Oral Texts Research Articles

WEDDING SONGS OF PAMIR KYRGYZ: ÖLÖNG and DÜRÖ (From the experience of ethnofolkloristic analysis)

This article will analyze, in accordance with the methods and techniques of the branches of social and humanitarian sciences, the songs of ölöng (өлөң) and dürö (дүрө), almost forgotten in the oral folk art of Kyrgyzstanis, but performed at modern weddings of Kyrgyz ethnic groups living in other countries (in particular, among the Pamir Kyrgyz), preserving their liveliness in their traditional culture. The performance of ölöng is a traditional, multifunctional ethnopoetic act performed before the performance of the nike kyiuu (Muslim wedding ceremony), which is the final stage of the weddings of the Pamir Kyrgyz. The ritual cannot be performed without the accompaniment of the ölöng, the performance of which can be undertaken only by the folk singers of the ölöngchü, trained and experienced in the performance of these songs. Information about dürö has been poorly preserved. Respondents recall that the architectonics and content of the dürö are close to some types of akyn competitions – aitysh where elements of erotic themes take place. The issues of the organization of the oral text, the use of linguistic means, artistic form, deep content, traditions of performance, place in the public life of the speakers of ölöng and dürö, need careful study at the intersection of social and humanitarian sciences such as ethnofolkloristics, ethnoculturology, ethnolinguistics and ethnophilosophy.

Отрицания в речи как маркер описания эмоционально негативных стимулов

<p>The article presents the results of an empirical study of the oral corpus of texts. Based on some theoretical and empirical data, we have suggested that negations in speech can be markers of describing emotionally negative stimuli, the experiments have allowed us to test this hypothesis. The Study 1 (N=42): subjects described two pictures that are opposite in their emotional characteristics (positive and negative). The Study 2 (N=32): subjects had to tell two memories about themselves: a frightening memory and a joyful one. The recorded audios were transcribed into written form. It was made by the system of phrase allocation (or elementary discursive units). So, we’ve got corpus of oral text. The corpus was analyzed by the presence of negations in it (particles and prefixes "not", the word "no"). Statistical analysis showed that frightening memories and an emotionally negative picture are described significantly more often with the use of negative particles (p≤0.001). Describing negative stimuli, negations were used twice as often as when describing positive ones. So, it can be assumed that the description of emotionally negative stimuli actualizes the use of negative phrases in speech. Such results allow us to consider negations as an implicit discursive marker, which indicates the negative emotional nature of the subject of speech.</p>

Обучение иностранных студентов пересказу на основе кинотекста (в аспекте русского языка как иностранного)

The aim of the study is to substantiate the need and possibility of using the method of retelling film texts in one’s own words as one of the means of mastering oral monologue speech in the practical course of Russian as a foreign language at an advanced stage of training. The paper provides rationale for using the method of retelling based on authentic feature films, describes the content of teaching retelling by considering all its components, presents a set of practical tasks aimed at developing the skills and abilities of processing the original text by reduction, simplification and expansion. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the following: it is the first time that the content of teaching foreign students how to retell based on film texts in the Russian language course has been clarified, the specifics of interpreting linguistic and non-linguistic components of the film text in secondary oral text production has been revealed, which made it possible to develop a set of exercises aimed at forming the speech skills and abilities necessary for the construction of a narrative-descriptive monologue. As a result of the study, it was found that teaching retelling based on films is directly linked to the work on reconstructing a text perceived by ear taking into account the presented paralinguistic information and the formation of the corresponding skills of organizing the content and choosing linguistic means of narration/description, namely, the skills of conveying the statements said by other people and using text compression means.

Adoniram Judson's Burmese Bible: Dependency and Development

AbstractAdoniram Judson is widely perceived as the pioneer Bible translator in Burma. His translation of the entire Bible into Burmese, however, built upon three centuries of Roman Catholic missionary outreach. Catholic priests had arrived as chaplains for Portuguese immigrants to Burma in the early sixteenth century, but an indigenous Burmese Catholic church was established within a generation through intermarriage. Barnabite missionaries arrived in the early eighteenth century and engaged in a dynamic hundred years of missionary work. These Catholic missionaries developed key Christian terminology and discourse that Judson drew upon in his translation work. British Baptists were also in Burma for several years before Judson arrived and made their own contribution to Burmese Bible translation. An analysis of the Burmese translations of the Lord's Prayer by Barnabite missionary Giovanni Maria Percoto (1776), British Baptist James Chater (1812), and Judson (1817 and 1832) demonstrates how Judson both drew upon and developed the work of his predecessors in his immense project of translating the entire Bible into Burmese (1840). The Judson Bible, still the most widely used and highly esteemed version in modern-day Myanmar, is an intertextual production. Literary and oral texts, all shaped by their historical settings, intersected multiple other texts over a period of three hundred years before flowing into Judson's translation.

Pragmatic Ambiguity, Implicatures, and Translation1

AbstractThe goal of this work is to put forward a pragmatic and translational framework for analysing target texts (TT) and source texts (ST) containing conversational implicatures that lead to pragmatic ambiguity. Ambiguity, sensu lato, is deemed to be related to indeterminacy and vagueness. Nevertheless, in the strict sense, ambiguity is understood as ‘more than a single processing instruction for a given utterance’. More specifically, pragmatic ambiguity arises whenever differences in cultural conventions between SL speakers and TL speakers lead to differences in the existence, meaning and salience of implicatures among ST and TT. Using real translation cases selected from a purpose‐built corpus containing fiction written and oral texts, we show which pragmatic ambiguities translators come across, and how translation techniques are used, either to maintain ambiguity or to select one intended processing instruction.

Sesapan: Wacana Pelestarian Lingkungan, Mohon Keselamatan, dan Menjinakkan Binatang Piaraan dalam Teks Sastra Lisan di Bali

This research is aimed at examining the potential of Balinese oral literature in strengthening traditional values ??in the context of national development, especially in for Human Resources. The data collection method was carried out by tracking oral texts in several lontar texts and printed texts in the form of books in libraries. Qualitative data about sesapan is 'dissected' using hermeneutic theory. Data were analyzed using descriptive analytical methods assisted by inductive techniques. Data presentation is carried out using informal methods using description techniques. The research shows that the text of Sesapan has religious value for preserving the environment, asking for safety, and taming domestic animals. Maintaining a good environment will ensure the life of creatures on earth. People use sesapan texts when they use things in nature, such as when cutting down trees, carrying out activities in certain places that are considered haunted, when an earthquake occurs, and so on.

Kattalarga lug'atni qanday o'rgatish kerak

This article outlines the importance of vocabulary range and how to teach vocabulary to adults. The knowledge of vocabulary is considered as the most important tool for mastering any language skills; it also contributes to the understanding of written and oral texts

Influências estilísticas e sociais na variação dos possessivos em 3ª pessoa no corpus D&G Natal

This study is the result of an analysis of the linguistic variation between the possessive forms SEU and DELE (and their inflections) in Natal/RN, at the end of the 20th century, with emphasis on social and stylistic aspects, as extralinguistic factors that condition usage. 40 oral texts and their respective written versions were selected, extracted from the Corpus Discurso e Gramática (D&G), and these data are equally stratified in language modality, gender/textual sequence, age/education and gender. It was verified, through quantitative analyzes provided by the Statistical Program Goldvarb, that the DELE(A)(S) form stands out in orality, in genres/sequences of the narrative sphere, among younger/less educated individuals, and among men. Among these factors, the one with the greatest influence was related to language modality. And from the sociolinguistic generalizations, it could be concluded that the phenomenon of variation between the possessive forms of the 3rd person singular, regarding the analyzed factors, indicated, at that time, a stable variation between the variants.

WORD-FORMATION MODELS WITH DIMINUTIVES IN THE BASIC LEVEL TRAINING COURSE OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This work offers a systematic approach to the study of word-formation models by foreigners who are beginning to learn Russian, in particular, the formation of words with diminutive suffixes. Russian diminutives need to be introduced into the course already at the basic level due to the great popularity and high frequency of the use of words with such suffixes among native Russian language speakers. Thanks to the knowledge of the basic word-formation models, a wide layer of vocabulary opens up to foreign students. We propose comprehensive didactic material for mastering words with diminutives and consolidating information based on the traditional and communicative method. The system of tasks includes exercises for both the study of formal units and their functioning in a written or oral text and communicative orientation tasks for the formation of the skill of a corresponding speech activity. We conclude that the ability to see in a word the generating basis and affixes is also an important condition for further effective understanding of special vocabulary and texts.

TEXT IN THE MODERN PARADIGM OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: CATEGORIZATION AND PRAGMATICS

The article analyzes the text in the modern paradigm of scientific knowledge from the perspective of categorization and pragmatics. A look at the text in a categorical dimension attests to a change in definitions, an expansion of the interpretation of the concept. It is noted that linguists differentiate text and discourse, study the text in semantic, grammatical, pragmatic- communicative and structural planes, study the categorical organization of the text. Focused on what, in addition to written texts, oral texts also attract the attention of scholars. The analysis of the text as an object of linguistic research in a pragmatic dimension is presented on the material of an oral text – a football television report. Football live television reporting appears as a process and product of oral communication addressed to a multi-million audience of game fans. The features of the football television report as a text are explained through a system of text categories with units of a lower hierarchy (according to the concept of A. Yeshchenko) in three dimensions: from the perspective of semantics, from the perspective of communicativeness, at the level of pragmatics. Summarized that, the correlation of text categories of different dimensions serves as a text-constitutive factor.

史诗英雄江格尔形象语图互文研究

As an active oral text, the epic Jangar has undergone continuous evolution in contemporary society. Its essence is a multicultural practice strategy based on images, which highlights the interactive expression between cultures. From the image of Shaman God to modern sculpture, illustration, film and television, through the change of visual media, the characters of hero Jiang Geer have been enriched continuously, realizing the mutual proof of language and image, and the resonance of hearing and vision. Cultural communication and dissemination in contemporary society have laid a solid foundation for the development of epic, and formed a strong communication chain relying on humanities and scientific and technological conditions. The profound cultural connotation of Jangar epic tends to spread visual culture with the help of the expansion of humanistic horizon and the progress of science and technology, and reconstructs its cultural space of “inheritance” and “dissemination”. With visual media as the communication path, we can realize the contemporary identity of epic heroes, and explore the era inheritance and protection mechanism of epic culture.

The Text of Minangkabau Collective Riddles: Format, Figurative Language, and Social Function for the Collective Owners

This research article aims to describe the format, figurative language, and social function of the traditional oral texts of Minangkabau collective riddles in West Sumatra, Indonesia. This research is based on the theory of folklore where riddles are categorized as a significant part of oral tradition that grows and develops orally and traditionally within the Minangkabau collective. The description of the research findings will explain the following points. First, how the format of riddles, consisting of descriptions or questions (descriptive) and answers (referent), is used by the Minangkabau collective. Secondly, it explains how the Minangkabau collective oral style uses figurative language to compose the format of descriptions or questions (descriptive) riddles that they ask to be answered by their listeners. Thirdly, it describes the Minangkabau collective attitude of the owners of the oral tradition, and it explains the importance of the riddles in their social life. This finding is in line with the theory about the social function of oral tradition for the collective owner.

Семантика и контекст употребления перфекта в современном американском английском: корпусное исследование

The article identifies the main ways in which the Present Perfect meanings are expressed in the oral speech of the US citizens speaking American English. The necessity to study in detail how the Present Perfect functions in modern American English is attributed to the emerging reports emphasizing the existing functional instability of these forms in the speech of Americans. This tendency shows that the Present Perfect loses its ability to express traditional perfect meanings. Therefore, the aim of the study is twofold: to apply the methods of corpus linguistics in order to confirm that the semantics of the perfect and preterite forms tend to merge in modern American English, as well as to collect and describe the contexts in which the preterite substitutes the Present Perfect forms in their traditional meanings. We created a corpus of oral texts and collected the data reflecting the frequency of the perfect and preterite forms found in the speech of the respondents. Based on the comparative analysis, we carried out the research determining the percentage ratio of the perfect meanings expressed by the preterite forms. It was found that today in the oral speech of the US women aged 18–25 the preterite verb forms substitute the perfect verb forms in their traditional meanings in almost a third of the contexts. At the same time, the preterite replaces the perfect only in its ‘stative’ and ‘existential’ meanings. The findings confirm the hypothesis that the Present Perfect evolves in American English in accordance with the scenario of “arrested” grammaticalization where the semantics of the perfect and the preterite merge.

The “kirat religion” in Nepal: quest for a new religious and ethnic identity

The Limbu, Rai Yakha and Sunuwar peoples of eastern Nepal are part of the wider Kiranti ethnic group. Traditionally they used to worship spirits and objects of nature. Rituals were held at temporary altars built from natural materials. The continuity of the tradition was ensured by a complex of oral texts called mundhum, which was transmitted by shamans. In the 20th century, for sociocultural and political reasons, these traditional beliefs underwent major changes. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new reformist doctrine of Satya Hangma (Limbu “true faith”) emerged. Guru Phalgunanda combined traditional beliefs with Hindu ideas, transforming dogmatics and religious practice. At the end of the 20th century political processes began in Nepal, which led to the growth of ethno-religious self-awareness of various groups. For the first time, in the 1991 census, there was included an option to recognize the “Kirat religion”.

Translating Psalms from Orality to Performance: A Case Study with Psalm 3

Psalms are performance literature and were prepared for communities to engage with orally. The sound patterns, rhythm, and use of many performance features strengthen the communication of the meaning and facilitate the audience to participate in the worship within the psalms. This paper explores an approach to translating psalms in which community poets and musicians begin by focussing on listening to the text and exploring orally the big themes and poetic patterns. Next they engage in various creative activities relevant to the text and to their contexts. Then they analyse the text carefully, using the traditional exegetical approach. This helps firm up the oral text, bringing it closer to the Hebrew, but retains the initial creativity that emerged in the earlier exercises. Finally, the exegetically-accurate written text is adjusted, as needed, for community performance. The methodology has been used with several communities in Africa and initial results are encouraging.

Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics: An Interdisciplinary Study of Oral Texts, Dictated Texts, and Wild Texts

Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics: An Interdisciplinary Study of Oral Texts, Dictated Texts, and Wild Texts

Немецкие дискурсивные маркеры в текстах различных функциональных стилей

The aim of the study is to determine the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles have been described for the first time. As a result, it has been shown that discourse markers are found in the scientific, publicistic, literary and colloquial styles. In the texts of the colloquial style, several functions of discourse markers are manifested: the linking function, which is expressed through the establishment of causal relations and additive relations; the function of signaling the transition to another topic of conversation; the function of mitigating the categoricity of what is being said; the function of explaining what was said earlier. It is quite obvious that discourse markers are involved in the structuring of an oral text. In scientific and publicistic texts, discourse markers serve to structure the information, ensure text coherence and also organize the line of reasoning. In literary texts, discourse markers perform not only the structuring function, but also develop rhetorical relationships in combination with rhetorical means to achieve communicative goals.

Panji Jayalengkara Angreni: Jalinan Kisah Panji dalam Sastra Tulis dan Kesenian

Panji Jayalengkara Angreni which is one part of the Panji Angreni variety has a close relationship with oral and written traditions. With the existence of multi-layered traditions and a very broad corpus, it is necessary to describe the distribution of traditions, especially in the realm of Javanese culture in Surakarta. Thus, this study aims to reveal the relationship between the oral and written traditions of Panji Jayalengkara Angreni. In revealing this relationship, it is necessary to understand that the manuscript and oral traditions are a unity as a basic foundation. This study uses a qualitative method and is based on a research method that combines manuscript writing traditions and artistic traditions, as was done by Vickers on the Malat text. As a limitation, the search for the corpus of written and oral literature is only focused on the Surakarta tradition, especially those related to oral literature in performing art. The text of Panji Angreni appears in the literary tradition of the northern coast of Java which developed with additions and recompositions. Panji Angreni Palembang as the oldest text shows the form of Panji Angreni which is still much influenced by Old Javanese literature. Panji Angreni developed by being combined with the story of Jayalengkara in the Surakarta era.The relationship between Panji Jayalengkara Angreni's written text and oral text is evident in the realm of wayang, dance, and musical performances. This relationship is not just a one-way relationship, but a reciprocal relationship between written and oral traditions.
 Keywords: Panji; oral tradition; written tradition; wayang.

Makna dan Fungsi Syair Pengiring Kesenian Sintren di Desa Luwijawa Kecamatan Jatinegara

This research was motivated by the lack of knowledge of researchers about the meaning reflected in the accompaniment of the traditional art of Sintren in Luwijawa Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency. The text of the tembang poem has many reflections in the form of meaning and basic functions, both implied and explicit, that exist so that it creates a certain interpretation of the tembang rhyme. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the meaning and function of the accompaniment of the traditional art of Sintren poetry in Luwijawa Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency are. The purpose of this research is to explain how the meaning and function of the accompaniment of the traditional art of Sintren in Luwijawa Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency. The methodology used in this study used descriptive qualitative research methods. The source of this research data is in the form of an oral text that has been transliterated into a written text of poetry that accompanies the traditional art of Sintren in Luwijawa Village, Jatinegara District, Tegal Regency with research data in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences and discourses in it. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, recording, recording and translating data derived from the traditional art accompaniment of Sintren poetry. Then the data that has been collected is analyzed using data reduction techniques, data classification, and data presentation. Based on data analysis, the results of the study can be stated that in the text of the song lyrics accompanying the traditional art of Sintren found meaning in the form of meaning and function according to the song lyrics in each part.

Mesmerized by Mantra: Gregory Maskarinec and Nepali Shaman Oral Text

A cursory review of the literature shows that shamanism as traditional healing has been a subject of scholarly interest. Many foreign scholars have studied the Nepali shamans and their healing practices. Professor Gregory G. Maskarinec is known for his in-depth ethnographic study of the oral texts of Nepali shamans. He explored the shamanic world, particularly the meaning of mantras shamans use to diagnose and treat affliction, and published books on Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts. He was honored by Birendra Pragyalankar, a prestigious award given to foreign scholars for their scholarly contributions. Maskarinec, a professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at the University of Hawaii, passed away from cancer on June 16, 2022, at 71. He is no longer with us but will be remembered for his contributions. This paper examines the relevance of traditional healing in light of Professor Maskarinec's work on Nepali shamans.