Orange Plants Research Articles

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KELEMBAGAAN KOPERASI PERTANIAN JERUK PAMELO DI DESA TAMBAKMAS, KECAMATAN SUKOMORO, KABUPATEN MAGETAN

The success of the integrated agribusiness system of a commodity must be followed by an increase in farmers' bargaining position, as well as common problems encountered in Tambakmas Village, Sukomoro District, Magetan Regency as the Jeruk Pamelo production center. The development of the Pamelo orange plant has several problems, namely having a weak position and not being able to improve the bargaining position of farmers because it is still in the form of a social institution (ie a farmer group), and has not yet become a socioeconomic institution (cooperative). In many countries, farmer cooperatives not only increase production, productivity and product quality, but also lead to an increase in the welfare and quality of life of their members. This study specifically aims to develop the Jeruk Pamelo farmer cooperative in Tambakmas Village, Sukomoro District, Magetan Regency. This study uses a SWOT analysis used to formulate a strategy, followed by a mapping of strategies to develop a Pamelo orange farmer cooperative in accordance with its character. This method is because the population to be studied is quite large, namely 150 people. The number of samples used in this study was 30 people. The results showed that based on the overall SWOT Analysis, Gapoktan institutional development was in Cell / Quadrant I. In that position the appropriate strategy was Growth Strategy, then the Grand Strategy could be formulated as follows: Formation of Pamelo Orange Cooperative, Pamelo orange agro-tourism development, Capital development farmer groups, and FOBIO development of Pamelo oranges. DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/adv.v8i2.1931

The Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae): a guide to field identification.

Pest control is easier and more effective when pests are correctly identified. The Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) is an important invasive pest in citrus-growing countries. This diaspidid has historically been difficult to control, because its immature stages are difficult to identify due to confusion with similar Parlatoria species. No field descriptions of female or male developmental stages are available for P. ziziphi. We provide the first description of field characteristics of the developmental stages of P. ziziphi. Colonies were reared in the laboratory on sour orange plants and lemon fruits to illustrate the distinctive features of each instar. An illustrated field guide of all life-cycle stages of male and female P. ziziphi is provided for correct species identification and better pest management. This tool is designed to help recognize P. ziziphi in field-scouting programmes or quarantine inspections, without the need for taxonomic expertise in identifying the Parlatoria group.

Foliar Supplied Boron Can Be Transported to Roots as a Boron-Sucrose Complex via Phloem in Citrus Trees.

Although foliar boron (B) fertilization is regarded as an efficient way to remedy B deficiency, the mechanisms of foliar B transport from leaves to roots are still unclear. In this study, performed with 1-year-old “Newhall” navel orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) plants, we analyzed the B concentration in leaves and roots, B-sucrose complex in the phloem sap after foliar application of 10B, girdling, and/or shading treatments. Results indicated that 10B concentration was significantly increased in roots after foliar 10B treatment. On the other hand, both girdling the scion stem and shading over the plants with a black plastic net significantly reduced the B and 10B concentration in roots. LC-MS analysis revealed that foliar 10B-treated plants had higher concentration of sucrose and some sugar alcohols in the phloem sap as compared to foliar water-treated plants. Combining with the analysis in the artificial mixture of B and sucrose, a higher peak intensity of the 10B-sucrose complex was found in the phloem sap of foliar 10B-treated plants compared to the control plants. Taken together, it is concluded that foliar B can be long distance transported from leaves to roots via phloem, at least by forming a B-sucrose complex in citrus plants.

Dual benefits of long-term ecological agricultural engineering: Mitigation of nutrient losses and improvement of soil quality

Soil erosion of sloped farmland in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) has led to the serious loss of nutrients, soil quality degradation and the downstream water quality being threatened. Thus, a series of ecological agricultural engineering measures was established in 2011, as a field experiment using citrus (navel orange) plants to reduce soil erosion, which was monitored from 2011 to 2018. These ecological agricultural engineering measures included three treatments: 1) citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), 2) citrus orchard land mulched with straw (SM) and 3) citrus intercropped with hemerocallis (Hemerocallis flava) contour hedgerows (CH). The conventional citrus orchard management was regarded as control (CK). The results show, that compared with CK, nutrient loss from the experiments were reduced by the following amounts: for nitrogen - WC (35.5%), SM (44.0%) and CH (52.0%); for phosphorus - WC (40.0%), SM (51.7%) and CH (58.3%). Therefore, the ecological agricultural engineering measures effectively mitigate the nutrient loss loads of the navel orange citrus gardens. The citrus intercropped with the hemerocallis hedgerows is the most effective measure for the control of nutrient loss. After 8 years of experiment, the soil quality represented by average soil quality index (SQI) in these three treatments, are significantly higher than that of the CK (and the beginning of the experiment). This is because the application of these measures prevented the loss of: soil organic matter, bulk density and total phosphorus. It is predicted that the soil qualities of these three treatments will remain in the range of soil grade II and I for the next 5 years but the soil quality of CK will decrease to soil quality grade II and III. These results show that ecological agricultural engineering measures are a long-term promising and feasible method to reduce soil erosion and enhance soil quality.

Viruses representing two new genomovirus species identified in citrus from Tunisia.

Using a high-throughput sequencing approach, we identified four genomoviruses (family Genomoviridae) associated with a sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plant collected in Tunisia. The ssDNA genomes of these genomoviruses, which were amplified, cloned and Sangersequenced, range in size from 2156 to 2191 nt. Three of these viruses share > 99% full-genome pairwisesequence identity and are referred to as citrus Tunisia genomovirus 1 (CTNGmV-1). The CTNGmV-1 isolates share < 62% genome-wide pairwisenucleotide sequence identity with other genomoviruses and belong to the genus Gemykolovirus. The genome of the fourth virus, which was called CTNGmV-2, shares < 68% nucleotide sequence identity with other genomoviruses and belongs to the genus Gemycircularvirus. Based on the species demarcation criteria for members of the family Genomoviridae, CTNGmV-1 and -2 would each represent a new species. Although found associated with Citrus sp. plants, it is likely that these viruses infect fungi or other organisms associated with the plants.

Pathogen Detection in Khasi Mandarin Orange using Serological and Electronic Nose Diagnostic Technique

The inherent ability of most living organisms to perceive their immediate environment based on sensory responses has immensely contributed to their survival in the harshest of conditions. Animals rely on their olfactory sense to assess the quality of food before intake. This paper addresses a technique of using the electronic nose for distinguishing Khasi Mandarin orange plants infected by a virus called Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) in terms of their degree of infection. Leaves from 16 plants were collected and, tested for CTV infection using the standard serological test, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), prior to electronic nose (e-nose) analysis. Essential oil was extracted from the leaves using hydro distillation and the extracted oils were analyzed with commercial e-nose system Alpha MOSFOX 3000 system. Bootstrapped ensemble of support vector classifier was used for classifying the samples. The classifier model was optimized with the best parameters and a kernel specific performance evaluation was done for finding out the best model for classification. Among the linear, radial basis function and polynomial kernels, the linear kernel of the classifier performed the best among all the kernels with an accuracy of 97.67% and a Cohen’s Kappa score of 95.25%. Dimensionality reduction techniques like principle component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were also used for graphical visualization of the classification boundaries. The dimensionally reduced dataset was also fitted to the optimized bootstrap ensemble support vector classifier and the performance of the classifier was analyzed. The performance scores of the classifier models reveal the possibility of using e-nose technique in detecting CTV infected plants.

Detection of Soil Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Content Based on the Spectral Information of Citrus Canopy

The content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil is an important basis for calculating the best fertilization amount and realizing the reasonable fertilization of the orange planting soil in time and accurately. In this research, hyper-spectral technology is applied to detect the three soil nutrient elements in the cultivated soil of citrus trees. Four spectral bands with central wavelengths of 660, 780, 870 and 970 nm and width of 20 nm are selected to measure the spectral reflectance of the potted kumquats canopy by hand-held spectrometer. At the same time, the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cultivated soil of kumquat is determined using traditional methods. The correlation between the spectral information of kumquat canopy and the content of soil nutrient elements is analyzed by correlation coefficient method. The prediction model of soil nutrient element content based on the spectral information is established by multiple linear regression method. The results showed that the total potassium content of soil is significantly correlated with the spectral reflectance at 660 nm wave band and significantly correlated with the spectral indexes of R660/R780, R660/R870 and R660/R970. R2 of the prediction model of total potassium content established on the basis of spectral reflectance and ratio spectral index of the selected band is 0.756 and 0.857 respectively, which shows good prediction effect of the model. There is no significant correlation between the spectral reflectance and ratio spectral index of the selected band towards the total soil nitrogen and phosphorus content and it cannot be used for the rapid measurement of total nitrogen and phosphorus content. Further study is needed to select suitable spectral band and spectral index.

Redevelopment strategy of Sambas orange

This research aimed to investigate the best redevelopment strategy of Sambas Orange. The fruit was the icon of Sambas Regency. The damaged Sambas orange plants were caused by some factors such as its trade system. There are many farmers who are growing the orange. They are expecting that the fruit become the icon of the place so that it can increase their welfare. This research was conducted in 2018 in Tebas District, Sambas Regency, the center of Siam orange plantation. The sampling was through two stages. The first stage was determining the sample of village through purposive sampling; Segarau Parit was chosen for its large area and high production number. The second stage was determining the sample of farmers through random sampling. SWOT analysis was implemented. The result of research revealed that the required strategy was aggressive Growth-Oriented Strategy.

Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients in the fruit of navel orange plants grafted on trifoliate orange and citrange

To clarify whether the rootstock can affect the uptake dynamics of mineral nutrient in the fruit of navel orange, changes in the concentration and quantities of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, and Ca) and micronutrients (B, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in the fruit of Newhall navel orange grafted on trifoliate orange and citrange were measured at semi-monthly intervals during fruit development. The macronutrients measured in this study, except Ca, decreased in concentration on a whole fruit basis during stage I and then remained constant or decreased very slightly during stages II and III of fruit development. Calcium concentration in whole fruit increased during stage I. The elements Mn, Cu and Zn declined in concentration on a whole fruit basis at two rates, very sharply during early stage I and then gradually in the following days to maturity. An exception to this general pattern was boron, where the concentration remained constant during stage I and early stage II and then decreased slightly. For the element Fe, the concentrations showed a large increase and then declined immediately from 120 to 150 days after full bloom (DAFB). With few exceptions (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Zn), the quantity of each element accumulated increased steadily throughout the growth period to reach a maximum by harvest in both grafted plants. Fe accumulation in whole fruit increased from a minimum just after fruit set to a maximum by 135 DAFB. For a number of elements (N, P, K, B, and Mn), there was a strong linear correlation (R2 > 0.95, P < 0.001) between the dry mass yield and the amount accumulated throughout the growth period. Potassium and N are the two nutrients that accumulated in greatest amounts by fruit. Boron and Fe are the micronutrients that accumulated in the highest quantities in Newhall navel orange fruit. The patterns of seasonal change in the concentrations of macro- and micronutrients for trifoliate orange-grafted and citrange-grafted navel orange trees were generally similar.

Irrigation with Controlled Water Stress and its Effects in "Navelate" orange plants

Irrigation with Controlled Water Stress and its Effects in "Navelate" orange plants

Effect of Phytoplasma Infection on Primary and Secondary Metabolites andAntioxidative Enzyme Activities of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinenses L.)

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is one of the most economically important citrus crops in the world and is the most commonly grown citrus fruit in the world. Nonetheless, its production is constantly threatened by pathogens that cause considerable economic losses and severe social impacts including phytoplasma. Phytoplasma is an emerging threat to sweet orange production which leads to severe yield losses worldwide. Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited pleomorphic bacteria, mainly transmitted through leafhoppers but also by plant propagation materials and seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations in sweet orange plant as a response to phytoplasma infection. Phytoplasma-infected plants in this study, showed symptoms, such as yellowing of leaves, stunted and rolled foliage, unripened shoots and fruits, stunted roots or plant and “witches' broom”. Nested PCR confirmed the presence of phytoplasma in all the infected plants. Primary metabolites including chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, carotenoid, proline and soluble protein were increased while soluble sugar, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were decreased in phytoplasma-infected plants. The secondary metabolites including phenolics, glycine betaine and anthocyanin were increased while ascorbic acid was decreased in the phytoplasma-infected plants. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes: ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities were increased in phytoplasma-infected plants. On the basis of comparing our findings with previous reports, it is clear that the responses of host plants to phytoplasma infection are complex and may vary among plants.

Establishment and optimization of a hydroponic system for root morphological and nutritional analysis of citrus

ABSTRACT The hydroponic growth system is a convenient platform for studying whole plant physiology, especially for root morphological and nutritional analysis. However, we found that most hydroponic systems described in the literature are not suitable for citrus plants. In this study, a hydroponic system for citrus was designed, comprising three principal components: power and time switch, aeration and hydroponic culture. Herein, details of the protocol were described, including equipment setup, seed pregermination and cultivation, together with preparation and transfer of nutrient solution into hydroponics. In order to demonstrate the adaptability of the trifoliate orange plant to our hydroponic system, comparative tests between soil- and hydroponically-grown plants were carried out. The results showed that the plants grew normally and there were no obvious differences between soil- and hydroponically-grown plants. In addition, nutrient deficiency and transcriptional analysis were carried out to test the efficiency, functionality and suitability of our hydroponic system for the application of physiological and molecular analysis. The results, compared with previous studies, showed that our hydroponic system delivered superior performance as regards the physiological and molecular analysis. Taken together, we established the culture system which is best suited for the growth of trifoliate oranges under hydroponic conditions. The hydroponic system described in this paper is easily constructed and controlled at a low cost. It may serve a wide gamut of experimental purposes, especially root morphological and nutritional analysis of trifoliate oranges and the system is also adaptable to other citrus plants by varying the device size.

Effect of potassium and zinc on growth, physiological and yield attributes in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. “mosambi” under high density planting

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of potassium and zinc on Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. “Mosambi” during the year 2018. Eight years old uniformly grown Mosambi Sweet orange plants, grafted on Karna Khatta rootstock and planted at a distance of 3.0 x 2.5m were used in this investigation. The investigation was carried out in high density planting area of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, under the Department of Fruit & Fruit Technology. Twelve different treatments of K and Zn in a simple randomized block design were used. Various treatments showed significant effect on physiological, vegetative and yield parameters. The maximum leaf area (23.53cm2), total chlorophyll content (3.04mg/g), leaf relative water content (75.82%), specific leaf weight (0.0164g/cm2) were observed in T12 (K2O @500g +Zinc sulphate @200 g) whereas minimum in T1(control). The maximum increase in current season shoot length (13.22cm), canopy spread (64.17cm), trunk girth (1.93cm) and plant height (36.67cm) were also recorded in T12 (500g K2O and 200g ZnSO4) whereas minimum in control. The maximum number of fruits per tree was counted (92.67) in T8.

CONTROLING THE ABANDONED LAND IN SUMBARANG VILLAGE, JATINEGARA SUB-DISTRICT, TEGAL REGENCY

This research is aimed to know and to analyze the cause of Abandoned land in Sumbarang village Jatinegara sub-district Tegal regency, the effort which has been done by land office of Tegal regency toward the Abandoned land, and the obstacle which is faced by the tegal regency’s land office in controling the Abandoned land. The type of thus research is an empirical law which placed in Sumbarang village, Jatinegara sub-district Tegal regency. The source of the data consist of primary, an interview, and secondary data are law materials which can support the resarch’s accuracy which is analyzed by using qualitative technique. The approach method which is uses is juridical sociology. The results of this research find that the factors of the Abandoned land in Sumbarang village are: (1) the wide of the land is not comparable with the worker, the wide land is ±24,1700 ha which is only worked by 40 peoples which makes the land is not used all. (2) the right land is lended to PG. Pangkah, so the farm is changing function. (3) plant hama attack, many of orange plants which is cultivated by CVPD virus which cause stagnancy of the farming bussiness activity. The efforts which is done by the land office of Tegal regency toward the Abandoned land are (1) directing the right holder to use their land. (2) monitoring towards the land right, (3) evaluating the land right (4) controling based on Government Regulation Number 11 of 2010 jo. Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 4 of 2010 which is about controlling and using Abandoned land. The steps are: a. Inventaritation, b. Identification and researching, c. Warning, d. Determining Abandoned land in controling the Abandoned land. The Tegal office land faces some obstacles they are (1) the right holder lives is unknown, so, it causes difficulty in giving the warn. (2) the right holder is not cooperative. There is no coordination and coorperation betwen the right holder and land Office.

The Enemy is Outside: Releasing the Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in External Sources of HLB Inocula to Control the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, was first recorded in Brazil in 2004, and since then, more than 50 million trees identified with this disease have been eliminated. The disease is managed mainly by controlling the psyllid vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Although the presence of the insect in commercial citrus groves is low, HLB infection rates increase in areas bordering the groves. The disease is transmitted by psyllids from host citrus plants in areas outside the managed groves, such as abandoned or organic groves and residential trees, and from orange jasmine plants in urban settings. In order to provide information to support HLB control, this study evaluated the biotic and abiotic variables that affect the dynamics of D. citri populations after releases of the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in external sources of HLB inocula. The study was divided into two parts. After releasing the parasitoids in non-commercial areas, we determined the following: (a) the variables that significantly affected the number of nymphs collected on shoots in the same non-commercial area; (b) the variables that significantly affected the number of adult psyllids collected in a neighboring commercial citrus area. Our results indicated that the number of nymphs in external areas was affected only by the host plant and rainfall. However, periodic parasitoid releases significantly reduced the number of adult psyllids collected in the commercial area. The results indicate that the release of parasitoids in external sources of inocula has the potential to maximize actions for D. citri control, contributing to the reduction of psyllid populations in commercial areas. Consequently, this strategy may help to manage the disease infection without an increase in insecticide use.

Up-regulation of microRNA targets correlates with symptom severity in Citrus sinensis plants infected with two different isolates of citrus psorosis virus.

MAIN CONCLUSION: miRNA targets from Citrus sinensis are predicted and validated using degradome data. They show an up-regulation upon infection with CPsV, with a positive correlation between target expression and symptom severity. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) may suffer from disease symptoms induced by virus infections, thus resulting in drastic economic losses. Infection of sweet orange plants with two isolates of citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), expressing different symptomatologies, alters the accumulation of a set of endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we predicted ten putative targets from four down-regulated miRNAs: three belonging to the CCAAT-binding transcription factor family (CBFAs); an Ethylene-responsive transcription factor (RAP2-7); an Integrase-type DNA-binding superfamily protein (AP2B); Transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1); GRR1-like protein 1-related (GRR1); Argonaute 2-related (AGO2), Argonaute 7 (AGO7), and a long non-coding RNA (ncRNA). We validated six of them through analysis of leaf degradome data. Expressions of the validated targets increase in infected samples compared to healthy tissue, showing a more striking up-regulation those samples with higher symptom severity. This study contributes to the understanding of the miRNA-mediated regulation of important transcripts in Citrus sinensis through target validation and shed light in the manner a virus can alter host regulatory mechanisms leading to symptom expression.

PtrCDPK10 of Poncirus trifoliata functions in dehydration and drought tolerance by reducing ROS accumulation via phosphorylating PtrAPX

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are important calcium signaling components that have been shown to play crucial roles in modulating plant abiotic stress responses. However, the physiological and regulatory roles of most CDPKs are still poorly understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of PtrCDPK10 from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) in dehydration and drought stress tolerance. PtrCDPK10, categorized in the Type III subgroup of the CDPK family, was localized to the nucleus and plasma membrane. Transcript levels of PtrCDPK10 were up-regulated by dehydration, salt and ABA treatments. Transgenic trifoliate orange plants overexpressing PtrCDPK10 showed enhanced dehydration tolerance compared with the wild type (WT), whereas VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing)-mediated knockdown of PtrCDPK10 resulted in elevated susceptibility to dehydration and drought stresses. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified several proteins that interacted with PtrCDPK10, including an ascorbate peroxidase (PtrAPX). PtrCDPK10 was shown to phosphorylate PtrAPX based on an in vitro kinase assay. PtrCDPK10-overexpressing transgenic lines exhibited higher PtrAPX mRNA abundance and APX activity and accumulated dramatically less ROS in comparison with the WT, while PtrCDPK10-silenced VIGS lines showed decreased PtrAPX expression and increased ROS level. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PtrCDPK10 promotes dehydration and drought tolerance by, at least in part, phosphorylating APX to modulate ROS homeostasis.

Detection of Water Stress in Khasi Mandarin Orange Plants from Volatile Organic Compound Emission Profile Implementing Electronic Nose

Plants in the absence of an innate immune system like animals and being immobile are regularly exposed to a host of stresses, ranging from biotic to abiotic stresses. In response to these, plants have developed a complicated response system like reprogramming gene expressions and emission of secondary metabolites as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by its various tissues like roots, stems, leaves etc. These VOCs can be used as biomarkers for inspecting plants’ in situ health status. This paper address the usefulness of electronic nose (e-nose) system to sense the VOCs emitted by plants’ leaves to detect the stresses in it. Standard commercial electronic nose (e-nose) system Alfa Mos Fox 3000 has been used here to identify the stressed and non-stressed plants. Fifteen Mandarin orange plants were considered for the study and were subdivided into three categories. Each one was subjected to a different level of water stress. Leaf samples were collected for e-nose analyses from each plant of all three categories on the 15th day and 30th day of induction of water stresses. Dimensionality reduction techniques like kernel Principal Component Analysis (kPCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and classification algorithms like Support Vector Machines (SVC) and Multi-Layer Perceptron Classifier (MLPC) have been used to classify the three categories of plants. The scores obtained from these analyses reveals the feasibility of using an e nose system in discriminating plants based on the status of water stress in them. This paper analyses the applicability of e nose system in stress diagnosis of agricultural and horticultural crops, which would significantly help in controlling the irrigation regime.

MECHANISM OF WATER DISTRIBUTION ON LEMON FARM LAND

Pump is mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a fluid. Generaly pumps are used to lift the water from low level to high level. These are of two types,namely reciprocating pumps and centrifugal pumps. On centrifugal pumps the centrifugal force or variation of pressure due to rotation is responsible for their operation or working.&#x0D; The program of community services as implementation of sciences and technology intended to introduced and give skill training about water supply units to the community at Desa Sempa jaya ,Kabupaten Deli-Karo. In this area the people have a problem about availibity of water for agricultute, when mountain Sinabung gets eruption the leave of plantation are covered with dust and damaged to citrus plants,in dry season orange plants lack of water even though the success of the harvest is very dependent on water.&#x0D; The program was carried out by designing, fabricating and erecting the unit of water supply,consist of deepwell pump,piping system, valve,tee,bent,tower tank and panel control.&#x0D; The result of this community services showed that the capacity of pumps are 6 liter/menit,head are 50-70 meter,power 2 HP,speed 1500 rpm.capacity of tower tank 5400 liter, the pump may supply the water to tower tank until full about 2 hours,and the farmer may use the water from the tower tank by gravitation about 3 days.

ANALISIS PRIORITAS PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN ANDALAN DI DESA KARANG INDAH KECAMATAN MANDASTANA

The aims of this research are to (1) Find out how contribution of each criteria to the development of a mainstay area In The Karang Indah (2) to find out the potential of what is a priority to be developed into a mainstay in the village of Karang Indah districs of Mandastana. The respondents of this research are 10 which are considered to influence the determination of mainstay in the Village of Karang Indah districs of Mandastana, that can be used in data processing. Data is processed by using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) .The result of this research showed that the alternative criteria of the regional potential, regional policy, per capita income, and employment opportunities are influence the determination priority of mainstay area development, by the value of preference in order are: 54% regional potential, 23% of regional policy, 14% per capita income, and 9% of employment opportunities. Based on the alternatif criteria the selection of priority development area mainstay are 58% horticulture of the plants of orange, a combination or Agro-education 30% and 12% of English-Village. the conclusion of this research is, that the most dominant sector is the horticulture of the plants of oranges (58%).Keywords: Mainstay Area, Horticulture of the Plants of Orange, English Village, Agro-Education , AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) Method