Growth Of Orchids Research Articles

A review on endophytic bacteria of orchids: functional roles toward synthesis of bioactive metabolites for plant growth promotion and disease biocontrol.

In this review, we have discussed the untapped potential of orchid endophytic bacteria as a valuable reservoir of bioactive metabolites, offering significant contributions to plant growth promotion and disease protection in the context of sustainable agriculture. Orchidaceae is one of the broadest and most diverse flowering plant families on Earth. Although the relationship between orchids and fungi is well documented, bacterial endophytes have recently gained attention for their roles in host development, vigor, and as sources of novel bioactive compounds. These endophytes establish mutualistic relationships with orchids, influencing plant growth, mineral solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and protection from environmental stress and phytopathogens. Current research on orchid-associated bacterial endophytes is limited, presenting significant opportunities to discover new species or genetic variants that improve host fitness and stress tolerance. The potential for extracting bioactive compounds from these bacteria is considerable, and optimization strategies for their sustainable production could significantly enhance their commercial utility. This review discusses the methods used in isolating and identifying endophytic bacteria from orchids, their diversity and significance in promoting orchid growth, and the production of bioactive compounds, with an emphasis on their potential applications in sustainable agriculture and other sectors.

Diversity of unique, nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi in cultivated Phalaenopsis orchids: A pilot study.

Orchids comprise one of the largest, most diverse, and most broadly distributed families of flowering plants and contribute significantly to habitat biodiversity. One key aspect of orchid growth and development is the formation of mycorrhizal symbioses with compatible endophytic fungi, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant. Substantial efforts to identify the fungi that form mycorrhizal symbioses across a range of orchid species have often also uncovered numerous nonmycorrhizal, endophytic fungi. These fungi could also have significant effects on orchid growth and development and are beginning to be analyzed more closely, particularly in wild species. The role of endophytic fungi in the production, distribution, and continued growth by the hobbyist of orchids is not known. As an initial step toward characterizing nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi associated with cultivated orchids, we undertook a survey of fungi residing within roots of Phalaenopsis plants growing in home environments. Sequence analysis of ITS regions amplified from total DNA isolated from roots allowed rapid identification of endophytic fungi to the class level and may offer a useful initial screening method for beneficial species, for example, in horticultural settings. ITS-PCR sequences subsequently obtained from individual fungi cultured from surface-sterilized orchid roots corroborated the findings of the initial screen, while also providing a more complete characterization of the array of fungal taxa that were present. Although lower in diversity than has been reported for orchids growing in the wild, these endophytes have the potential to substantially enhance the growth and disease resistance of horticultural orchids.

The Impact of Music on Orchid plants Growth in Polyhouse Environments

Nature and music, two seemingly disparate elements of human experience, are deeply interconnected in ways that resonate across cultures and time. Both evoke emotions, stir the soul, and inspire creativity, offering profound insights into the human condition and our relationship with the world around us. In essence, nature and music are two expressions of the same universal impulse—the longing to connect with something greater than ourselves, to find beauty and meaning in the world around us. Whether we're listening to the songs of birds at dawn or the symphonies of Beethoven, we are reminded of our place in the vast tapestry of creation, where every note, every sound, is a testament to the wonder and mystery of existence. By carefully considering the environmental factors and designing experiments that account for them, researchers can gain a better understanding of how music influences plant growth and optimize its use in agricultural and horticultural practices. This research paper investigates the potential effects of music on orchid growth within polyhouse environments. Orchids are renowned for their delicate beauty and are cultivated worldwide, often in controlled environments like polyhouses. While studies have explored the influence of various environmental factors on orchid growth, the impact of music remains relatively unexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by examining how exposure to music may affect the growth, development, and overall health of orchids in polyhouse conditions. The research employs a combination of experimental methods, including controlled trials, measurements of plant growth parameters, and analysis of physiological indicators. Additionally, the study considers factors such as the type of music, frequency, volume, and duration of exposure. The findings of this research contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between plants and their acoustic environment, with potential implications for optimizing orchid cultivation practices in polyhouse settings.

The structure and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the roots and rhizosphere soil of three different species of Geodorum

Shepherd's crook (Geodorum) is a genus of protected orchids that are valuable both medicinally and ornamentally. Geodorum eulophioides (GE) is an endangered and narrowly distributed species, and Geodorum densiflorum (GD) and Geodorum attenuatum (GA) are widespread species. The growth of orchids depend on microorganisms. However, there are few studies on the microbial structure in Geodorum, and little is known about the roles of microorganisms in the endangered mechanism of G. eulophioides. This study analyzed the structure and composition of bacterial and fungal communities in the roots and rhizosphere soil of GE, GD, and GA. The results showed that Delftia, Bordetella and norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae were the dominant bacteria in the roots of Geodorum, while norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae, Gaiella and norank_f_norank_o_Gaiellales were the dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Geodorum. In the roots, the proportion of Mycobacterium in GD_roadside was higher than that in GD_understory, on the contrary, the proportion of Fusarium, Delftia and Bordetella in GD_roadside was lower than that in GD_understory. Compared with the GD_understory, the roots of GD_roadside had lower microbial diversity. In the endangered species GE, Russula was the primary fungus in the roots and rhizosphere soil, with fungal diversity lower than in the more widespread species. Among the widespread species, the dominant fungal genera in the roots and rhizosphere soil were Neocosmospora, Fusarium and Coprinopsis. This study enhances our understanding of microbial composition and diversity, providing fundamental information for future research on microbial contributions to plant growth and ecosystem function in Geodorum.

Ceratobasidium sp isolates from native orchid species of Western Ghats, India support enhanced growth of Phalaenopsis hybrid seedlings

Mycorrhiza-assisted cultivation of orchid seedlings has immense potential for enhanced growth and adaptability of orchids to facilitate conservation and cultivation with minimum application of nutrients and plant protection chemicals. Phalaenopsis hybrids are highly attractive and cultivated mostly as potted orchid plants and are prone to several fungal pathogens. The present study evaluates the effect of 4 orchid symbionts in combination with NPK fertilizer on the seedling growth of symbiotic seedlings of Phalaenopsis white and day-star hybrids under ex-vitro conditions. Four fungal isolates viz., Ceratobasidium_Wyd2 (MW595786; MTCC13384), Ceratobasidium_Idk (MW595787: MTCC13383), Ceratobasidium_Vs1 (OL374050; MTCC13377) and Ceratobasidium _Vs2 (OL374052: MTCC13378) grown on sterilized coir pith medium for 10 days and were transferred onto earthen pots for planting of seedlings. One-year-old seedlings used for the study possessed an average 2.70 g fresh weight. On conclusion of the experiment, after 6 months, the seedlings of day-star hybrid grown in the presence of both fungus and NPK fertilizer exhibited enhanced growth compared to either of them applied individually. The highest weight gain was supported by VS1 (12.4±1.8 g) followed by VS2 (10.7± 4.6 g) and Wyd2 (9.8±1.7 g). Those fungi also supported appreciable growth individually, giving 6.5±3.1, 6.9±2.2, and 6.5±0.8 g weight gain respectively. If the nutrient alone was applied, the weight gain was very low (2.8±0.9 g) nearly equal to control (1.8±1.8 g) without having fungi or nutrients. The mycorrhizae re-isolated from the roots of seedlings exhibiting enhanced growth were confirmed as Vs1 and Vs2 through sequencing of the ITS region. Formulation of a potting medium including Ceratobasidium species isolates VS1 and VS2 is thus possible to grow Phalaenopsis seedlings to get enhanced growth.

Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Microorganisms from Orchids for A Sustainable Agriculture

Conventional agriculture practice has heavily relied on chemical fertilizers to increase crop yield. However, long-term application of chemical fertilizers carries tremendous negative impact on the environment and is unsustainable. Hence, the search for an alternative source of fertilizers is required. Orchids are flowers and can be found in tropical countries. The growth and development of orchids are closely tied to the presence of plant growth promoting endophytic microorganisms (PGPM). PGPM harbours various beneficial traits such as potassium and phosphorus solubilization and indole acetic acid and siderophore production which enhance and support plant growth and development. This review article showed that PGPM isolated from orchids could be utilized in conventional agriculture to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizer.

Perbandingan Kualitas Pot Hitam dan Softpot Terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Anggrek Dendrobium sonia ersakul

The aim of this research is to compare the quality of black pots and soft pots on the vegetative growth of the Dendrobium sonia ersakul orchid. The method used was perfect randomization with one treatment, namely black pot and soft pot. Data analysis used a two-way t-test at the 5% level. The results of the research show that using different types of pots can make a real difference to the parameters of plant height, length of shoots and number of new roots, but does not make a real difference to root length. The difference in the quality of the two pots is influenced by the level of water supply to the plant, plant drainage, and the level of oxygen absorption in the roots. Keywords: Dendrobium Orchid, Vegetative Growth, Black Pot, Softpot

Identification of Orchid Plants Species in the East Tomohon Forest Area

Orchids which belong to the Orchidaceae family, are popular ornamental plants that are loved by many people. It is estimated that there are around 5,000 species of orchids in Indonesia. Orchids live in various habitats including epiphytic, terrestrial, lithophytic, and saprophytic. Environmental factors such as temperature, air humidity, soil pH, and light intensity can affect the growth, development, and spread of orchids. Tomohon City is known as one of Indonesia's largest flower producers, one of that is orchids. In the East Tomohon forest area, various types of orchids were found, but the types of orchids that grow have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of orchids that grow in the East Tomohon forest area based on their morphology. The identification of orchid plants is done by observing the morphological characteristics of the shape of leaves, roots, stems, colors, and flower shapes in detail so that their taxonomy can be known. The research was conducted on August 5-19, 2022 using the cruising method (exploratory survey) the acquisition of data was analyzed descriptively. The results of research on Orchid Plant Species in the East Tomohon Forest Area found 192 individuals consisting of 10 orchid species, 4 species are terrestrial orchids, they are Calanthe tripilcata (18), Nervilia aragoana (13), Phaius thankervilleae (21), Vanda sp. (25), and 6 species are epiphytic orchids, they are Coelogyne asperata (16), Coelogyne pandurata (17), Cattleya sp. (21), Dendrobium crumenatum, Oncidium ornithorhynchum (18), Phalaenopsis amabilis (27).

Effectiveness of Eco Enzyme for Inducing Flower Growth in Dendrobium Sonia-ersakul Orchids

Orchid plants are ornamental plants with various shapes, colors, and sizes, exhibiting unique characteristics that make them a special attraction for enthusiasts of ornamental plants. Among them is the Dendrobium orchid, which belongs to the genus of orchids known for its diverse types and beauty. Enhancing the growth and quality of Dendrobium Sonia-ersakul orchid flowers can be achieved through proper fertilization. The fertilizer in this research is derived from liquid organic fertilizer, Eco Enzyme. This research aims to assess the impact of Eco Enzyme on the induction of flowering growth in Dendrobium orchids. This research was carried out at CV Candi Orchid, 17 Bukit Unggul Raya Street, Semarang, over three months, from May to July 2023. The research design employed in this research is the two-tailed t-test research method, which includes a control group and an experimental group treated with 0.2% Eco Enzyme. There were two combinations, with each treatment comprising six replicates. The measured variables included the number of roots, root length, buds, and panicles. The outcomes indicated that the application of Eco Enzyme led to a significant increase in the number of panicles compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed in root length, the number of new roots, or the number of buds when Eco Enzyme was applied.

Potential of Ecoenzymes and N2 Nanobubbles on the Growth of Phalaenopsis sp. Orchid at the Acclimatization Stage

Growth is a quantitative change during one plant’s life cycle and is irreversible.withaddition An in crease the volume or dry weight of plants or other organs is due to the adding, of new structural elements. Phalaenopsis (moth orchid) is a genus of orchids appeal. The diversity of colors, shapes, and textures, as well as its aroma, make Phalaenopsis orchids one of the charming flowers of Indonesia. Ecoenzyme is a solution of complex organic substances produced from the fermentation of organic residues, sugar, and water. Nanobubbles (NBs) are an example of nanotechnology. NBs have a diameter of 1-100 nm and are nanoscopic gas bubbles in a solution or water that can change the characteristics of water and are stable. This study aims to determine the potential of giving Ecoenzyme and NBs N2 on the growth of Phalaenopsis orchids during the acclimatization stage. This research was conducted from October to December 2022 at the Orchidology and Nursery Laboratory, Islamic University of Malang. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments, namely 0 mL/L (control), 1 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 2 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 3 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 4 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 4 combination NBs N2 and Ecoenzymes, and 5 mL NBs N2 with 3 replications, making a total of 30 treatment units. The research parameters included the number of leaves, leaf length, number of roots, root length, plant height, fresh weight, and plant dry weight. The results of this study showed that the treatment of 3 mL/L Ecoenzyme showed potential in increasing the number of leaves by 4 pieces: at the same time the optimal concentration of the combination of Ecoenzyme and NBs was 2 mL/L plus 5 mL NBs N2 in increasing the number of roots by 10 pieces, and the optimal concentration of NBs was 5 mL in increasing the root length by 7.07 cm, plant height by 17.10 cm leaf. length, plant weight by 4.16 g and dry weight by 0.85 g in Phalaenopsis orchids.

Crescimento vegetativo de Phalaenopsis sp. híbrido (Moon Orchid) em resposta à intensidade luminosa e concentração de fertilizantes

Abstract Orchid plants are one of the most popular floral decorative plants. Among the several species of orchids, Phalaenopsis sp. or moon orchid is popular because of its distinctive color, shape, and size. However, orchids have a slow growth rate due to their long juvenile phase; thus, culture technique modification is required to boost their growth, i.e., shading and fertilizer application. This research was carried out to obtain the best shade percentage and fertilizer concentration to increase the growth of moon orchid. The experiment was conducted from June to December 2022 at the greenhouse of Bale Tatanan Padjadjaran, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. The experiment used a split-plot design of eight shade and fertilizer treatments. The plants were cultivated in two shading intensities, namely 60% and 70%, then treated with four different complete foliar fertilizer compound concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 g L-1). The results showed that 60% shade combined with 2 g L-1 of foliar fertilizer significantly increased the leaf area and root length, whereas 70% shade combined with 4 g L-1 significantly increased the leaf area, root number and CCI of moon orchid.

Respon Pertumbuhan Anggrek Dendrobium Fase Seedling terhadap Variasi Jenis Media Tanam

Orchids are ornamental plants that are very popular with the public and consist of many types of orchids. The aim of this research is to find out how various types of planting media influence the growth of dendrobium orchids. This study was conducted for three months, from May to July 2023. The research used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of three different types of planting media, namely: M1 (kadaka roots); M2 (wood charcoal); and M3 (Sphagnum moss). Data analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA and the Lowest Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results of the analysis show that there are differences in the types of planting media used to plant kadaka roots, Sphagnum moss, and wood charcoal. In the planting medium, kadaka roots grow well with high variable stem growth. In the Sphagnum moss planting medium, it gave the best growth in the shoot height increase variable, while in the wood charcoal planting medium it did not show suboptimal growth in terms of stem height, stem diameter, shoot height and number of roots. Sphagnum moss planting medium provides the best growth for increasing shoot height.

Growth of Black Orchids (Coelogyne Pandurata Lindl) with Additional Ecoenzyme Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Biostimulant of Cengkodok Leaf Extract

Acclimatization of black orchid plantlets (Coleogyne pandurata Lindl.) with cengkodok leaf extract biostimulant treatment has been successfully carried out, but still have slow growth. To support growth and development at the enlargement stage, cultivated orchids need to be given eco enzyme liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from various sources of organic matter. Provision of ecoenzyme LOF combined with biostimulant 20 mg/l of Cengkodok leaf extract to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. The aim of the research was to find the best type and concentration of LOF for the growth of black orchids at the enlargement stage. The study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors namely type of LOF (ecoenzyme (ee) LOF from vegetable and fruit waste, ee LOF from pineapple peel waste, and "NASA" LOF) and . the POC concentration (0; 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 ml/l). The results showed that the single treatment of ee LOF significantly effected the number of leaves and the number of black orchid tillers, while the single treatment of ee LOF concentration had an effect on the parameters of height, number of leaves, number of tillers and leaf area of black orchid. The parameter of chlorophyll content had no signifcant effect by the type and concentration of LOF. The largest leaf area was shown in the addition of ee LOF from vegetable and fruit waste at a concentration of 1 ml/l which was 11.88 cm2.

The Application of Table Sugar and Coconut Water to Enhance the Growth of Post-Acclimatized Moon Orchids (Phalaenopsis Hybrid)

Research on "The effect of giving granulated sugar and coconut water to increase the growth of moon orchids (Phalaenopsis hybrids)" was carried out from October 2022 to December 2022 at Sinoman Tempel, Sidorejo, Salatiga at an altitude of 500 meters above sea level. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of coconut water and granulated sugar on the growth of moon orchids (Phalaenopsis hybrids). The research method used was factorial with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors and including three replications. The data from this research were analyzed using the 5% BNJ test. The parameters observed included the number of Leaves at Last Time, Leaf Width, Leaf Length, Number of New Leaves, Root Length, and Live Percentage. There are two research factors, namely coconut water concentration treatment (A) and granulated sugar (B). The results of this study show that 1) Giving coconut water concentrate affects the number of leaves, leaf width, root length and live percentage; 2) Giving granulated sugar treatment has a significant effect on root length and live percentage; 3) The interaction between coconut water concentrate and granulated sugar has an effect on root length, number of recent leaves, and leaf width. 4) Providing the best treatment in the treatment of 75 ml/L coconut water concentrate and 30 gr granulated sugar, which has an effect on the parameters of root length, number of leaves, and survival percentage.

Clonal propagation and hardening of epiphytic orchids (Aerides multiflora and Rhyncostylis retusa) for sustainable conservation and utilization

The study involves devising an efficient method for in vitro protocorm-based plant production, as well as ex vitro establishment of Aerides multiflora and Rhynchostylis retusa. Both the orchids fall prey to the unscrupulous collection from the wild as they are widely used in the traditional medicinal system. Tissue culture technology can be effectively used for mass production of both the orchid species if the planned methodology is used for transplanting the regenerated plantlets into field conditions. MS medium supplemented with natural additives proved to be most optimal for protocorm development from seed explants (giving an average of 94 % to 97 % germination) and further multiplication while Mitra medium was best suited for complete plantlet regeneration from cultured protocorms. In A. multiflora an average of 3.33 shoots and 2.67 roots per protocorm, and in R. retusa mean number of 4.33 shoots and 3.10 roots per protocorm could be obtained on Mitra medium. Tissue culture raised plantlets of both the orchids were hardened in vitro and then shifted under polyhouse conditions. Peat moss, coconut husk, bark shavings, charcoal, and brick pieces, in varying combinations, were tried for optimal growth. Based on the best plantlet survival rate, 90 % in A. multiflora and 100 % in R. retusa, the growth medium combination of peat moss with charcoal, and bark shavings was selected to be the most optimal for orchid growth when kept at a temperature of 25–30 °C, relative humidity 60–70 %, and periodic watering only to avoid drying. The standardized methodology can be utilized for the field plantation of these two important orchids as a means of conservation and propagation strategy.

The Effect of Growmore and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentrations on The Growth of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti Orchid In-Vitro

The increase in production of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti orchids by in vitro culture is to produce numerous and uniform seedlings. This study aimed to determine the effect of Growmore and BAP concentrations on the growth of orchid plantlets. The experiment consisted of two factors namely Growmore concentration (0; 3; 6; 9 ppm), and BAP concentrations (0; 1; 3; 5 ppm). The factors combination on ½ MS media was repeated 3 times and obtained 48 experimental units. Observation parameters included the percentage of live plantlets, number of roots, number of leaves, plant height (cm), and wet weight of plantlets (g). Results showed that a Growmore concentration of 3 ppm had a significant effect on the number of roots and plant height at 4.36 units and 4.17 cm. BAP concentration of 3 ppm also had a significant effect on the number of roots, plant height, and wet weight of respectively 4.72 units, 3.22 cm, and 0.63 g. A combination of Growmore 3 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest percentage of live planets at 100% and plant height at 7.37 cm, Growmore 9 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest number of roots at 6.33 units and Growmore 6 ppm + BAP 3 ppm produced the largest number of leaves at 8.78 strands. Keywords: BAP, Dendrobium bigiante, Growmore.

Increased relative humidity in the dry season during stomata opening promotes growth, leaf area, and biomass of CAM orchid: Dendrobium Sonia ‘Earsakul’

Dendrobium cut-flower producers commonly employ sprinkler systems with high water consumption. Our study aimed to identify a more water-efficient irrigation method for orchids. Specifically, we investigated the optimal timing of water application during a day in the dry season, intending to minimize water usage. The research used a 3x2x2 completely randomized factorial design, factoring in the times of the day for irrigation (dawn, morning, and evening), the type of sprinkler head (standard or large vs. mini), and the duration of irrigation (6 minutes vs. 4 minutes). The study revealed that adjusting these factors could reduce the standard water volume used by 30 to 60% without negatively affecting the orchids’ growth or flower quality. Over five months of testing various irrigation techniques, metrics such as the height of the front pseudobulb, leaf count on the front pseudobulb, total leaf number per plant, pseudobulb count, and inflorescence quality (like length, number of flowers, and vase life) remained consistent across different methods. A notable discovery was that irrigating at either dawn or evening using a standard-sized sprinkler led to higher fresh and dry leaf weights and a greater leaf area than morning irrigation. Impressively, these results were observed even when the irrigation time was reduced to just 4 minutes, a 30% reduction from typical water usage. In summary, our research suggests that during the dry season, Dendrobium orchid growers can potentially reduce irrigation water usage by 30% without sacrificing the growth or quality of their plants.

Micropropagation of Bulbophyllum Orchids

Abstract— Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) is recognized as the largest genus of orchids in the world. Bulbophyllum is a popular orchid by its unique flowers and its benefits. Although Bulbophyllum is a large genus, research on in vitro propagation of orchids from this genus is still limited. This article aims to examine the micropropagation of several Bulbophyllum species to determine the affecting factor for the propagation of Bulbophyllum orchids. A systematic Literature Review (SLR) uses in this paper. The micropropagation of Bulbophyllum have studied in B.auricomum, B. fascinator, B. macrantum, B. phalaenopsis, B. lasianthum B. odoratissimum B. niphondii, B. dhaninivatii, B. lilacinum, B. echinolabium, B. putidum and B. plumatum. The use of appropriate media can increase the growth of orchids. The addition of growth regulators and/or organic compounds to a suitable basal medium can be a way to find a suitable medium for orchid growth. Acclimatization should be conducted on plantlets with healthy roots. The appropriate acclimatization media can increase the survival rate of orchid seedlings.

Isolation of Tulasnella spp. from Cultivated Paphiopedilum Orchids and Screening of Germination-Enhancing Fungi.

Ex situ conservation, an important way to increase the survival and sustainability of endangered species, is widely used in the conservation of endangered orchids. However, long-term ex situ conservation might affect the dominant group of orchid symbiotic fungi, which are crucial for orchid growth and reintroduction. This study investigated the culturable Tulasnella spp. associated with Paphiopedilum orchids after long-term greenhouse cultivation, and identified germination-enhancing isolates. A total of 44 Tulasnella isolates were obtained from the roots of 14 Paphiopedilum spp., and 29 of them were selected for phylogenetic analysis. They clustered mainly with Tulasnella deliquescens, Tulasnella calospora, Tulasnella bifrons, and Tulasnella irregularis, but included two potential new groups. Compared with published uncultured data, most of the isolates were grouped together with the reported types, and the dominant Tulasnella associated with P. armeniacum and P. micranthum could still be isolated after ten years of cultivation, most of which were the first isolation. In vitro symbiotic germination showed that certain root isolates could promote seed germination (e.g., parm152 isolated from P. armeniacum, Php12 from P. hirsutissimum, and prhi68 from P. rhizomatosum). These data indicated that the dominant Tulasnella types colonizing the roots of cultivated Paphiopedilum are stable over time, and germination-enhancing fungi colonizing the roots would benefit for seed reproduction after population reintroduction into the wild.

Inventory of the Orchidaceae Family in Jorong Harapan Tinggam Community Forest Talamau Pasaman Barat District West Sumatera

Tinggam Community Forest is a highland tropical forest area in which many types of orchids are found. Orchids generally live as epiphytes, but there are also terrestrial ones. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of natural orchids found in the forest in the Jorong Harapan Tinggam Community Forest, Talamau District, West Pasaman Regency West Sumatera. The research method used is a descriptive survey using a roaming technique by tracing the forest from the outskirts to the forest as a whole. From the results of the study, it was found that there were 16 species, consisting of 13 epiphyte orchids, while the terrestrial orchids obtained were 3 species. The orchid species obtained were: Agrostophyllum lampongense Blume., Arundina graminifolia Hochr., Bulbophyllum sp., Bulbophyllum angustifolium Lindl., Bulbophyllum plavescens Blume., Coelogyne rochussenii Vriese., Cymbidium Rchb.fcrumenatum spp . dayanum De., Eria iridifolia Hook.F., Eria pilifera Ridley., Grammathophyllum speciosum Blume., Phaius tankervilleae Blume. Robiquatia spatulata Blume., Spathoglottis plicata Roxb., Thelasis carinata Blume. It can be concluded that the Jorong Harapan area is an ideal habitat for orchid growth.