unispina bred on 3 species of mushrooms, rest species of Drosophila bred on one or two species of mushrooms. From the result of this study and other literatures, it could be presumed that much more mushroom species could serve as the natural breeding sites for greater number of drosophilid species than those examined in this study on Jeju Island.

Notes on taxonomy and distribution of Aphyllophorales I.

Notes on taxonomy and distribution of <i>Aphyllophorales</i> I.

Studies on Eight Species of Polypores from Taiwan

Eight species of polypores (Aphyllophorales) from Taiwan are studied on the basis of basidiocarp morphology and cultural characteristics: They are Antrodiella liebmannii, Inonotus rickii, Oligoporus lowei, Rigidoporus lineatus, R. vinctus, Skeletocutis liacina, Trichaptum durum, and T. fuscoviolaceum. All except R. lineatus and R. vinctus are new records for Taiwan.

Fungicolous Pyrenomycetes 1. Helminthosphaeria and the New Family Helminthosphaeriaceae

Helminthosphaeria, a genus of pyrenomy- cetes, is monographed. Its members occur on basi- diomata of species of the Aphyllophorales. The fol- lowing species are included: H. clavariarum, the type, H. odontiae, H. corticiorum, and the new species H. hyphodermiae. A new family, Helminthosphaeriaceae, is proposed for the genus. Litschaueria is found to be a synonym of Helminthosphaeria.

Fungicolous pyrenomycetes 1. Helminthosphaeria and the new family Helminthosphaeriaceae

Helminthosphaeria, a genus of pyrenomycetes, is monographed. Its members occur on basidiomata of species of the Aphyllophorales. The following species are included: H. clavariarum, the type, H. odontiae, H. corticiorum, and the new species H. hyphodermiae. A new family, Helminthosphaeriaceae, is proposed for the genus. Litschaueria is found to be a synonym of Helminthosphaeria.

Twelve Species of the Aphyllophorales new to Taiwan

Twelve species of the Aphyllophorales belonging to the corticiaceous fungi and polypores are reported as new to taiwan. They are: Antrodiella cf. Asterostroma muscicola, Brevicellicium olivascens, Ceriporia viridans, Ceriporiopsis cf. mucida, Lopharia cinerascens, Oxyorus cuneatus, Plicatura crispa, Rigidoporus vinctus, Sistotrema brinkmannii, Skeletocutis albocremea, and Steccherinum robustius. Descriptions and microscopic line drawings are provided for the twelve species.