Orchid Research Articles

Растения Красной книги России в коллекции флоры Кавказа ГБС РАН

For 77 years, 77 species included in the Red Book of Russia, that is, almost 15% of all species included in it, have been introduced at the exposition of the flora of the Caucasus of the Main Botanical Garden RAS. According to the results of the test, rare species were identified, the most promising for preservation in culture in the agro-climatic conditions of Moscow. The promising species are those confined to mountain forests, subalpine tall grass and intrazonal and riverine meadows of the Caucasus. Some of them are able to naturalize in the conditions of the Central part of Russia. Only if special agricultural techniques are observed, the species of alpine meadows and carpets, subalpine meadows, high-altitude rocks and scree, meadow-steppes, steppes and subtropical Colchian and Talysh forests are stable in Moscow. Rare species of arid habitats (upland xerophytes, arid woodlands) and thermophilic coastal plants are not promising for ex situ conservation. The majority of the studied species of the Orchidaceae family belong to the category of unstable, which is due to the difficulty of their cultivation. Keywords: RED BOOK OF RUSSIA, RARE PLANT SPECIES, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, CAUCASUS FLORA, MAIN BOTANICAL GARDEN, MOSCOW

Fusarium spp. Associated with Dendrobium officinale Dieback Disease in China

A rare plant species of the Orchidaceae family, Dendrobium officinale is considered among the top ten Chinese medicinal herbs for its polysaccharide. Since 2021, when the dieback disease of D. officinale was first reported in Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China, Fusarium isolates (number = 152) were obtained from 70 plants in commercial greenhouses. The disease incidence ranged from 40% to 60% in the surveyed areas. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) coupled with morphological characterization revealed that the collected isolates belonged to five species (sp.), viz., Fusarium concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, F. curvatum, and F. stilboides, with isolation frequencies of 34.6%, 22.3%, 18.4%, 13.8%, and 10.5%, respectively. Notably, at least two Fusarium species were simultaneously isolated and identified from the infected plants. Finally, the pathogenicity test results demonstrated that such species were responsible for the dieback disease of D. officinale. However, F. concentricum and F. fujikuroi were more invasive compared to the other species in this study. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study was the first report of F. concentricum, F. curvatum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, and F. stilboides causing the dieback disease of D. officinale in China and worldwide. This work provides valuable data about the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium populations, which will help in formulating effective strategies and policies for better control of the dieback disease.

Differential expression of ethylene biosynthetic and receptor genes in pollination-induced senescence of Dendrobium flowers

Following successful pollination, Dendrobium orchid flowers rapidly undergo senescence. In Dendrobium cv. Khao Chaimongkol, compatible pollination resulted in faster ethylene production and more rapid development of senescence symptoms, such as drooping, epinasty, venation and yellowing, compared with non-pollinated controls or pollination with incompatible pollinia. The DenACS1 and DenACO1 genes in the perianth of florets that had been pollinated with compatible pollinia were expressed more highly than those in non-pollinated open florets. Incompatible pollinia reduced the expression of DenACS1 and DenACO1 genes in the perianth. Transcript levels of the ethylene receptor gene DenERS1 and signaling genes DenEIL1 and DenERF1 showed differential spatial regulation with greater expression in the perianth than in the column plus ovary following compatible pollination. Compatible pollinia increased ethylene production concomitant with premature senescence and the increased expression of the DenACS1 and DenACO1 genes, and suppressed the ethylene receptor gene DenERS1, whereas incompatible pollinia did not stimulate ethylene production nor induce premature senescence but induced higher expression of DenERS1 both in the perianth and in the column plus ovary. These results suggest that the increased ethylene production in open florets pollinated with compatible pollen was partially due to an increase in the expression of DenACS1 and DenACO1 genes. The compatible pollinia induced a negative regulation of DenERS1 which may play an important role in ethylene perception and in modulating ethylene signaling transduction during pollinia-induced flower senescence.

Aspectos comportamentais dos machos de abelhas euglossíneas da região cacaueira da Bahia

This work investigated the behavior of euglossine males from the cacao region of Bahia, related the studied group to the environment to evaluate a sampling method and identify possible sources of subjectivity in the interpretation of results related to the ecology of these bees. The study area lies between the coordinates 14o36'0" S; 39o17'0" W e 15o18'0" S, 39o5'00" W. covering Ilhéus, Itabuna, Una and Uruçuca. Bees were collected from February to April 2000, attracted with essences (cineole 1.8, methyl salicylate, benzyl acetate, eugenol and vanillin) in traps 1.3 m from the ground and placed 5 to 10 m apart. These areas were sampled for two hours on sunny mornings. The results show the period of greatest activity - 9:00 to 11:00; Existence of competition between species, possibly for territory and odorous resource, which may result in underestimation of abundance and richness; The number of individuals collected with pollinaria attached to the body, in March, indicates the orchid flowering period. In December and March, there was greater abundance and richness of euglosine males, coinciding with the peak of orchid abundance. Interiors of forests and extensive fragments, with preserved canopy and complex matrix were the most preferred environments by euglossine males.

Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z.Tang et S.J.Cheng: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology.

Dendrobium huoshanense, a traditional medicinal and food homologous plant, belongs to the family Orchidaceae and has a long history of medicinal use. It is reported that the stem of D. huoshanense has a variety of bioactive ingredients such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, phenols, etc. These bioactive ingredients make D. huoshanense remarkable for its pharmacological effects on anti-tumor, immunomodulation, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticataract activities. In recent years, its rich pharmacological activities have attracted extensive attention. However, there is no systematic review focusing on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of D. huoshanense. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize current research on the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of D. huoshanense. This study provides valuable references and promising ideas for further investigations of D. huoshanense.

Evident experimental data of Habenaria longicorniculata J Graham on Cell mediated immunity - Promising source of Herbal immunomodulator

Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham from family Orchidaceae, are tuberous herbs, widely used by traditional physicians in the treatment of malignancy as a rejuvenator, immune boosters. Protocol designed to evaluate its In-vivo Immunomodulatory activity by cell mediated immunity. Materials and methods: Tubers were collected, cleaned, used for further study. In-vivo Immunomodulatory activity on rats for Assessment of immunity by Cell mediated Immunity, conducted as per the standard protocol. Results: Analysis of the results of the study indicates that the test drug Tubers possesses very good immunological oedema suppression effect. Immunological oedema, represent expression of cell mediated immunity hence based on the results obtained these proved as best immunomodulators..

Photocatalytic Activity of Orchid-Flower-Shaped ZnO Nanoparticles, toward Cationic and Anionic Dye Degradation under Visible Light, and Its Anti-Cancer Potential

Orchid-flower-shaped ZnO nanomaterials were successfully synthesized via green synthesis and an eco-friendly approach using an aqueous extract of Lycium chinense fruit as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized Lycium chinense orchid-flower-shaped ZnO (LC-ZnO/OF) nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using different analytical methods through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). The FE-TEM analysis revealed the orchid flower shape of the nanoparticles, and the elemental composition was confirmed via XPS analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was determined by the degrading cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and the anionic dye Eosin Y (EY) under visible light irradiation at (400 w) within 180 min time, where it showed a significant ability to degrade both cationic and anionic dye by almost 50%. The LC-ZnO/OF photocatalyst was also used to check the toxicity level in human cancer cells, where it exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity to the human lung cancer (A549 cell line) and human gastric adenocarcinoma hyperdiploid (AGS cell line). The present investigation suggests that LC-ZnO/OF has the potential photocatalytic ability to degrade toxic dye as well as have anti-cancer effects. These preliminary results suggest that LC-ZnO/OF could have a significant impact on the environmental and biomedical fields.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of orchid family species Paphiopedilum bellatulum

The genus Paphiopedilum is well known as the lady’s slipper orchid in Orchidaceae family. Paphiopedilum bellatulum (Rchb.f.) Stein 1892, has important medicinal and ornamental value, which occurs in the tropical Asia. However, in recent decades, it was threatened with extinction by significantly reduced small population size. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of P. bellatulum based on the Illumina Hiseq platform. The size of P. bellatulum chloroplast genome was 156,567 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,243 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 3652 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 32,336 bp. The overall GC contents of the chloroplast genome were 35.71%. A total of 122 genes were annotated, including 76 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and eight ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. bellatulum formed a close relationship with another Paphiopedilum species P. wenshanense. The results will provide helpful genetic resource for further phylogenetic studies of the genus Paphiopedilum.

Analisis kandungan klorofil pada familia orchidaceae terhadap cekaman kekeringan

Family Orchidaceae has 25.000 to 30.000 species which are divided into 5 subfamilies. Moon orchids and earth orchids are examples of plants from the Orchidaceae family. Orchid cooperatives in Indonesia have high economic value. In the cultivation of orchids, there are obstacles that occur, namely drought which can inhibit growth. Drought stress causes a slow increase in leaf area and affects stomata or photosynthesis which can reduce the speed of plant productivity. Drought stress control can be done by using superior varieties that are resistant to drought serum by adding a compound to the growing media. The purpose of the journal review is to determine the types of compounds that can be used for plants to be resistant to drought stress in the Orchidaceae family. The results of a review of several journals showed that PEG 6000 compounds and growth regulators (ZPT) could increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in plantlets which decreased under drought stress conditions

Soil Microbial Communities Affect the Growth and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. is a perennial herb belonging to the Orchidaceae family. Its tubers are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gastric ulcers, inflammation, silicosis tuberculosis, and pneumogastric hemorrhage. It has been reported that different soil types can affect the growth of B. striata and the accumulation of secondary metabolites in its tubers, but the biological mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In this study, we compared agronomic traits and the accumulation of secondary metabolites (extractum, polysaccharide, total phenol, militarine) in B. striata grown in sandy loam or sandy clay soil. In addition, we compared physicochemical properties and microbial communities between the two soil types. In pot experiments, we tested how irradiating soil or transplanting microbiota from clay or loam into soil affected B. striata growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites. The results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay soils differed significantly in their physicochemical properties as well as in the structure and composition of their microbial communities. Sandy loam soil had higher pH, SOM, SOC, T-Ca, T-N, T-Mg, T-Mn, T-Zn, A-Ca, A-Mn, and A-Cu than sandy clay soil, but significantly lower T-P, T-K, T-Fe, and A-P content. Sandy loam soil showed 7.32% less bacterial diversity based on the Shannon index, 19.59% less based on the Ace index, and 24.55% less based on the Chao index. The first two components of the PCoA explained 74.43% of the variation in the bacterial community (PC1 = 64.92%, PC2 = 9.51%). Similarly, the first two components of the PCoA explained 58.48% of the variation in the fungal community (PC1 = 43.67%, PC2 = 14.81%). The microbiome associated with sandy clay soil can promote the accumulation of militarine in B. striata tubers, but it inhibits the growth of B. striata. The accumulation of secondary metabolites such as militarine in B. striata was significantly higher in sandy clay than in sandy loam soil. Conversely, B. striata grew better in sandy loam soil. The microbiome associated with sandy loam soil can promote the growth of B. striata, but it reduces the accumulation of militarine in B. striata tubers. Pot experiment results further confirmed that the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as militarine was higher in soil transplanted with loam microbiota than in soil transplanted with clay microbiota. These results may help guide efforts to improve B. striata yield and its accumulation of specific secondary metabolites.

Species-Specific Gene Expansion of the Cellulose synthase Gene Superfamily in the Orchidaceae Family and Functional Divergence of Mannan Synthesis-Related Genes in Dendrobium officinale.

Plant Cellulose synthase genes constitute a supergene family that includes the Cellulose synthase (CesA) family and nine Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) families, the members of which are widely involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, little is known about the Cellulose synthase superfamily in the family Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of angiosperms. In the present study, we identified and systematically analyzed the CesA/Csl family members in three fully sequenced Orchidaceae species, i.e., Dendrobium officinale, Phalaenopsis equestris, and Apostasia shenzhenica. A total of 125 Cellulose synthase superfamily genes were identified in the three orchid species and classified into one CesA family and six Csl families: CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslG, and CslH according to phylogenetic analysis involving nine representative plant species. We found species-specific expansion of certain gene families, such as the CslAs in D. officinale (19 members). The CesA/Csl families exhibited sequence divergence and conservation in terms of gene structure, phylogeny, and deduced protein sequence, indicating multiple origins via different evolutionary processes. The distribution of the DofCesA/DofCsl genes was investigated, and 14 tandemly duplicated genes were detected, implying that the expansion of DofCesA/DofCsl genes may have originated via gene duplication. Furthermore, the expression profiles of the DofCesA/DofCsl genes were investigated using transcriptome sequencing and quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, which revealed functional divergence in different tissues and during different developmental stages of D. officinale. Three DofCesAs were highly expressed in the flower, whereas DofCslD and DofCslC family genes exhibited low expression levels in all tissues and at all developmental stages. The 19 DofCslAs were differentially expressed in the D. officinale stems at different developmental stages, among which six DofCslAs were expressed at low levels or not at all. Notably, two DofCslAs (DofCslA14 and DofCslA15) showed significantly high expression in the stems of D. officinale, indicating a vital role in mannan synthesis. These results indicate the functional redundancy and specialization of DofCslAs with respect to polysaccharide accumulation. In conclusion, our results provide insights into the evolution, structure, and expression patterns of CesA/Csl genes and provide a foundation for further gene functional analysis in Orchidaceae and other plant species.

A Pharmacological Review on Orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Doon) Soo

In The family Orchidaceae, The plant Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo, is recognized worldwide for its multi-fold benefits. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo Traditionally it used to cure various diseases like dysentery, diarrhoea, chronic fever, cough, stomach-ache, wounds, cuts, burns, fractures, general weakness. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Doon) Soo frequently known as Hatajari and Salampanja in the region of Himalaya. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Doon) Soo is a terrestrial orchid found in moderate climate in the alpine and sub-alpine region Indian Himalaya from 2800-4200 m above from sea level its Occurrence also present in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan In India, it predominantly found in region of Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Doon) Soo is collected chaotically from nature due to its high economic demand. the plant consist of different active compound which are responsible for various activity attributed on the plant. the present review emphasis on pharmacological activity of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Doon) Soo which is establish by different authors.

Deep Feature Extraction for Cymbidium Species Classification Using Global–Local CNN

Cymbidium is the most famous and widely distributed type of plant in the Orchidaceae family. It has extremely high ornamental and economic value. With the continuous development of the Cymbidium industry in recent years, it has become increasingly difficult to classify, identify, develop, and utilize orchids. In this study, a classification model GL-CNN based on a convolutional neural network was proposed to solve the problem of Cymbidium classification. First, the image set was expanded by four methods (mirror rotation, salt-and-pepper noise, image sharpening, and random angle flip), and then a cascade fusion strategy was used to fit the multiscale features obtained from the two branches. Comparing the performance of GL-CNN with other four classic models (AlexNet, ResNet50, GoogleNet, and VGG16), the results showed that GL-CNN achieves the highest classification prediction accuracy with a value of 94.13%. This model can effectively detect different species of Cymbidium and provide a reference for the identification of Cymbidium germplasm resources.

Cenopopulation of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae) in forest ecosystems that have been anthropogenically transformed to various degrees

Because of developed symbiotic connections of the root system of trees, mycorrhiza-forming fungi and the orchid family Orchidaceae in forest ecosystems of the northeast Polissia Region – cultivated Pinus sylvestris, which are now 100–120 years old, recovery of cenopopulations of Epipactis helleborine has been observed in locations of mixed and broad-leaved forests. In natural plant cover of mature pines of the region, indigenous vegetation is gradually recovering – there occur young Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides of various ages, crown density of understory formed by Coryllus avellana has reached 0.6, above-ground organic leaf foliage that is able to sustain moisture and increase fertility of soil accumulates, creating sufficient conditions of shading for seedlings and juvenile individuals of forest orchids. Special studies revealed a relationship between density of E. helleborine specimens and crown density of the tree stand, shrub strata, structure of soil cover, expressed in cenoses under various degrees of recreational pressure. Density of individuals of forest orchids in the studied populations ranges 10.0 to 0.1 ind./10 m2. Dynamics were seen in groupings of Betuleto-Pineta corylosa, Querceta (roboris) corylosa, Querceto-Pineta corylosa, Acereto (platanoidis) –Tilieto (cordatae) – Quercetum (roboris) aegopodiosum in the territory of the nature-reserve fund and structurally similar anthropogenically pressurized cenoses. We determined that all examined cenopopulations in old indigenous zonal cenoses in the territory of the nature reserve fund are normal, they may be considered relatively stable, ontogenetic spectra are incomplete, mostly with right-sided age spectrum – maximum numbers of virgin and generative individuals of various stages. Low density of individuals and incomplete spectra of cenopopulations in light oak forests are natural, and now the largest share of generative and virgin individuals is concentrated in this area. Impact of recreation, unavoidable due to proximity to a road, is a negative factor directly decreasing their density. Ontogenetic spectra of all cenopopulations are incomplete – no seedlings were found in the natural conditions due to underground type of germination. Much more interesting data may be obtained by monitoring studies of age and morphometric dynamic changes during several years.

Natural Composition and Biosynthetic Pathways of Alkaloids in Medicinal Dendrobium Species.

Dendrobium is the second biggest genus in the Orchidaceae family, some of which have both ornamental and therapeutic values. Alkaloids are a group of active chemicals found in Dendrobium plants. Dendrobine has emerged specific pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Although Dendrobium alkaloids have been isolated and identified since the 1930s, the composition of alkaloids and their biosynthesis pathways, including metabolic intermediates, alkaloid transporters, concrete genes involved in downstream pathways, and associated gene clusters, have remained unresolved scientific issues. This paper comprehensively reviews currently identified and tentative alkaloids from the aspect of biogenic pathways or metabolic genes uncovered based on the genome annotations. The biosynthesis pathways of each class of alkaloids are highlighted. Moreover, advances of the high-throughput sequencing technologies in the discovery of Dendrobium alkaloid pathways have been addressed. Applications of synthetic biology in large-scale production of alkaloids are also described. This would serve as the basis for further investigation into Dendrobium alkaloids.

Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Goodyera R. Br. (Orchidaceae): A Case of the Vicariance Between East Asia and North America.

Understanding of intercontinental distribution in the Northern Hemisphere has attracted a lot of attention from botanists. However, although Orchidaceae is the largest group of angiosperms, biogeographical studies on the disjunctive pattern have not been sufficient for this family. Goodyera R. Br. (tribe Cranichideae, subfamily Orchidoideae, family Orchidaceae) is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Although the phylogenetic relationship of Goodyera inferred from both morphological and molecular data has been conducted, the sampled taxa were mainly distributed in Asia regions that resulted in non-monophyly of this genus. In this study, the complete plastid genomes of Goodyera, generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique and sampled in East Asia and North America, were used to reconstruct phylogeny and explore the historical biogeography. A total of 18 Goodyera species including seven newly sequenced species were analyzed. Based on 79 protein-coding genes, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that Goodyera could be subdivided into four subclades with high support values. The polyphyletic relationships among Goodyera taxa were confirmed, and the unclear position of G. foliosa was also resolved. The datasets that are composed of the 14 coding sequences (CDS) (matK, atpF, ndhK, accD, cemA, clpP, rpoA, rpl22, ndhF, ccsA, ndhD, ndhI, ndhA, and ycf 1) showed the same topology derived from 79 protein-coding genes. Molecular dating analyses revealed the origin of Goodyera in the mid-Miocene (15.75 Mya). Nearctic clade of Goodyera was diverged at 10.88 Mya from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). The biogeographical reconstruction suggests that subtropical or tropical Asia is the origin of Goodyera and it has subsequently spread to temperate Asia during the Miocene. In addition, Nearctic clade is derived from East Asian species through Bering Land Bridge (BLB) during the Miocene. The speciation of Goodyera is most likely to have occurred during Miocene, and climatic and geological changes are thought to have had a part in this diversification. Our findings propose both origin and vicariance events of Goodyera for the first time and add an example for the biogeographical history of the Northern Hemisphere.

EKSPLORASI TEKNIK LEKAPAN PADA BUSANA PESTA DENGAN SUMBER IDE RUMAH BOLON DAN BUNGA ANGGREK TIEN

Indonesia is known as a country with abundant wealth, including the wealth of traditional houses and flora. Traditional houses and flora are part of the natural wealth and culture of Indonesia, including a system of tools and living equipment and technology. The traditional house of Bolon is a work of cultural heritage that still exists today, as a residence for kings and has a philosophy and noble meaning contained in every corner of the building. Tien orchid (Cymbidium hartinahianium) is an endemic plant of North Sumatera,which lives in groups and was first discovered in 1976. As a source of archipelago ideas from the North Sumatera region, the traditional house of Bolon and the Tien Orchid flower can represent a symbol of the natural and cultural wealth of the people of North Sumatera, is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia. The curved design of the party dress that will be made is inspired by the shape of Bolon traditional house and Tien Orchid flower. The materials used for the curls are Ulos Sadum woven cloth, embroidery threand, pearls, and organza ribbon flowers. The method used is Project Based Learning (PBL). The result of this exploration study are aimed at preserving Indonesia’s natural and cultural wealth which is starting to become extinct and forgetten, through making a amatching and beautiful party dress. 
 
 Key words: Lekapan technique, Rumah Bolon, Tien Orchid

PENAMBAHAN IAA DAN BAP TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KALUS EKSPLAN DAUN ANGGREK Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.

Orchid Coelogyne pandurata Lindl or black orchid is one of the endemic orchid from borneo Island. This orchid flower who have an unique that is have a green cephal and black labellum. Naturally propagation have a small chance of succsess so it needs to be done culture in vitro. One of the culture ways is use explaned leaf for making callus’s growth. Callus growth can spurred on with auxin (IAA) and cytokinins (BAP). A balanced blend of auxin concetracion and cytokinins are expected can touch callus growth up. The purpose of this research is to know addition effect of IAA and BAP for Orchid C. pandurata Lindl’s growthed and know interaction the best IAA and BAP for Orchid Coelogyne pandurata Lindl’s growth.
 The method of research done by experiment with the completely randomized used factorial pattern. Factor 1 concentracion IAA with 4 level : 0, 1, 2, 3 mg/L. and the next factor, concentracion of BAP with 4 level : 0, 1 , 2, 3 mg/L, so there are 48 experimental units. Observed parameter is : when the callus appears, the data obtained in the analysis with ANOVA and carried out DMRT test with believeable level 95%.
 The result of the research showed giving interaction of IAA and BAP can give a affect callus growth of Orchid C pandurata Lindl. The interaction effect is on the callus appearance, callus thickness, and callus live percentage. As well as being able to spur the development of callus in a proliferative directon. While giving IAA personally could stimulate callus thickening. The best interaction in callus’s growth explan the orchid flower is A2B2 (IAA 2 mg/L and BAP 2 mg/L) and A2B3 (IAA 2 mg/L and BAP 3 mg/L).

INVENTARISASI ANGGREK DI HUTAN BUKIT LAWANG DESA TIMBANG JAYA KECAMATAN BAHOROK KABUPATEN LANGKAT

<p><em>Indonesia has 25% of the world's flowering plant species. One of the largest flowering plants in Indonesia is the Orchidaceae family. There are 4,000 – 5,000 species of orchids scattered in various provinces, one of which is in North Sumatra. There is still little information about the Family Orchidaceae found in the Bukit Lawang Forest, the purpose of this research is to determine the types of orchids found in the Bukit Lawang Forest, Timbang Jaya Village, Bahorok District. This research was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021. The research method is exploratory by making an inventory of the types of orchids found along the exploration path. The results found 9 species of orchids (7 genera) consisting of 7 epiphytes and 2 terrestrial, namely Bulbophyllum </em>sp.<em>, Bromheadia </em>sp.<em>, Plocoglottis </em>sp.<em>, Epidendrum </em>sp.<em>, Pinalia </em>sp.<em>, Dendrobium </em>sp.<em> and Dendrobium lobolatum.</em></p>

Potential alternative natural colourant from Dendrobium Sonia ‘Earsakul’

This study aimed to investigate optical properties, colour-changing characteristics, and storage stability of crude aqueous extract of fresh Dendrobium Sonia ‘Earsakul’ (DSE) orchid flower obtained through microwave-assisted extraction. IR spectra of the extract at various pH indicated that anthocyanins were major pigments present in the crude extract. As the pH of the extract increased from 2 to 11, its colour turned from reddish-orange to magenta to purple to blue to green. Crude extract of DSE could be prepared in advance and used within 2 weeks after preparation (if kept at 4°C) without significant reduction of anthocyanin levels (P<0.05). The findings showed that DSE had the potential to be utilized as a natural food colourant as an alternative for those from plants containing cyanidin as the major anthocyanin, due to their similarities in colour-changing patterns and high storage stability.