Orange Carrot Research Articles

Determination of Lead and Cadmium Levels in Local and Imported Carrots and Cabbage

This study was conducted on the determination of levels of lead and cadmium in some samples of cabbage and carrots .which was collected from the markets and the most crowded people in the Najaf city of 2017,using an atomic absorption spectrometer. 
 Results showed lead accumulation in some samples the highest concentration was in the Iranian green cabbage (1.478)part per million and the green cabbage of Iraqi (1.344) part per million, while the lowest concentration was in the Iraqi orange carrots (0.201) part per million. 
 Results of cadmium concentration in all samples, the highest concentration were in Iranian cabbage (0.047) part per million and Iranian green cabbage (0.046) part per million, the lowest value in the Iraqi violet carrots (0.035) part per million and the Iraqi yellow carrots (0.040) part per million . 
 A higher result indicates that there are metal accumulations of lead and cadmium in cabbage and carrot compared with permitted levels according to the World Health Standards because of the seriousness of these elements and harmful to human tissue for all these reasons ,this field study is important to determine the levels of elemental (lead and cadmium) in the cabbage and carrots produced locally and imported.

Pemanfaatan Senyawa Antioksidan Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea Batatas) Pada Pewarnaan Produk Klepon

Antioxidants have recently become a compound that has been widely promoted. Antioxidants are substances that can protect cells against the effects of free radicals. Free radicals are molecules produced when the body gets damaged food or exposure to unhealthy environments such as tobacco smoke and radiation. Fruits and vegetables that are light-skinned with typical colours such as purple sweet potatoes, yellow sweet potatoes, red tomatoes, purple blueberries, yellow corn, and orange carrots, are rich in antioxidants. Sweet potatoes are known to have high carbohydrate and antioxidant content. Also, sweet potatoes are divided into three types based on the different colours, namely white sweet potato, yellow sweet potato, and purple sweet potato. The advantages of sweet potatoes can be used as natural dyes in the manufacture of klepon products. In the study conducted the addition of three types of sweet potatoes in the making klepon. The addition of sweet potatoes affects the value of carbohydrates and water content in klepon products. Also, white sweet potatoes, yellow sweet potatoes, and purple sweet potatoes have carbohydrate content of 44%, 55%, and 42%. Mineral content In addition to white sweet potatoes, yellow sweet potatoes, and purple sweet potatoes are 0.13%, 0.35%, and 0.27%, while the addition of white sweet potatoes, yellow sweet potatoes, and purple sweet potatoes has a moisture content. 52%, 40%, and 56%. Where on klepon without the addition of sweet potatoes has 48% carbohydrate content, mineral content 0.23%, and 47% water content? Based on the results of the analysis, klepon with the addition of yellow sweet potato is the best of nutritional value and storage capacity, because it has the highest levels of carbohydrate and minerals, and low moisture content. Keywords: Antioxidants, Telephone, Sweet Potatoes

The Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Purple Vegetable Diets on Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Zucker Rats.

Consumption of highly colored fruits and vegetables rich in anthocyanins has been associated with numerous health benefits. Purple carrots (PC) and purple potatoes (PP) have higher anthocyanin concentrations and higher biological activities compared with less pigmented cultivars. We hypothesized that substitution of the majority of carbohydrate in a high fat diet with PP or PC, for 8 weeks, would improve insulin resistance and hypertension, major components of metabolic syndrome, compared with orange carrots (OC), white potatoes (WP) or a control, high fat, sucrose-rich diet (HFD) in obese Zucker rats. After 8 weeks of feeding, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT), and invasive hemodynamic tests were performed. The PP group had better glucose tolerance compared with the WP and the HFD groups and higher insulin sensitivity as measured by the ipITT and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P = .018) compared with the HFD without having any effect on blood pressure. The PC reduced left ventricular pressure compared with both the HFD (P = .01) and the OC (P = .049) groups and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with the HFD group (P = .01 and <.0001, respectively) without having any effect on glucose homeostasis. The PC animals consumed more and were more obese than other groups, possibly obscuring any benefit of this vegetable on glucose tolerance. The bioactives in the vegetables responsible for blood pressure and glucose homeostasis could be different, and their effects could be independent of each other. The specific bioactives of each vegetable and their molecular targets remain to be identified. Nonetheless, incorporation of purple vegetables in functional food products may provide metabolic/cardiovascular benefits in the background of a high-fat diet that promotes obesity.

Distinct transcription profile of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis among six different color carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars.

Carotenoid, a group of lipophilic molecules, is widely distributed in nature, and is important for plant photosynthesis and photoprotection. In carrot taproot, different types of dominant carotenoid accumulation lead to yellow, orange, and red colors. In this study, six different carrot cultivars were used to simultaneously analyze carotenoid contents by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis of carrot were also detected by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that genes involved in xanthophyll formation were expressed at high levels in yellow carrot cultivars. However, these genes were expressed at low levels in orange carrot cultivars. The contents of α- and β-carotene accounted for a large proportion in total carotenoid contents in orange carrot cultivars. These results indicate that α-carotene accumulation and xanthophyll formation may be related to the expression levels of carotene hydroxylase genes in carrot.

Third-harmonic generation Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy.

An experimental implementation of the nonlinear Stokes-Mueller polarimetric (NSMP) microscopy in third-harmonic generation modality is presented. The technique is able to extract all eight 2D-accessible χ(3) components for any sample from 64 polarization measurements, and can be applied to noninvasive ultrastructural characterization. The polarization signature of an isotropic glass coverslip is presented, and carotenoid crystallites in the root of orange carrot (Daucus carota) are investigated, showing complex χ(3) components with a significant chiral contribution.

橙色および黄色系ミニニンジンに対する消費者意識および最適価格の推定に関する研究

少人数の家庭でも無駄なく使える小型野菜の需要増加を受け，ミニニンジン（以下，ミニ）の生産および販売拡大のため，ニンジン全体の市場におけるミニのポジショニングを明らかにし，ミニの販売形態や価格を推定した．農産物直売所および大学の催事におけるアンケート調査の結果，回答者はミニの特徴として「皮をむかずにそのまま使える」，「生のままサラダに使える」および「甘みが強くて，ジューシー」であることに魅力を感じており，ミニは生食（サラダ）需要としての商品性を有する可能性が示唆された．また，販売形態としては，オレンジの本数がイエローに比べてやや多い，イエローとオレンジの組合せを選択するパネリストが多く，購買反応曲線からは，オレンジ6本とイエロー2本の組合せで袋詰めした見本において最適価格が142～150円と推定された．ミニは五寸ニンジンに比べて栽培期間が短く，出荷数量も多く見込めるため，大都市近郊農業で導入する有望品目として提案できる．

Line-scan Raman imaging and spectroscopy platform for surface and subsurface evaluation of food safety and quality

Both surface and subsurface food inspection is important since interesting safety and quality attributes can be at different sample locations. This paper presents a multipurpose line-scan Raman platform for food safety and quality research, which can be configured for Raman chemical imaging (RCI) mode for surface inspection and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) mode for subsurface inspection. In the RCI mode, macro-scale imaging was achieved using a 785 nm line laser up to 24 cm long with a push-broom method. In the SORS mode, a 785 nm point laser was used and a complete set of SORS data was collected in an offset range of 0–36 mm with a spatial interval of 0.07 mm using one CCD exposure. The RCI and SORS modes share a common detection module including a dispersive imaging spectrograph and a CCD camera, covering a Raman shift range from −674 to 2865 cm−1. A pork shoulder and an orange carrot were used to test large-field-of-view (230 mm wide) and high-spatial-resolution (0.07 mm/pixel) settings of the RCI mode for food surface evaluation. Fluorescence-corrected images at selected Raman peak wavenumbers were used to view Raman-active analytes on the whole sample surfaces (e.g., fat on the pork shoulder and carotenoids over the carrot cross section). Also, three layered samples, which were created by placing carrot slices with thicknesses of 2, 5, and 8 mm on top of melamine powder, were used to test the SORS mode for subsurface food evaluation. Raman spectra from carrot and melamine were successfully resolved for all three layered samples using self-modeling mixture analysis. The line-scan Raman imaging and spectroscopy platform provides a new tool for surface and subsurface inspection for food safety and quality.

Effect of osmotic dehydration on physico-chemical properties and pigment content of carrot (Daucus carotaL) during preserve manufacture

Osmotic dehydration affected physico-chemical properties and carotenoids content during preserve making in red and orange carrots. The initial soluble solid contents of 5.29°B and 9.53°B increased to 67°B and 69°B in the final product of red and orange carrots, respectively. Total carotenoids content reduced from 15.28 to 9.34 mg/100 g for red carrot and 24.5 to 22.12 mg/100 g for orange carrots due to thermal degradation. The lycopene content also got decreased in both carrots when cooked in sugar syrup. Red carrot has higher lycopene content as compared with orange carrot. The L value decreased during preserve making due to darkening. The “a” value and “b” value also decreased which means reduction in redness and yellowness. Reducing sugars increased during processing because of inversion of sucrose in the presence of citric acid. Practical applications The current focus of the food processing is to study the functional constituents. Pigments are important phyto-chemicals having health promoting properties. Carrot is a very economic source of carotenoids that gets converted into vitamin A. Preserve is an important product that can be used as a mean to supplement vitamin A. This study has been carried out to know the fate of pigments during processing. The preserve manufacturers, nutritionists and consumer may get the precise amount of pigment in the final product.

Composition, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of common Indian fruits and vegetables.

The present work was undertaken to evaluate the chemical composition (proximate, minerals and dietary fibre), colour parameters, antioxidant activity and polyphenol profiles of different fruits (pomegranate, kinnow, mango, banana, jambolan, grapes and sapodilla) and vegetables (beetroot, brinjal, orange carrot, bitter gourd, mentha and spinach). The amount of insoluble dietary fibre was higher than soluble dietary fibre for all fruits and vegetables. Vegetables showed superior mineral composition (higher amounts of K, Ca and Fe) as compared to fruits. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) ranged from 354.9 to 1639.7mgGAE/100g, 2.6 to 5.5 and 3.0 to 6.3mMTE/g, respectively for different fruits, while it ranged from 179.3 to 1028.6mgGAE/100g, 2.1 to 4.7 and 2.0 to 5.0mMTE/g, respectively for different vegetables. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, resveratrol and kaempferol were detected and quantified in different fruits and vegetables. The results highlighted that fruit peels could be used as valuable sources of minerals and polyphenols having high antioxidant activity.

The unique origin of orange carrot cultivars in China

Cultivated carrots can be divided into eastern and western types. Much evidence supports the idea that eastern carrots originated in Central Asia, while varying opinions exist on the origin of western carrots, especially orange varieties, and the origin of Chinese orange carrots remains unclear. In this study, we used 119 carrot accessions to investigate the relationship between Chinese carrots and western orange varieties (Western orange) using morphology and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results demonstrate that Chinese carrots are eastern-type and maintain the primitive traits of strong and pubescent leaves, and early flowering. Despite being morphologically similar, the STRUCTURE and phylogenetic analysis based on SSR markers indicated that Western orange were clearly separated from Chinese carrots. These findings, in conjunction with historical documents suggesting that the first Chinese carrots seem to be yellow, suggest that Chinese orange were derived from Chinese red according to the mixed distribution of red and orange accessions. These results suggest that Chinese orange carrots may have undergone a specific, independent process different from that of Western orange.

Transcriptional regulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in carrot root slices exposed to UV-B light

Orange carrots are well known for their nutritional value as producers of β-carotene, a vitamin A precursor. Lesser known, is their ability to accumulate antioxidants such as chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is produced through the same biosynthetic pathway that produces lignins, anthocyanins, flavonols and isoflavonoids, the phenylpropanoid pathway. This pathway can be induced by UV-B light and wounding to produce large amounts of chlorogenic acid. We identified a number of the carrot structural genes in this pathway and their proposed regulators in carrot root slices and analyzed their expression in response to UV-B light exposure using real-time PCR. Our results indicate that not only does the expression of the structural genes correlate with their proposed regulators, including DcHY5 and others, but also correlate with chlorogenic acid production. Our results indicate that the HY5 — UVR8 signaling network may exist and function in carrot roots.

13C Natural Abundance of Serum Retinol Is a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating Provitamin A Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Consumption in Male Mongolian Gerbils

Background: Crops such as maize, sorghum, and millet are being biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids to ensure adequate vitamin A (VA) intakes. VA assessment can be challenging because serum retinol concentrations are homeostatically controlled and more sensitive techniques are resource-intensive.Objectives: We investigated changes in serum retinol relative differences of isotope amount ratios of 13C/12C (δ13C) caused by natural 13C fractionation in C3 compared with C4 plants as a biomarker to detect provitamin A efficacy from biofortified (orange) maize and high-carotene carrots.Methods: The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 maize (orange compared with white) by carrot (orange compared with white) by a VA fortificant (VA+ compared with VA−) in weanling male Mongolian gerbils (n = 55), which included a 14-d VA depletion period and a 62-d treatment period (1 baseline and 8 treatment groups; n = 5−7/group). Liver VA and serum retinol were quantified, purified by HPLC, and analyzed by GC combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for 13C.Results: Treatments affected liver VA concentrations (0.048 ± 0.039 to 0.79 ± 0.24 μmol/g; P < 0.0001) but not overall serum retinol concentrations (1.38 ± 0.22 μmol/L). Serum retinol and liver VA δ13C were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.92; P < 0.0001). Serum retinol δ13C differentiated control groups that consumed white maize and white carrots (−27.1 ± 1.2 δ13C‰) from treated groups that consumed orange maize and white carrots (−21.6 ± 1.4 δ13C‰ P < 0.0001) and white maize and orange carrots (−30.6 ± 0.7 δ13C‰ P < 0.0001). A prediction model demonstrated the relative contribution of orange maize to total dietary VA for groups that consumed VA from mixed sources.Conclusions: Provitamin A efficacy and quantitative estimation of the relative contribution to dietary VA were demonstrated with the use of serum retinol δ13C. This method could be used for maize efficacy or effectiveness studies and with other C4 crops biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., millet, sorghum). Advantages include no extrinsic tracer dose, 1 blood sample, and higher sensitivity than serum retinol concentrations alone.

13C Natural Abundance of Serum Retinol is a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating Effectiveness of Provitamin A Biofortified Maize and Carrots in Male Mongolian Gerbils

BackgroundCrops, such as maize, rice, sorghum, and millet, are being biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids to sustainably ensure adequate vitamin A (VA) intakes. VA assessment can be challenging because serum retinol is homeostatically controlled and more sensitive techniques are resource intensive.ObjectivesThis study investigated serum retinol 13C abundance changes due to natural 13C fractionation in C3 vs. C4 plants as a biomarker to detect provitamin A efficacy from biofortified (orange) maize and carrots.MethodsThe design was a 2×2×2 maize (orange vs. white) by carrot (orange vs. white) by VA fortificant (VA+ vs. VA−) in Mongolian gerbils (n=55), which included a 14‐d VA‐depletion period followed by eight 62‐d treatments (n=5–7/treatment). VA from liver and serum was quantified and purified by HPLC and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography‐combustion‐ isotope ratio mass spectrometry for 13C abundance.ResultsTreatments significantly affected liver VA concentrations (P&lt;0.0001), but did not affect serum VA concentrations (P=0.64). Serum retinol and liver VA 13C abundance correlated well (R2=0.92, P&lt;0.0001). Serum retinol 13C abundance differentiated control groups consuming white maize and white carrots (−27.1±1.2 δ 13C‰) from those consuming orange maize and white carrots (−21.6±1.4 δ 13C‰, P&lt;0.0001) and those consuming white maize and orange carrots (−30.6±0.7 δ 13C‰, P&lt;0.0001).ConclusionsProvitamin A adoption effectiveness can be evaluated using serum retinol 13C abundance shifts after consumption of provitamin A maize and could likely be used for other C4 plants being biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (e.g. millet and sorghum). Advantages of this include no extrinsic tracer dose, a single blood sample, and high sensitivity compared with serum retinol.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by an endowment to SAT entitled “Friday Chair for Vegetable Processing Research”, USDA Hatch WIS01528 (SAT), California Fresh Carrot Advisory Board (PWS), and HarvestPlus Agreement 5204 (KVP).

Fast, cross cultivar determination of total carotenoids in intact carrot tissue by Raman spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares calibration

In order to speed up the breeding of orange carrots for high carotenoid content it is imperative to develop a fast and non-destructive technique. 332 roots from 86 carrot varieties grown in 2014 at the experimental farm in Høje Taastrup (DK) form the basis of this study. All roots were measured by Raman spectroscopy. The carotenoid content of the very same roots was estimated through a wet chemistry method coupled with UV–VIS at 447nm and 540nm. For the Raman spectroscopy, measurements were made on a cross section disk approximately 10cm from the root top at three different positions in the phloem. Since the top of the carrot is intact, it may still be used for growing. The final calibration model shows an uncertainty (RMSECV) of 20.5ppm, and a R2=0.86. It has thus proven to be well suited for prediction of carotenoids in orange carrots, and especially for ranking them according to the content.

UV-blocking potential of oils and juices.

Sunscreens are commonly used to protect the body from damage caused by UV light. Some components of organic sunscreens have been shown to pass through the skin during wear which could raise toxicity concerns for these compounds. This study explores the potential for oils and fruit and vegetable juices to be substitutes for these compounds. The absorptivity of various oils (canola oil, citronella oil, coconut oil, olive oil, soya bean oil, vitamin E, as well as aloe vera) and fruit and vegetable juices (acerola, beet, grape, orange carrot, purple carrot and raspberry) was measured in vitro. The mean absorptivity was compared with FDA-approved UV absorbers to gauge the potential of the natural products. The most promising candidates were incorporated into formulations, and the UV transmittance of a 20-μm-thick film of the formulation was measured. The formulations were also imaged by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The absorptivity of oils was at least two orders of magnitude lower compared to the commercial UV blockers. The fruit juice powders were more effective at UV blocking but still showed an order of magnitude lower absorptivity compared to commercial UV blockers. The UV blocking from most natural oils is insufficient to obtain a significant UV protection. Formulations containing 50wt% purple carrot showed good UV-blocking capabilities and represent a promising ingredient for sunscreen and cosmetic applications.

Optimal extraction and fingerprinting of carotenoids by accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is applied for the extraction of carotenoids from orange carrot and the extraction parameters were optimized. Two carotenoids, lutein and β-carotene, are selected as the validation process. Hildebrand solubility parameters and dielectric constant of solvents were taken into consideration in selecting solvent mixture. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as temperature, static time, drying agent etc., on the ASE extraction efficiency are investigated systematically. Interactions among the variables were also studied. Furthermore, two carotenoids were analyzed and characterized by LC–ESI MS. The study concluded that Hildebrand solubility parameter approach may be applicable for less polar bioactive molecules like carotenoids. The properties of solvent and extraction temperature are found to be the most important parameters affecting the ASE extraction efficiency of thermolabile natural compounds.

Insights into the β-carotene distribution in carrot roots

Abstract This work reports the carotenoid spatial distribution in orange carrot roots measured by Transmission Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Raman contour mappings of root cross-sections were measured over the spectral range from 500 to 2500 cm−1 as a function of the root radius. The overall β-carotene content reveals a heterogeneous distribution predominantly concentrated in the secondary phloem tissue and periderm. Furthermore, detailed measurements of the ν4 band intensities, the wagging mode associated to the CH out-of-plane motion, show how the higher relative values occur in the secondary phloem and the lower ones near the vascular cambium. This vibrational mode profile was correlated with changes in β-carotene molecular configuration depending on the different physiological properties of the investigated root tissues.

Evaluating the potential of high pressure high temperature and thermal processing on volatile compounds, nutritional and structural properties of orange and yellow carrots

The present study compares the impact of thermal and high pressure high temperature (HPHT) processing on volatile profile (via a non-targeted headspace fingerprinting) and structural and nutritional quality parameter (via targeted approaches) of orange and yellow carrot purees. The effect of oil enrichment was also considered. Since oil enrichment affects compounds volatility, the effect of oil was not studied when comparing the volatile fraction. For the targeted part, as yellow carrot purees were shown to contain a very low amount of carotenoids, focus was given to orange carrot purees. The results of the non-targeted approach demonstrated HPHT processing exerts a distinct effect on the volatile fractions compared to thermal processing. In addition, different coloured carrot varieties are characterised by distinct headspace fingerprints. From a structural point of view, limited or no difference could be observed between orange carrot purees treated with HPHT or HT processes, both for samples without and with oil. From nutritional point of view, only in samples with oil, significant isomerisation of all-trans-β-carotene occurred due to both processing. Overall, for this type of product and for the selected conditions, HPHT processing seems to have a different impact on the volatile profile but rather similar impact on the structural and nutritional attributes compared to thermal processing.

Carotene Hydroxylase Activity Determines the Levels of Both α-Carotene and Total Carotenoids in Orange Carrots.

The typically intense carotenoid accumulation in cultivated orange-rooted carrots (Daucus carota) is determined by a high protein abundance of the rate-limiting enzyme for carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase (PSY), as compared with white-rooted cultivars. However, in contrast to other carotenoid accumulating systems, orange carrots are characterized by unusually high levels of α-carotene in addition to β-carotene. We found similarly increased α-carotene levels in leaves of orange carrots compared with white-rooted cultivars. This has also been observed in the Arabidopsis thaliana lut5 mutant carrying a defective carotene hydroxylase CYP97A3 gene. In fact, overexpression of CYP97A3 in orange carrots restored leaf carotenoid patterns almost to those found in white-rooted cultivars and strongly reduced α-carotene levels in the roots. Unexpectedly, this was accompanied by a 30 to 50% reduction in total root carotenoids and correlated with reduced PSY protein levels while PSY expression was unchanged. This suggests a negative feedback emerging from carotenoid metabolites determining PSY protein levels and, thus, total carotenoid flux. Furthermore, we identified a deficient CYP97A3 allele containing a frame-shift insertion in orange carrots. Association mapping analysis using a large carrot population revealed a significant association of this polymorphism with both α-carotene content and the α-/β-carotene ratio and explained a large proportion of the observed variation in carrots.

Molecular Organization of Crystalline β-Carotene in Carrots Determined with Polarization-Dependent Second and Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy

Polarization-in, polarization-out (PIPO) second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy was used to study the crystalline organization of β-carotene molecules within individual aggregates contained in the chromoplasts of orange carrots in vivo. Multimodal PIPO SHG and PIPO THG studies of the aggregates revealed one dominant SHG and THG dipole signifying that β-carotene molecules are oriented along a single axis. Three-dimensional visualization of the orientation of β-carotene molecules with respect to the aggregate axis was also performed with both microscopy modalities and revealed organization of the aggregates as ribbon-like structures consisting of twists and folds. Therefore, PIPO SHG and PIPO THG microscopy provides information on the crystalline organization and the orientation of ordered biological structures in vivo where multimodal polarization dependent SHG and THG investigations are particularly advantageous as both noncentrosymmetric and centrosymmetric crystalline organizations can be probed.