Orange Cultivars Research Articles

Nutritive Profile and Provitamin A Value of Sweet Potatoes Flours (Ipomoea batatas Lam) Consumed in Côte d’Ivoire

Sweet potato is an important food security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, the roots are widely consumed as supplementary staple food or secondary food. The present study is conducted to highlight the nutritive composition, antinutrients and β-carotene contents of local sweet potatoes consumed in Côte d’Ivoire. The nutritive properties and antinutritive factors of these sweet potatoes were investigated using standard methods. Results confirmed the energetic value (363±1.63-374.08±0.56 kcal/100 g DM) of whole sweet potato flour, mainly due to its high carbohydrate content (86.75±0.40%-90.87±0.12%). Whole flour recorded low contents of moisture (4.50±0.10-6.30±0.15%), lipids (0.63±0.08-1.94±0.95%) and proteins (0.94±0.36-1.91±0.15%). The antinutritive factors ranged from 55.84±0.13 to 70.52±0.07 mg/100 g DM and 52.30±5.81-92.44±11.10 mg/100 g DM for oxalates and phytates, respectively. The mineral contents were: magnesium (49.37±1.09-540.87±0.82 mg/100 g DM), calcium (50.28±1.14-110.53±0.79 mg/100 g DM), phosphorus (25.12±1.04-42.75±0.82 mg/100 g DM), potassium (906.25±0.33-1625±0.61 mg/100 g DM), and iron (5.62±0.84-26.89±0.76 mg/100 g DM). The sweet potato flours highlighted polyphenols and antioxidant activity varying from 92.80±98.20±1.72 to 224.46±0.86 mg GAE /100 g DM, and 31.03±0.52-58.63±0.60%, respectively. While β-carotene levels of flours varied from 0.19±0.08 to 22.71±0.67 µg/g DM for white to orange cultivars. At the whole, the orange fleshed sweet potato cultivars recorded an appreciable amount of minerals (magnesium, iron and calcium), polyphenols and greater antioxidant activity. This indicates that these sweet potato cultivars may present a potential asset for their using as natural antioxidants to prevent chronic diseases and undernourishment caused mineral deficiency. The results also showed that the orange-fleshed varieties may contribute for vitamin A deficiencies alleviation in children of rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire.

Characterization and selection of Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Margaritera parental trees for repopulation in the Mompox depression region, Colombia

At the Mompox depression region, located in the lower valley of the Magdalena River, citrus trees and especially the orange cultivar Margaritera (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) are cultivated by small producers. The effects of the rainy season during 2010 and 2011 caused the loss of ca. 80% of the planted area in some municipalities. The main objective of this study was to select outstanding genotypes according to fruit quality attributes based on the Colombian Technical Standard NTC4086. This selection was carried out by collecting and characterizing 120 Margaritera orange genotypes represented by three clones: Margarita, Azucar and Criollo. The characterization was performed using 14 fruit descriptors regulated by the parameters of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Outstanding clones were chosen using a selection index based on attributes such as juice percentage and maturity index. The fruit characterization showed variability for all the descriptors evaluated, especially those related to size, weight and acidity (explained 51.76% of the total variability). Furthermore, these contributed mostly to comprise three phenotypic groups conformed by 79, 23 and 18 genotypes, respectively. Eight outstanding genotypes were selected for quality attributes: four Margarita clones, two Azucar clones and two Criollo clones; these became a source of guaranteed propagation material in the region.

The nutritional diversity of fifteen traditional orange cultivars (Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck) from southeastern Spain

The nutritional diversity of fifteen traditional orange cultivars (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>(L.) Osbeck) from southeastern Spain

Effects of postharvest storage conditions on ‘Tarocco’ orange fruit quality

'Tarocco Sant'Alfio' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] is a late ripening sweet orange cultivar belonging to the so called “blood oranges”. These fruits are more and more appreciated from consumers for their high nutraceutical value due to the presence of anthocyanins in the flesh. Recently, cold treatment in sweet orange has received more attention due to its usefulness for accomplishing phytosanitary exportation rules, allowing Italian citrus fruit to be sent to Japan and the USA. In addition, cold treatments are useful for increasing pigmentation levels in the fruit. The aim of this work was to define a reliable protocol for postharvest storage of the very-late 'Tarocco Sant'Alfio' blood orange to prolong the availability of this product in the market to be used for fresh squeezed orange juice production. Fruits were subjected to three storage treatments (20 days at 1°C plus 50 days at 4°C; 70 days at 4°C; 70 days at 20°C, as control). The results indicate that cold treatments, in particular at 4°C constantly, can extend 'Tarocco Sant'Alfio' shelf life and might enhance its qualitative value determining an increase of total anthocyanin content in the flesh. The defined protocols allow prolonging market availability of such a high value product till late June with relevant benefits for the citrus industry and advantages for consumers.

Improving Navel orange (Citrus sinensis L) productivity in Delta Region, Egypt

The objective of this work presents general information about the Washington Navel sweet orange cultivar (Citrus sinensis L.) productivity in Delta region, Egypt, over the next few years, focusing on increasing total yield and enhancement fruit quality by following good agricultural practices, and increasing alertness among growers of the need for implement fruit quality to compete in the global market. Some of the practices include usingproper fertilizers, irrigation technique, pruning, integrated pest management and harvest technique.

Viroid infection and rootstocks affect productivity and fruit quality of the Tunisian citrus cultivar Maltaise demi sanguine

In Tunisia, sweet orange citrus cultivars are usually grafted on sour orange rootstock. However, this rootstock is susceptible to Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). A trial was established in 2005 to evaluate the performance of newly introduced rootstocks compared to sour orange, using the sweet orange cultivar ‘Maltaise demi sanguine’ as the grafted scion. The effect of single or mixed viroid infections were monitored over 12 years. Once established, tree growth, cumulative yield, tree performance and fruit quality of ‘Maltaise sweet orange’ were assessed from 2008. Mixed viroid infections caused significant decreases (39 to 60%) in the canopy volume of ‘Maltaise’ grafted on Carrizo citrange, Swingle citrumelo, Cleopatra mandarin, Rangpur lime, Volkamer lemon and Trifoliate orange. The cumulative yield of trees grafted on’Alemow’ ( Citrus macrophylla ) and inoculated with Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) was 76% less than the healthy control. Mixed infections caused production decreases of 56% from trees grafted on Swingle citrumelo and 69% from those grafeted on Trifoliate orange. When quality parameters of fruit from trees infected with each viroid, and combinations of viroids were compared, no significant differences were recorded.

Pre-harvest spray application of abscisic acid (S-ABA) regulates fruit colour development and quality in early maturing M7 Navel orange

Abstract Poor fruit colour development at harvest in early maturing M7 sweet orange cultivar causes economic losses to the growers. The responses of different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 or 500 mgL−1) of abscisic acid (S-ABA) and its biosynthesis inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (0.01, 0.02, 0.04 mM) at pre-harvest stage (6 or 3 weeks before anticipated harvest) on peel colour development particularly from yellow to deep orange and on the fruit quality of M7 were studied during 2015 and 2016 in Western Australia. S-ABA treatments during both years irrespective of the concentrations applied exhibited significantly lower hue angle (h°) with enhanced citrus colour index (CCI) and higher levels of total carotenoids in the flavedo during 2015 and 2016. Spray application of S-ABA (300 and 500 mg L−1) resulted in higher level of total carotenoids (35.0 and 71.5 mg kg−1) in the flavedo during 2015 and 2016. A single spray application of S-ABA applied at 6 weeks before anticipated harvest (WBAH) showed higher mean CCI (10.1) and level of total carotenoids (37.6 mg kg−1) as compared to its single application at 3 WBAH and double spray at 6 WBAH followed by 3 WBAH in 2015. However, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) restricted colour development indicated by higher h° and reduced CCI with lower levels of total carotenoids in the flavedo during 2015. S-ABA treatments exhibited significantly reduced total organic acids in the juice, whilst total sugars were not affected by any of the treatments. S-ABA treatments (200 and 300 mg L−1) showed increased SSC/TA ratio (12.8%) as a result of reduction in total acidity (TA) (0.96%). In conclusion, pre-harvest spray application of S-ABA promoted fruit colour development from yellow to deep orange, indicated by reduced h° and increased CCI as well as the levels of total carotenoids in the flavedo of M7 Navel orange. Promotion of fruit colour development (yellow to deep orange) with the pre-harvest application of S-ABA and its down regulation with the application of ABA biosynthesis inhibitor (NDGA) suggested the involvement of S-ABA in flavedo colour development in M7 Navel orange fruit.

Carotenoids and colour diversity of traditional and emerging Tunisian orange cultivars ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

Abstract Citrus are among the most cultivated fruit crops worldwide and occupy a paramount importance in the Tunisian agricultural sector being one of the strategic products. Despite of that, little is known about the quality parameters of Tunisian sweet oranges and some cultivars have not been characterized yet. This work aims to study the coloration diversity of twenty-five Tunisian grown oranges by analyzing their total and individual carotenoids content and the relationship with CIELab color coordinates. Experimental results proved large diversity in the carotenoid composition of the studied juices. Maltaise demi-sanguine cultivar was distinguished from the rest due to its high content of ζ-carotene, lutein and total carotenoids. An unusual lycopene accumulation was detected in the juice of Meski Ahmer. The Tunisian grown Washington Navel cultivar ranked within the rich-carotenoids juices. In addition, significant negative correlations were found between lightness parameters (L*) and Hue angle (H) while they were positively related with redness attributes (a*). Furthermore, (all-E)-violaxanthin and ζ-carotene were both significantly correlated to yellow color intensity index (b*) while zeaxanthin and lutein were positively related to Chroma (C*) and (b*) indices. These findings are of interest since the carotenoids content and composition are directly related to color and citrus juice quality. The results obtained could be part in a selection program-guide of Tunisian cultivars and help to understand the physiological and biochemical bases of sweet orange coloration.

The Effect of Huanglongbing on Young Citrus Tree Water Use

Understanding the role of Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on citrus (Citrus sp.) water use is critical for determining if changes in water management of commercial citrus orchards affected by this disease is necessary. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the most used methodology for irrigation scheduling, particularly in light of reports that indicate the lack of water for irrigation will become a major problem in many places around the world including Florida. The objectives of this study were to determine citrus tree water relationship [water use, sap flow, and stem water potential (Ψ)] as affected by ETo and HLB. The study was initiated on Jan. 2014 on two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars included Hamlin and Valencia grown in a fine sandy soil texture (sandy, siliceous, and hyberthermic Arenic Alaquods) in a greenhouse. Twelve weighing lysimeters of each cultivar (six HLB-affected and six nonaffected trees) were used to determine selected water relation parameters. Results indicated a significant reduction in water use, Ψ, and sap flow for affected trees when compared with nonaffected trees. Citrus water use of healthy trees during the 2-year study was 31% and 27% greater than HLB-affected trees for ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’, respectively. Lower water use of HLB-affected trees resulted in 10% and 15% greater available soil water content than healthy ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ trees, respectively. Therefore, reducing the water supply for HLB-affected trees than healthy trees may be a desirable practice that would lead to significant water savings.

Auxin and Gibberellin Interact in Citrus Fruit Set

Gibberellins (GA) and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) are considered the main compounds involved in the induction of fruit set. Citrus trees flower profusely but exhibit dramatically low fruit set rates and, in particular, seeded orange cultivars also require pollination for fruit to adequately set. Consequently, they represent an excellent model to investigate the interactions between both hormones and their effect on fruit set and development. Unpollinated ovaries from ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange trees were treated with IAA and pollinated ones with TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, inhibitor of auxin transport), and changes in ovaries were registered shortly after the treatments. The highest IAA levels were found in unpollinated ovaries treated with auxin (twofold increase compared to pollinated ones), and the lowest corresponded to pollinated ones supplemented with TIBA (30% reduction). GA content also differed substantially among samples. In general, expression of the GA-biosynthetic gene GA20ox2 in the ovule and pericarp paralleled the changes in GA20 content in both tissues, and also expression of GA3ox1 and GA1 content but only in the ovule. The levels of these GA in unpollinated ovaries were promoted in response to exogenous IAA, whereas expression of the GA-inactivation gene GA2ox1 and the concentration of the GA-catabolite GA8 were reduced by this treatment. Significantly, treatments with GA3 or IAA to unpollinated ovaries recovered fruit set to the level reached by free pollinated ones. Our study demonstrates that IAA alters GA metabolism in citrus leading to marked changes in the active GA1 levels in ovules and pericarp, mainly through the regulation of GA-biosynthetic genes and the inhibition of the catabolic pathway.

Rootstock-modulated yield performance, fruit maturation and phytochemical quality of ‘Lane Late’ and ‘Delta’ sweet orange

Graft combinations of sweet orange cultivars Delta and Lane Late on six rootstocks were established on calcareous clayey soil and evaluated for compatibility, yield, and fruit physicochemical quality attributes at three stages of harvest maturity. Citrumelo proved a deleterious rootstock to both scions, while GouTou was deleterious to Delta and had low compatibility with Lane Late. Most compatible rootstock for Delta was Sour Orange, whereas all rootstocks except GouTou were equally compatible with Lane Late. Yield and fruit weight were highest on Volkameriana. Titratable acidity was highest on Sour Orange and Carrizo and lowest on Volkameriana. Dominant acids were citric (8.5–11.3g/L), malic (1.8–1.9g/L) and succinic (1.3–1.4g/L). Citrate/malate ratio was lower in Lane Late and declined further with maturation. Acids were highest on Sour Orange and Carrizo. Increased levels of malate (2.07–2.21g/L) elicited by Volkameriana may constitute an index of inferior sensory quality. Soluble solids were highest on Sour Orange, Carrizo and Cleopatra (9.6–10.6%) and lowest on Volkameriana (9.3–9.7%). Sucrose was the most abundant soluble carbohydrate (33.9–39.9g/L) and sugar ratios were stable across rootstocks, however sucrose concentration in Delta increased with maturity at the expense of glucose and fructose. Increase in chroma paralleled increase in soluble solids during maturation of Delta but not Lane Late. Fruit phenolics were highest with the least compatible GouTou and lowest with the highly productive Volkameriana. Maximal ascorbate levels were attained at mid-maturity (380.4–450.2mg/L) and were lowest on Volkameriana (323.4–398.8mg/L). Considering its overall performance and resistance to Citrus Tristeza Virus, Carrizo appears as a promising rootstock alternative to Sour Orange particularly on calcareous soils.

Assessment on performance and variability in different sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Obseck) cultivars under Punjab conditions

Based on morphological characterization, the performance of eighteen sweet orange, (Citrus sinensis Obseck) cultivars were evaluated. On the basis of two year data, the maximum mean fruit weight (316.25 gm) was recorded in Moro, while the maximum mean fruit diameter and mean fruit length was recorded in Mosambi and Olinda Valencia (87.32 mm and 81.33 mm, respectively). Albedo thickness was recorded maximum in Ruby Nucellar (3.42 mm). Highest total soluble solids was recorded in cultivar Moro (11.450 brix), while the titratable acidity was recorded maximum in Valencia Calizonida (1.21 %). Fruit axis diameter and Fruit rind thickness were recorded maximum in Rhode Red Valencia and Vernia (15.12 mm and 8.11 mm, respectively). In the variability studies, the maximum genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was recorded maximum for titratable acidity (27.88 and 27.94, respectively) followed by albedo thickness (23.77 and 23.78, respectively) and fruit weight (21.52 and 21.67, respectively). Genetic advance per cent of mean was recorded for titratable acidity (57.31%) followed by albedo thickness (48.96 %) and fruit weight (44.03 %) suggesting that further selection will be effective for improvement in these traits.

Physikalisch-chemische Profilerstellung vielversprechender Sorten der süßen Orange, die unter verschiedenen agroklimatischen Bedingungen in Pakistan wachsen

Sweet oranges are produced on large scale all over the world and demanded due to less number of seeds and are better juice quality. A study was carried out with the objective to characterize promising sweet orange cultivars for better quality fruits production under different agro-climatic conditions of Punjab (Pakistan). Fruits of three promising sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cultivars viz. ‘Blood Red’, ‘Musambi’ and were harvested from commercial citrus groves at five different locations. Starting from Multan, in the direction of increasing altitude, four more sites viz. Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Sargodha and Chakwal were selected after every 100–150 km distance. Fruits were evaluated in terms of different physical and biochemical characters. Results showed significant influence of climatic conditions on physico-chemical properties of the cultivars at all the locations. Fruits harvested from Multan and Sahiwal showed higher fruit weight, diameter and peel weight. More juicy fruits with higher vitamin C content were produced under mild temperature environmental conditions of Chakwal. Overall, ‘Musambi’ fruits had more total soluble solids and reducing and total sugars. ‘Musambi’ was found to be good source of bioactive compounds i. e. vitamin C and total phenolic content, had the maximum antioxidant activity as compared to ‘Blood Red’ and ‘Succari’ and may be explored as potential cultivar in Sargodha and Chakwal.

Influence of postharvest treatments on qualitative and chemical parameters of Tarocco blood orange fruits to be used for fresh chilled juice.

Tarocco "Sant'Alfio" is a late ripening blood orange cultivar. Blood oranges are more and more appreciated from consumers for their high nutraceutical value due to the presence of bioactive compounds including vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. The aim of this work is to set up a reliable protocol for postharvest storage of the very-late Tarocco "Sant'Alfio" orange to prolong the availability of this product in the market to be used for fresh chilled orange juice production. Fruits were subjected to three storage treatments (20days at 1°C plus 50days at 4°C; 70days at 4°C; 70days at 20°C). The results indicate that cold treatments, in particular at 4°C constantly, can extend Tarocco "Sant'Alfio" shelf life enhancing total anthocyanin content. The defined protocols allow prolonging market availability of a high value product and could induce relevant benefits for the citrus industry and consumers.

Physicochemical quality of early-maturing ‘Navel’ sweet oranges

The cultivation of new types of oranges can be a good alternative for citrus growers because there is a growing domestic market and good export prospects. Due to these expectations, it is essential to search for new cultivars for use in the fresh fruit industry. Therefore, the aim of this work was to physicochemically characterize the fruits of new cultivars of ‘Navel’ oranges, seeking alternatives with good characteristics, such as earliness, lack of seeds, good color and organoleptic characteristics desired by the consumer market. The fruits of five new cultivars of ‘Navel’ orange were evaluated, namely, ‘Bahia Valente’ (CN 28), ‘Golden Nugget Navel’ (CN 41), ‘‘Robertson Navel’’ (CN 39), ‘Washington Navel’ (CV 27) and ‘Washington Navel I’ (CN 34), during two harvest seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). The following physicochemical variables were quantified: mass, peel color, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and ratio. The cultivars studied were compared to the commercial cultivar ‘Bahia Cabula’ (CV 25). The new cultivars produced fruit with standards that met consumer expectations, with fruit mass suitable for sale of the fresh fruit, good yield juice and early maturation (March), which enables harvesting ‘Bahia Cabula’ in the off-season period. Thus, it is concluded that there are navel orange cultivars with acceptable physicochemical qualities and early maturation.

Influence of orange cultivar and mandarin postharvest storage on polyphenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity during gastrointestinal digestion.

Polyphenols, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity of two sweet oranges (Navel-N and Cara Cara-CC) and mandarin (Clementine-M) as well as their bioaccessibilities were evaluated in pulps and compared to those in fresh juice. Thus, pulps of oranges and mandarins displayed higher hesperidin (HES), narirutin (NAR), total flavonoids (TF), total phenols (TP) and antioxidant activity (AAC) than their corresponding juices. Also, CC products presented higher bioactive compounds content than N ones. Bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and AAC were higher in pulps of both oranges and mandarin than in their corresponding juices. Oranges (N and CC) pulps and juices presented higher bioaccessibilities than mandarin ones. The postharvest storage of mandarin at 12°C during 5weeks not only produced a significant increase of the bioactive compounds but also an increase of their bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of Citrus bioactive compounds is necessary for calculating more accurately their daily intake amount.

Performance of five sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars on four rootstocks under Maharashtra State, India

Evaluation of five sweet orange cultivars, viz. Hamlin, Valencia, Pera, Westin and Natal on four rootstocks, viz. Volkameriana, Swingle citrumelo, Cleopatra tangerine and Rangpur lime was conducted during 2014 and 2015 on four year old plantation in central India (Jalgaon) under sandy loam soil. Maximum plant eight was found in Hamlin on Volkameriana produced while Pera was dwarfest on Cleopatra tangerine as compared to other rootstock scion combinations. Rootstock average value tallest to dwarf plants were Volkameriana followed by Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Cleopatra tangerine however for scion varieties this order was Hamlin followed by Valencia, Natal, Westin and Pera. Hamlin on Swingle citrumelo produced largest canopy and Pera on Cleopatra tangerine produced smallest canopy volume. Among the rootstocks Swingle citrumelo produced largest and Cleopatra tangerine produced smallest canopy. The maximum scion circumference was observed in Hamlin and minimum in Westin. Valencia recorded maximum value for fruit weight. Maximum juice content was observed in Pera while highest TSS level was observed in Hamlin. Natal followed by Hamlin and Valencia budded on Swingle citrumelo registered higher yield (67.10, 62.6, 59.5 kg plant-1) during 5th year of plantation however lowest yield was observed in Valencia budded on Volkameriana. We could categorize yield in four group very good (>50), good (35-50), average (20-35) and poor (<20). Hamlin, Natal and Valencia on Swingle citrumelo can be grouped into very good yielder, Hamlin, Natal, Valencia on Cleopatra tangerine, Natal and Westin on Rangpur lime and Westin on Volkameriana can be categoral as good yield. Rest of the combinations was in average yielding category except value on Volkameriana was a poor yielder.

Assessing irrigation scheduling by FAO method using soil-plant atmosphere water stress indicators on four orange cultivars

Assessing irrigation scheduling by FAO method using soil-plant atmosphere water stress indicators on four orange cultivars

Expression analysis of fenes coding for pectolytic enzymes and a Mads-Box putatively involved in the maturation process of sweet orange cultivars

Expression analysis of fenes coding for pectolytic enzymes and a Mads-Box putatively involved in the maturation process of sweet orange cultivars

수확시기별 오렌지 5품종 부산물의 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성

This study was conducted to investigate total flavonoid content, flavonoid composition, and free radical scavenging effects of by-products from five orange cultivars during the period September 2015 to February 2016. Total flavonoid content was highest in peel extracts from immature fruit harvested in September. Total flavonoid contents of all cultivars mostly decreased while ripening. Among the five cultivars, total flavonoid content was highest in Hamlin sweet orange (21.66 mg/g), followed by Sanguinello blood orange (20.39 mg/g), Shamouti orange (18.49 mg/g), Tarocco blood orange (18.46 mg/g), and Olinda Valencia orange (17.07 mg/g). With regard to flavonoid composition, all cultivar materials had high levels of narirutin and hesperidin, but naringin and neohesperidin were not detected in any of the materials. Nobiletin, as polymethoxyflavone, was detected within a 23~40 μg/mL range in the immature fruit of all cultivars. Among all cultivars, antioxidant activities were higher in peel extracts than in pulp extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activities of peel extracts ranged from 40% to 58% while the ABTS radical scavenging activity range was 90~94%. The results indicate that orange, by-products, especially peel of immature orange fruit, could have application as natural materials with antioxidative effects.