Orde Baru Research Articles

Klasifikasi, Fungsi, dan Relevansi Metode Pembelajaran PAI

The educational curriculum continues to change and adapt as time goes by. Learning methods as an element in the curriculum also need to be developed so that they can always be relevant. Therefore, in this research the author wants to examine the classification, function and relevance of Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) learning methods. The results of this research state that the classification of learning methods is a grouping of methods used by teachers to interact with students so that the learning process can run effectively. Several other things that were also studied in this research include the classification of learning methods in general, namely conventional and unconventional learning methods along with their functions and the relevance of these learning methods in PAI subjects according to their time (orde lama, orde baru, and reformasi).

TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR IN INDONESIA

While several studies on the issue have shown that traditional beliefs affect people's political behavior and preferences, very little attention has been paid to how traditional beliefs influence electoral behavior. The only study that has attempted to link traditional beliefs and electoral behavior has done so by analyzing the case of Togo where the party system has been traditionally fairly stable and unfragmented. The case of Indonesia, on the other hand, has undergone significant changes since the end of the Orde Baru, and what was once a fairly unfragmented party system now displays high levels of fragmentation. Hence, it is particularly interesting to explore how the presence/diffusion of traditional beliefs shapes the voters’ choices in a changing, increasingly fragmented, democratizing political system. Moreover, in reviewing the literature on Indonesian elections, we find that, first, the study of electoral behavior in Indonesia has made little effort to employ existing theoretical frameworks; second, quantitative studies are scarce; and third, there are practically no micro-level quantitative studies on electoral behavior. In this article, we assess whether and to what extent the electoral choice of a voter is affected by whether and to what extent they hold on to traditional beliefs by performing statistical analyses of original survey data. We find that voters with a traditional mindset are more likely to vote for the secular parties in the ruling coalition than voters who do not hold traditional beliefs.

Perancangan Visual Novel Berbasis Sejarah G30S Melalui Pendekatan Multiple Choice Untuk Remaja dan Dewasa

Controversies surrounding the 30th September Movement (G30S) in Indonesia have become sensitive issues, especially concerning the Indonesian Communist Party's (PKI) resurgence. Even after the Era Reformasi, fear and paranoia toward the PKI still exist in society and become politicization subject, which stems from the background of the Orde Baru regime, where the history of G30S were only presented in single version. This limits diverse perspectives and objective information, despite the existence of seven dif erent theories behind G30S. Essentially, this issue arises because of the limited historical references available to the public. So, a media platform is needed that can present multiple perspectives on the G30S events in a coherent narrative. The chosen media for this project is a Visual Novel with multiple-choice approach. This media and method are selected because they provide readers to explore multiple possiblity storyline, covering four dif erent G30S theories. The research method used will involve qualitative data, including literature studies from books, notes, and historical documentation. This data will be corroborated through interviews with experts to confirm its accuracy. Once the data is gathered, the design process will be executed in several stages, analyzed it with experts, and resulting the prototype. The prototype will be tested with user testing sample and refined to reach the final design. This design aims to enhance the historical reference materials to the younger generation, specifically the G30S events, and provide an understanding that multiple historical possibilities can exist. As a result, people will be wiser in responding current phenomena.

The Influence of Crossword Puzzle Science Learning Media toward Students' Critical Thinking Ability

This study aims to determine whether the Crossword Puzzle media has an effect on Critical Thinking of Class III students of MIS Farhan Syarif Hidayah on Jalan Orde Baru Gg, pipit Desa Muliorejo Kec. Sunggal district. Serdang deli. This research is a quantitative study using quasi-experimental methods. The research design used was a non-equivalent control group design. The population for this study was class III A consist of twenty students as experiment and class III B MIS consist of twenty students as control class. The results showed that there were differences in the ability to think critically on the subject of the characteristics of living things. The increase in critical thinking skills can be seen in the results of students' critical thinking tests in the experimental class after using crossword puzzle learning media and before using crossword puzzle learning media. The average post-test score for the experimental class was 84.50 and the post-test average score for the control class was 72.50. It can be concluded that there is an influence of the Crossword Puzzle learning method on students' critical thinking skills in class III MIS Farhan Syarif Hidayah and according to Researchers using crossword puzzle learning media can help students in repetition and habituation activities, so that students will easily learn material that is difficult in natural sciences. Learning media functions as a learning resource and a way for students to obtain information from the teacher. The benefits of learning media include guidelines for teachers to achieve quality learning objectives, increase students' interest and motivation in learning and make students think more critically.

“Merebut Kembali Tanah Leluhur”: Dinamika Akses dan Pengelolaan Hutan Masyarakat Adat Marena

The access of the Marena indigenous people in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia to their land has changed from time to time. Since community land is claimed by the state as state forest areas, community access is limited. When the Marena indigenous people obtained a customary forest decree from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, community access was regulated through customary control. This article focuses on the dynamics of access for the Marena indigenous people in accessing their land.
 This qualitative research was conducted in the Marena customary territory. There were 16 informants consisting of traditional leaders, former hamlet heads, head of AMAN, land owners, and the Marena indigenous people who do not own land in the customary forest. Primary data was collected using observation and in-depth interviews, while secondary data from various regulations (i.e. Constitution, Law, Government Regulation, Regional Regulation, District Head Decree, Constitutional Court of Indonesia Decree, etc.) and related publications (books, articles, reports, etc.) were also examined.
 The results of this study indicate that community access to forests is determined by state policies. In the beginning, the community had free access to their land before their plantations became state forest areas. Changes in the status of community land to state forest areas, limiting community access to their land so that the Marena indigenous people have to make some efforts, namely mediation, uprooting poultices, logging clandestinely and openly, poisoning pine trees, and expelling rude forest rangers. Changes in forestry policy after the Orde Baru era marked the era of recognition of forest management by indigenous peoples. This is used by the people in Marena's customary territory to free up their land which was previously made into state forest. For that, they are assisted by AMAN and the local government. AMAN played a role in facilitating the Marena indigenous people in legalizing their customary forest. The Enrekang Regional Government played a role in issuing the Enrekang Regency Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2016 concerning Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Enrekang Regency and District Head Decree No. 155/KEP/II/2018 concerning Recognition of Marena Customary Law in Enrekang District recognition of customary forests. The government of Pekalobean and Singki villages played a role by giving approval for Marena's customary territory. It is undeniable that the involvement of these institutions have an important role in their land acquisition. In addition, the boundaries of customary forest areas are quite dynamic. Customary forest is a mechanism to protect community land, so that they can access their land and take advantage of natural resources in customary forests. However, customary rules need to be updated, so that they are relevant to today's context. In addition, the management of resources in the form of pine can be exploited for its economic potential by utilizing pine sap and making it a tourist attraction. Recognition of indigenous peoples needs to be tightened because it is political to reclaim access to natural resources.

Analisis Semiotik terhadap Kebebasan Berpendapat di Film Aum!

Movies depict the reality in which they are made. Movies can be used as a medium of communication from the filmmaker to convey messages in the form of ideas, thoughts or concerns about a particular matter. Director Bambang Kuntara Murti's from film call “Aum!” tells the story of the challenges experienced by independent filmmakers who went through the film production process during the “Orde Baru” era. This research uses a qualitative approach with the semiotic method of Roland Barthes, aiming to see how nationalism and freedom of speech during the early reformation period in the movie entitled “Aum!”. The results of this study show the efforts of the characters in the film, which is how activists tried to convey criticism of the new order government through a work of a film. The films they made were a form of the struggle of young people at that time to convey their voices and criticize the policies of the authorities. Movies became a medium to convey resistance to oppressive rulers. This movie with drama and action genres also educates the public that how to show the value of nationalism can be in any way according to their respective creativity.
 Keywords: films, Freedom of Speech, Nationalism, Semiotic

Sejarah Jembatan Ampera sebagai Ikon Kota Palembang

This study aims to describe the history of the Ampera Bridge as one of the icons of the city of Palembang. Ampera Bridge is a transportation infrastructure that connects the two areas of this city, namely Seberang Ilir and Seberang Ulu. Ampera Bridge also shows the effort to equalize the economy between the two sides of the city of Palembang. The method used in writing this article is the historical method. The historical method is a method that is carried out by collecting data and interpreting the symptoms of events that have occurred in the past, the interpretation critically describes all the facts or the truth of the events that occurred. The steps in the historical method include heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Approximately 100 tributaries pass the city of Palembang throughout the city. The number of tributaries originates from the largest river that separates the city of Palembang and is divided into two parts, namely the area known as the Ilir area and the Ulu area. In April 1962, construction of the bridge over the Musi River began, and the construction of this bridge used the Reimbursement Fund from the Japanese War. The Musi Bridge is called the Bung Karno Bridge to show the gratitude of the people of Palembang to President Soekarno for the construction of a bridge over the Musi River which is much needed and awaited by the people of Palembang. Bung Karno Bridge changed its name to Ampera Bridge during the Orde Baru era. Since its inauguration, the Ampera Bridge has become one of the symbols that form the identity or characteristic of the city of Palembang.

CHRONICLES OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) IN INDONESIAN POLITICAL AFFAIRS

The Chronicles of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia/TNI) can be traced back to its history, starting from the Pre-Proclamation Period, the Old Order (Orde Lama), the New Order (Orde Baru), and the Reformation. The influence of the armed forces in each era has its own characteristics in accordance with the pattern of leadership in its era. This study aims to find out the traces of the TNI's movement in Indonesian politics. The search was carried out using the literature review method with the aim of looking at the role of the TNI in national politics and the suitability of the TNI's participation in the practical political arena in Indonesia. The role and progress of the TNI in Indonesian politics cannot be separated from changes in the mindset of leaders and society as well as technological developments that occur from time to time. The transformation of the TNI's contribution, which was initially able to influence the economic, social and cultural sectors, has narrowed and is focused on the field of national defense. The results of the study also show that there has been a change in the political behavior of the TNI which tends to be neutral and focuses more on national defense.

CERMIN PERAMPASAN HAK HIDUP TAHANAN POLITIK PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL DARI DALAM KUBUR KARYA SOE TJEN MARCHING

In the Orde Baru era, event 65 did not have many places in national literature. However, in this era there are quite a lot of literature works that raise the issue of event 65, one of them is a novel Dari Dalam Kubur written by Soe Tjen Marching. This novel is interesting to learn because it raised the issue of event 65 that became the historic of the Indonesian. The novel is studied using a qualitative descriptive analysis method with the sociology of literature approach by Alan Swingewood. The focus of the discussion in this research is to describe the forms of seizing of the right to life experienced by women political prisoners in event 65. The results of the study show that the novel reflects the situation in Indonesia from pre-independence, post-independence, until the Orde Baru era. The researchers found 5 reflections seizing of the right to life of women political prisoners, that is (1) arrested, (2) intimidated, (3) tortured, (4) harassed and raped, and (5) killed. There is also the suffering of Djing Fei as a ex-tapol is (1) not accepted in society, (2) stamped ET on hers identity card, (3) forced to give birth to a child as a result of raped, (4) forced to change identity, (5) lost property, and (6) moved residences. This research can help readers to understand the novel by tracing intricacies of the lives of women political prisoners described by the author through the lives of the characters in the novel.

Split groups in Sumenep: Inter-Islamic violence in 1998

At the end of the New Order (Orde Baru) era, Indonesia was marked by inter-ethnic, inter-religious or religious violence. In Sumenep, Madura there was violence between groups that both claimed to be Sunni Muslims. Kiai Supardi, an immigrant who quickly rose to fame, initiated a group called Wali Songo Akbar in the early 1990s. In 1998, the Wali Songo Akbar Islamic Boarding School was vandalized and burned by a mob, then Kiai Supardi's followers demanded responsibility by kidnapping a local kiai which led to clashes. This paper aims to provide a description of the journey of the Wali Songo Akbar group that led to the violence that occurred in 1998. This article was written using the historical method by utilizing sources from newspapers, books, journal articles, and interviews. The Wali Songo Akbar group, better known as the tarekat, got the issue of heterodoxy that occurred, the issue marked repression and was ended by clashes that left 4 people dead, and several other Wali Songo Akbar followers lost their homes.

An Overview of the Journey of Political Parties in Indonesia from a Socio-historical Perspective

Democratic country usually generates a healthy, growing, and rooted political party. In Indonesia, political parties had long been known before Indonesia's independence. At that time, the political party became the medium of the founding fathers' struggle to fight against colonialism. Since Indonesia's Independence Day, the existence of a political party was admitted and supported by the government. This study needs to make a political point of view. It will enrich learning and understanding of the existence of political parties concerning the development of Political Science in Indonesia. The focus of this study is to describe how the political party's history and its role from Orde Lama until the Orde Baru era in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative research method, and data interpretation will be analyzed with the descriptive analysis method. In the meantime, data validation will be checked and rechecked after collecting data. This study concludes that Indonesian politics has experienced a significant shift in values and practices. Indonesia started the state process with the concept of gotong royong. It was oriented to the welfare of the people with the leadership of the assembly institution as the people's representative in the form of deliberation.

Tindak Lanjut Penuntasan Kasus Korupsi Mendiang Presiden Soeharto dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Cita-Cita Reformasi

Abstract Follow-up to the Completion of the Corruption Case involving the late President Suharto has only managed to handle the Supersemar Foundation but has not touched 6 other foundations or been sued by the state to be held accountable for the management of state assets and funds which began during “Orde Baru” era. Meanwhile, many legal cases related to gross human rights violations have not been tried until today. This study aims to analyze the follow-up to the completion of the corruption case involving the late President Soeharto and the juridical steps that must be taken in solving the corruption case. The researcher uses a normative type of research using a legal approach and an analytical approach. effective steps related to accountability as well as allegations of misappropriation of state-owned funds and/or assets causing state losses related to the corruption case.

PERKEMBANGAN POLITIK ISLAM DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA

AbstractPolitical developments in Indonesia since the old era (orde lama), the new era (orde baru) until the reform era (pasca-orde baru/reformasi) that occurred in Indonesia is a long history that has implications for various fields of life, including in the field of Islamic education. The political policies that emerged in these various orders certainly greatly influenced the existing policies in Islamic education. This research is library research by reviewing the literature that is in accordance with the topic of the development of Islamic politics in Indonesia and its relation to Islamic education. The results of this discussion include the gap between Islamic education and general education, policies on the legality of Islamic Education in the National Education System, and the portion of Islamic education learning in general education institutions.

The Journey of Political Parties in Indonesia in the State System

Democratic country like Indonesia usually generates healthy, growing, and rooted from below political party. In Indonesia, political parties have long been known before Indonesia's independence. At that time, the political party became the medium of the founding father's struggle to fight against colonialism. Since Indonesia's Independence Day, the existence of a political party was admitted and supported by the government. This study needs to do from a political point of view. It will enrich learning and understanding the existence of political parties concerning the development of Political Science in Indonesia. The focus of this study is to describe how the political party's history and its role from Orde Lama until the Orde Baru era in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative research method, and data interpreting will be analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. In the meantime, data validation will be checked and rechecked after collecting data. This study concludes that Indonesian politics has experienced a significant shift in values and practices. Indonesia must begin to review the political system, nation, and state.

TAMU DAN PERSIDEN KARYA WISRAN HADI : KAJIAN HISTORIOGRAFI TENTANG MASA ORDE BARU DAN AWAL REFORMASI DI MINANGKABAU

This research examines the New Order period and the beginning of the Reformation in Minangkabau through two literary novels entitled Tamu and Persiden by the writer Wisran Hadi. Previously, there had been a lot of research on the New Order and the beginning of the Reformation in Indonesia, but it is still rare to find research that specifically sets the discussion on an ethnicity, such as the Minangkabau ethnicity. The two novels are able to provide an overview of how the two periods took shape in Minangkabau, through the author’s criticism mixed with the cultural elements of the local community. This study aims to provide an overview of the New Order period and the Beginning of the Reformation in Minangkabau. The method used in this research is the library method by going through four stages, starting from preparing research support tools, collecting works (bibliography), time management, to making notes of the results. There are several findings in this study including: (1) The description of the New Order and the beginning of the Reformation in Minangkabau related to political deviations, controversial development efforts, and changes in the traditional value order of Minangkabau society. (2) Wisran Hadi's background as a writer from the 70's and his life history which cannot be separated from Minangkabau, influenced the depiction of the New Order period and the beginning of the Reformation in Minangkabau. (3) The depiction of the two periods in the novels Tamu and Persiden shows their relevance to contemporary works.
 Keywords: Historiografi, Karya Sastra, Orde Baru dan Reformasi, Minangkabau

Negara Indonesia Persfektif Islam: Sebagai Bentuk Penguatan Wawasan Kebangsaan

The ‘Orde Baru’ fell from power, the idea of ​​establishing an "Islamic state" reappeared. This makes a lot of disturbing many circles of society, including the Muslim population. This research is a literature review. The role of pesantren and Muslims is quite large in building the spirit of nationalism in seizing independence and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) as the largest socio-religious organization in Indonesia led by traditional pesantren kiai - has offered a brilliant theological solution through political fiqh in the relationship between Islam and Pancasila.

Environmental policy, ecology, and threat towards the unsustainable agriculture development in Indonesia

Sustainable Development Goals that are targeted to be achieved in 2030 are the answer in balancing development activities and their impact on the environment and natural ecosystem. Since the New Order Era (Orde Baru), Indonesia has been implemented a development strategy that focused on growth. This strategy contributes a significant impact to biodiversity, natural resources, and environment. Agriculture activities itself in the traditional or modern term refers to the effort to exploit the ecosystem. However, the level of exploitation in many cases is not controllable, and overexploitation occurs along the development process. The study of social ecology aims to examine and predict whether agricultural development has complied with sustainable principles or, on the opposite, it leads toward an unsustainable manner. At a global level, agricultural policy or commodities policy is translated into a new measurement that has a potential impact on market access for several commodities. European Union introduces this measurement as European Green Deal, while the UK introduces a similar measurement and known as the environmental bill. Indonesian agricultural development history has marked the principles that have been in place affiliated with neo-liberal values and translates into over-exploitation to natural resources, environment, and local biodiversity. Review toward the existing agriculture policies that have been implemented nationwide and the existing requirements toward green economics principles are important for Indonesia, in particular, to measure the level of readiness to supply global with stringent standardization toward environment and biodiversity.

Counter Discourse on the Idea of Islamic State and Formalization of Religion in the Qur’anic Exegesis of KH. Abdurahman Wahid

This research discusses KH Abdurrahman Wahid’s Qur’anic interpretation written in his articles around the 2002–2003 period. Initial studies of the text show that Gus Dur was only active in elaborating the Qur’anic verses in his articles after he stepped down from the president and Chairman of the PBNU. This initial observation then raised questions regarding his lack of interpretation during Orde Baru (New Order), primarily when he served as Chairman of PBNU. Thus, what context finally made Gus Dur want to include the interpretation of the Qur’an in his article? This paper answers these questions using a descriptive-interpretive method. The theory used is the critical discourse analysis by Teun A. Van Dijk, which contains three steps, namely text analysis, personal and social cognition, and context. Furthermore, the results reveal that: (1) there is a discourse contest in the democratic transition period between those who are pro with an Islamic state and those against it; (2) Gus Dur positioned himself as a party against the idea of an Islamic state. It happened when Gus Dur used the verses of the Qur’an to strengthen his argument; (3) Gus Dur’s interpretation which prioritizes the principle of humanity and can reach a wider audience, has implications indirectly for the development of the interpretation of the Qur’an in Indonesia.

Seni Lukis Bali Dari Perspektif Modernisasi


 
 
 One of the strategic attitudes toward development, in order to increase its improvement by arrangement of comprehensive planning, by considering potency as multi sector development concept is the development of art that is taken for consideration. The development of art in Bali nowadays is closely related to the historic movement of Indonesian art, pioneering era Raden Saleh (1807-1880), Hindia Jelita era (1908-1937), and Pita Maha era (1930s). In the Pita Maha era, there occurred a combinatioan between the modern west esthetic and classical Bali esthetic that based on Hindu religion. The modern esthetic was brought to Bali by western artist R. Bonnet and W. Spiese, merging with the classical esthetic which bearing aperiod of art in Bali that is known as Seni Lukis Bali Modern (Bali Modern Art Painting) The period is also the beginning of Modern Art in Bali. Academic movement in the field of art exist in 1950 is an attitude toward renewal expansion within expression. During the orde baru government in 1966, various styles of modern art come into elaboration, moreover by the graduations of many academic artists. 
 
 

Literature and Its Learning in the Perspective of Curriculum Development History

The present work aimed at exploring (1) the condition of Indonesian literature and its learning in the curriculum development perspective, (2) the past and the current learning orientation, (2) Indonesian literature learning in multiculturalism perspectives, and (3) efforts to accentuate a liberating, literary education and learning concept. In this qualitative descriptive research, all data were collected from documentation, observation, and interview. The results showed that: First, in the old order (Orde Lama), literature education was a separate subject before being integrated into the Indonesian language subject since the New Order (Orde Baru). Theoretical knowledge has long been emphasized in literature learning. To this day, literature education has focused on the creation and preservation of the culture of silence. Educators (teachers) have been plagued by being powerless and unable to express themselves. As a result, the teachers opt to remain silent, but they are trapped in a situation of being alienated from reality. Second, Indonesian literature learning, from the perspective of structuralism, indicates plurality embedded in the core of the Indonesian literary works that covers the aspects of culture, language, themes, and pronunciation. Third, efforts to accentuate a liberating, literary education and learning concept can be made through (i) writing, reading, and interpreting the literary works, the involvement of litterateurs in extracurricular activities (teaching and learning of literature), and (iii) taking advantages potential texts containing the socio-cultural concept of literature, and (iv) referring to the original principle of literature education.