Oral Suspension Research Articles

Individualized regimen of Posaconazole oral suspension in Chinese HSCT patients based on population pharmacokinetic model

To establish a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of posaconazole suspension in Chinese hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients and to recommend an optimal dosing regimen. A single-center, retrospective, model-based study was conducted in 62 Chinese patients, including 103 with posaconazole plasma concentrations. PopPK analysis using NONMEM software. A one-compartment model of first-order elimination and absorption was in good agreement with the experimental data. Analysis of covariance showed that body weight (WT), creatinine clearance (CCR), and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) had a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole. The dose simulation results show that patients with CCR ≥ 90 mL/min require at least 3 mg/kg TID and 7 mg/kg BID dosing regimens for prevention and treatment, respectively. However, when combined with PPI, at least 5 mg/kg BID and 5 mg/kg TID dosing regimens are required for prevention and treatment, respectively. Regardless of whether it is used in combination with PPI or not, patients with a CCR of 60–90 mL/min can achieve PTA goals by using a 4 mg/kg BID and 4 mg/kg TID regimen for prevention and treatment, respectively. A dosing regimen of 3 mg/kg BID in patients with a CCR of 30–60 mL/min is sufficient to meet the PTA goal of prophylaxis, and the dose needs to be elevated to 4 mg/kg BID for the treatment of fungal infections, and there is no need to change the dose according to the coadministration of PPI. When the patient's CCR is less than 30 mL/min, whether or not combined with PPI, the administration regimen of 2 mg/kg BID and 3 mg/kg BID can meet the PTA goals for prevention and treatment, respectively.

Sildenafil Citrate Oral Suspension for Managing Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and a Consensus Report from the Italian Society of Andrology (SIA)

Sildenafil Citrate Oral Suspension for Managing Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and a Consensus Report from the Italian Society of Andrology (SIA)

Tailoring of spanlastics for promoting transdermal delivery of irbesartan: In vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation and in vivo assessment

Irbesartan (IRB), a selective AT1 subtype angiotensin II receptor blocker used for management of hypertension, exhibiting low and variable oral bioavailability because of its poor aqueous solubility. Transdermal delivery is increasingly being used to deliver drugs since it avoids the drawbacks associated with oral delivery. The purpose of the current study was to develop a transdermal gel of IRB through encapsulation of the drug into spanlastics vesicles containing penetration enhancers to enhance transdermal permeation and sustain IRB release. By ethanol injection method, ten IRB loaded spanlastics (IRB-SPs) were prepared; Span 60 was used as the main vesicle component and the used edge activator (EA) was Tween 80. The prepared formulations were studied in regards to entrapment efficiency (EE%), particles size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and in vitro release study. The selected formula (SF) which comprised of Span 60 and Tween 80 at weight ratio of 1:1 and Labrafil as a penetration enhancer, exhibited EE% of 90.06 ± 1.44 %, PS of 311.6 ± 2.45 nm, PDI of 0.536 ± 0.044, and the % drug released after 8 h is 58.2 ± 1.87 %. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the spherical shape of the prepared spanlastics. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the drug encapsulation within the spanlastics. The SF and pure drug were incorporated into HPMC K4M based hydrogel (2.5 % w/v). Histopathological and ex-vivo skin permeation studies of hydrogel were assessed as well as its in vitro characteristics. Skin permeation was enhanced by 3.5 folds with the SF loaded gel compared to the control gel. The pharmacokinetic study revealed better bioavailability of the SF-gel by 1.72 and 2.53 fold as compared to the oral suspension and the control gel, respectively. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic assessment was carried out on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of various IRB formulations in dexamethasone induced hypertensive rat; the antihypertensive effect of SF loaded transdermal gel showed significantly (p < 0.001) much greater blood pressure reduction than the market product's oral suspension. Finally, spanlastics-based gels could be an excellent way to improve IRB transdermal delivery.

Impact of Un-ethical Decision Making in Managing Teacher Disciplinary Matters in Public Secondary Schools in Malawi

Public administration inclusive the education sector, is catalyst for national development, it hinges citizen’s intellectual and professional development. Malawi vision 2063, for self and reliant nation incorporates New public management that calls for competent public administrators to influence delivery of quality service to Malawians. The study examines the impact of Heads unethical decisions in managing teacher disciplinary matters in public secondary schools in Malawi a case of Mzuzu City. Research implores mixed methods exploratory sequential under pragmatics paradigm. Quantitative survey uses quota sampling of estimated 9 respondents from each school within the 22 public secondary schools in Mzuzu City. Sample size of participants came to approximately 200 participants out of 514 total secondary school teachers’ population. Within each school, random sampling was utilized to identify 9 to 10 teachers. Qualitative used purposive sampling to identify one respondent from each of twenty-two secondary schools. Quantitative used semi-structured questionnaire while qualitative used interview guide to collect data. Qualitative data was transcribed and coded, codes were grouped into sub-themes and sub-themes were grouped into themes which answered research questions aided by Nvivo application. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics which ended up producing tables and graphs through SPSS 20. Through bounded rationality theoretical framework, findings reveal that respondents agreed to have knowledge of disciplinary procedures. Implying that teachers expect total compliance from responsible authorities to handle teacher disciplinary matters professionally. However, Heads gave oral warnings, written warnings, suspensions and interdictions. Heads deliberately flouted the procedures. Heads unethical decisions affected teaching and learning industry; where teachers stopped teaching for a long period of time, half pay reduced victim’s economic dignity, students suffered because they had no other teachers to teach them, some teachers left the school for better place, demoralized staff, litigations and government compensated victims of arbitrary decisions, victim teachers were sociologically affected because no other teachers wanted to associate with suspended/interdicted teacher, violation of Constitutional rights and school poor performances. The impact is negative thwarting the aspirations of Malawi Vision 2063 through derailing of quality human resources, compromised future generation and continuous breeding of mediocrity. Public service administrators deliberately bring disorder in the system for personal interests. They are committing crimes of abuse of office and neglect of official duties. Citizens be enlightened to call for accountability and transparency to those acting with mediocrity of negligence, corruption and compromised character. There must be personal liability to compensate for mediocrity.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for the determination of pyrimethamine in an oral paediatric suspension

The aim of this study is to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) – UV assay method for a stability assay of an oral suspension of PYR developed for newborns. Analyses were performed by HPLC with a Kinetex Coreshell C18 column, thermostated at 40°C, coupled to a diode array (λ=230 nm, 280 nm, scan from 190 to 400 nm) with an acetonitrile/methanol/KH2PO4 buffer gradient (pH 3, 10 mM). A forced degradation study was performed to validate the stability-indicating character. PYR was subjected to acidic (pH 2) and basic (pH 12) hydrolysis stress, thermal hydrolysis stress at native pH (60°C and 4°C), H2O2 oxidation stress (3 % and 15 %) and photolysis stress (UV and natural light) at day 0, 3 and 16. Linearity, specificity, precision, and accuracy of this assay method have been tested. Forced degradation tests demonstrated the stability indicator character of the method and showed that PYR was very sensitive to oxidation, sensitive to light (UV) and insensitive to hydrolysis (thermal and pH). The method of quantification was linear, specific, precise, and accurate according to ICH recommendations. A stability study on the formulation under development will be carried out with this HPLC – UV method.

PH-Sensitive In Situ Gel of Mirtazapine Invasomes for Rectal Drug Delivery: Protruded Bioavailability and Anti-Depressant Efficacy.

The present research emphasizes fabrication alongside the assessment of an innovative nano-vesicular membranous system known as invasomes (NVMs) laden with Mirtazapine for rectal administration. This system could circumvent the confines of orally administered counterparts regarding dose schedules and bioavailability. Mirtazapine invasomes were tailored by amalgamating phospholipid, cineole, and ethanol through a thin-film hydration approach rooted in the Box-Behnken layout. Optimization of composition parameters used to fabricate desired NVMs' physicochemical attributes was undertaken using the Design-Expert® program. The optimal MRZ-NVMs were subsequently transformed to a pH-triggered in situ rectal gel followed by animal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations relative to rectal plain gel and oral suspension. The optimized NVMs revealed a diameter size of 201.3 nm, a z potential of -28.8 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 81.45%, a cumulative release within 12 h of 67.29%, and a cumulative daily permeated quantity of 468.68 µg/cm2. Compared to the oral suspension, pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 2.85- and 4.45-fold increase in calculated rectal bioavailability in circulation and brain, respectively. Pharmacodynamic and immunohistopathology evaluations exposed superior MRZ-NVMs attributed to the orally administered drug. Consequently, rectal MRZ-NVMs can potentially be regarded as a prospective nanoplatform with valuable pharmacokinetics and tolerability assets.

Pharmacokinetics and Histotoxic Profile of a Novel Azithromycin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanoformulation.

Azithromycin traditional formulations possesses poor oral bioavailability which necessitates development of new formulation with enhanced bioavailability of the drug. The objective of current research was to explore the kinetics and safety profile of the newly developed azithromycin lipid-based nanoformulation (AZM-NF). In the in-vitro study of kinetics profiling, azithromycin (AZM) release was assessed using dialysis membrane enclosing equal quantity of either AZM-NF, oral suspension of azithromycin commercial product (AZM-CP), or azithromycin pure drug (AZM-PD) in simulated intestinal fluid. The ex-vivo study was performed using rabbit intestinal segments in physiological salts solution in a tissue bath. The in-vivo study was investigated by oral administration of AZM to rabbits while taking blood samples at predetermined time-intervals, followed by HPLC analysis. The toxicity study was conducted in rats to observe histopathological changes in rat's internal organs. In the in-vitro study, maximum release was 95.38 ± 4.58% for AZM-NF, 72.79 ± 8.85% for AZM-CP, and 46.13 ± 8.19% for AZM-PD (p < 0.0001). The ex-vivo investigation revealed maximum permeation of 85.68 ± 5.87 for AZM-NF and 64.88 ± 5.87% for AZM-CP (p < 0.001). The in-vivo kinetics showed Cmax 0.738 ± 0.038, and 0.599 ± 0.082µg/ml with Tmax of 4 and 2h for AZM-NF and AZM-CP respectively (p < 0.01). Histopathological examination revealed compromised myocardial fibers integrity by AZM-CP only, liver and kidney showed mild aberrations by both formulations, with no remarkable changes in the rest of studied organs. The results showed that AZM-NF exhibited significantly enhanced bioavailability with comparative safer profile to AZM-CP investigated.

Quality-by-design driven approach in the formulation of an anti-ulcer and gastro-protective oral suspension

Objective This work aims to present a Quality-by-Design (QbD) step-by-step methodology to formulate anti-ulcer and gastro-protective oral suspensions. Methods Sucralfate was used as a drug model. The Quality Target Product Profile was established early during preformulation. Viscosity, resuspendability, pH, and density were assessed through the screening of several suspension platforms based on different prototype compositions. A compatibility study between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the excipients was performed by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. An Ishikawa fishbone diagram and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis were employed to identify the Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), and Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs). CMAs’ and CPPs’ impact on identified CQAs was further assessed through a 22 full factorial experimental design at normal conditions after manufacture and one month at super-accelerated stress conditions. Results: The lead prototype exhibited no physicochemical incompatibilities. The risk assessment tools revealed that the concentration of the wetting agent and the total concentration of thickening agents represented critical factors for the quality profile of the preparation in terms of viscosity. The optimized formulation comprising 1.125 w/v% total concentration of Natrosol 250 HX and Avicel RC 591 exhibited an enhanced performance according to the established profile. Conclusions The analytical and physicochemical tests showed the robustness and compliance of the final preparation with the quality profile. The proposed step-by-step methodology based on QbD, Design of Experiments, and Quality Risk Management presented in our research holds practical implications for local industries and formulation scientists involved in the development of oral suspensions.

The Uncharted Patterns of Antibiotic Prescribing in Urology Ambulatory Practices: A Four-Year Analysis

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a prevalent indication for outpatient antibiotic usage, yet limited data exist regarding antibiotic prescriptions within urology specialties. This study aimed to assess antibiotic prescribing patterns in urology offices over a four-year period, providing insights for potential stewardship interventions. Methods: The analysis focused on antibiotic prescribing trends in adults between 2018 and 2021 during both visit and non-visit (e.g. telephone and chart messages) encounters across 15 ambulatory Urology clinics in an academic medical center in Western New York. Exclusions were made for antivirals, antiparasitics, antifungals, oral suspensions, selected non-UTI antibiotics, duplicate orders on the same day or week, and prescriptions exceeding 28 days. Prescriptions were categorized into single doses administered in the clinic and those prescribed for 2-28 days, with descriptive statistics and trend analyses conducted using SAS v9.14. Results: Over the four-year period, 54,282 prescriptions were analyzed. Of these, 26,944 (49.7%) were single doses administered in the clinic, predominantly for pre-procedure prophylaxis. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics for prophylaxis were fluoroquinolones (FQ) (47.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (19.2%), nitrofurantoin (13.2%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8.6%), and gentamicin (4.2%). Among the 27,288 prescriptions for 2-28 days, 72.3% were from non-visit encounters, with 61.6% prescribed by advanced practice providers (APPs) (Figure 1). The mean number of prescriptions per patient was 2.07, with women receiving more prescriptions than men (2.39 vs. 1.88, P &lt; 0.001). FQ remained the most commonly prescribed antibiotics during all encounters (23.7%), followed by nitrofurantoin (23.0%) (Figure 2). The antibiotic duration was longer for visit-based compared to non-visit-based prescriptions (mean 10 vs. 7 days, P &lt; 0.001). Notably, there was a significant decrease in fluoroquinolone use between Q1 2018 and Q4 2019 for both male and female patients, followed by insignificant changes thereafter. Conclusions: Antibiotic use in urology outpatient settings is substantially underestimated if only prescriptions made during visit encounters are considered. More than two-thirds of prescriptions for 2-28 days were from non-visit encounters, with the majority originating from APPs. The average therapy duration exceeded guideline recommendations. Moreover, approximately half of the antibiotics were administered in the office for pre-procedure prophylaxis. To enhance antibiotic prescribing in these specialized clinics, interventions should focus on non-visit prescriptions and provide education for APPs, alongside adjustments to default durations in electronic orders. Further evaluation is essential to assess the appropriateness of single doses for pre-procedure prophylaxis.

Givinostat: First Approval.

Givinostat (DUVYZAT™), an orally available histone deacetylase inhibitor, is being developed by Italfarmaco for the treatment of muscular dystrophy and polycythemia vera. Givinostat received its first approval on 21 March 2024, in the USA, for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients 6 years of age and older. Approval was based on the results of the multinational phase III EPIDYS trial, in which givinostat recipients showed less decline than placebo recipients in the time taken to perform a functional task. Givinostat represents the first nonsteroidal treatment for DMD to be approved for use in patients irrespective of the specific genetic variant underlying their disease. Givinostat is available as an oral suspension to be administered twice daily with food. The recommended dosage is based on the body weight of the patient. In the EU, regulatory review of givinostat in DMD is currently underway. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of givinostat leading to this first approval for DMD.

Bronchoscopic intervention therapy for pulmonary mucormycosis with main bronchial occlusion: a case report

Pulmonary mucormycosis is one of the most common types of mucormycosis. Tracheobronchial pulmonary mucormycosis primarily affects the tracheobronchial tree, causing lesions that can invade the airway mucosa and muscular layer, damaging the cartilage. It is characterised by acute onset, rapid progression, and high mortality rate, making clinical treatment challenging. This article reports the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with pulmonary mucormycosis complicated by left main bronchus occlusion. In addition to systemic treatment, which consisted mainly of an intravenous injection of amphotericin B combined with an oral suspension of posaconazole, the patient underwent multiple bronchoscopic interventions, including local infusion of amphotericin B under endoscopy, balloon dilation and silicone stent placement. After four months of comprehensive treatment, the therapeutic effect was satisfactory. This report demonstrates that bronchoscopic intervention therapy plays an important role in the comprehensive treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis, especially in preventing death from the progression to obstructive pneumonia.

Budesonide oral suspension (Eohilia) for eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eohilia (Takeda), an oral suspension formulation of the corticosteroid budesonide, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in patients ≥11 years old. It is the first oral drug to be approved in the US for this indication. The subcutaneously injected interleukin (IL)-4 receptor antagonist dupilumab (Dupixent) is approved for treatment of EoE in patients ≥1 year old who weigh ≥15 kg.

Antioxidants had No Effects on the In-Vitro Permeability of BCS III Model Drug Substances

Reformulation with addition of antioxidants is one potential mitigation strategy to prevent or reduce nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) in drug products. To explore whether there could be other approaches to demonstrate bioequivalence for a reformulated oral product, which typically needs in vivo bioequivalence studies to support the changes after approval, the effects of antioxidant on the in vitro permeability of BCS III model drug substances were investigated to see whether there could be any potential impact on drug absorption. Six antioxidants were screened and four (ascorbic acid, cysteine, α-tocopherol and propyl gallate) were selected based on their nitrosamine inhibition efficiencies. The study demonstrated that these four antioxidants, at the tested amounts, did not have observable impact on the in vitro permeability of the BCS III model drug substances across Caco-2 cell monolayers in the In Vitro Dissolution Absorption System (IDAS). An in vitro permeability study could be considered as part of one potential bioequivalence bridging approach for reformulated low-risk immediate release solid oral products and oral suspension products. Other factors such as the influence of antioxidants on intestinal transporter activities should be considered where appropriate.

Potential Anemia as a Risk Factor for Angular Cheilitis and Pseudomembranous Candidiasis: Case Report

Angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis are oral infections caused by Candida albicans. Angular cheilitis patients also experience oral candidiasis because the Candida reservoir is intraoral. Iron deficiency anemia was closely related to this infection. A 50-year-old female patient complaint of pain in the commissure and tongue 3 weeks ago. Extraoral examination showed anemic conjunctiva and fissure erythema with crusting in bilateral commissures. Intraoral examination showed atrophy of papillae with a yellowish-white plaque that can be scraped off and leaves erythema on the tongue. A complete blood examination was performed and showed a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The patient was diagnosed angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis with iron deficiency anemia. The therapy was miconazole 2% cream, nystatin oral suspension 100.000 IU/ml, and iron supplements. The lesions healed after 2 weeks of therapy and the patient was consulted to an internist. The patient has Angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis triggered by iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia causes a decrease in salivary transferrin protein which is fungistatic so that Candida grows excessively. Angular Cheilitis therapy is miconazole cream which inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol and nystatin for candidiasis therapy which works by binding to Candida plasma membrane sterols, causing leakage and then death. Iron deficiency anemia therapy is iron supplements; however, drug therapy alone is less effective, and consultation with an internist is required for further therapy. Anemia has big potential to be a risk factor for angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis so comprehensive treatment is needed.

Pharmacokinetic Parameters of a Novel Sildenafil Oral Liquid Suspension Administered to Healthy Adult Men Under Fasted Conditions

Pharmacokinetic Parameters of a Novel Sildenafil Oral Liquid Suspension Administered to Healthy Adult Men Under Fasted Conditions

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in a burns unit reduces the incidence of hospital-acquired infections: A retrospective before-and-after cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) on hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in patients with acute burn injury requiring admission to a Burns Unit (BU). DesignRetrospective before-and-after cohort study, between January 2017 and June 2023. SDD was implemented in March 2019, dividing patients into two groups. SettingFour-bed BU, in a referral University Hospital in Spain. PatientsAll the patients admitted during the study period were eligible for analysis. Patients who died or were discharged within 48hours of admission, and patients with an estimated survival less than 10% not considered for full escalation of therapy were excluded. InterventionSDD comprised the administration of a 4-day course of an intravenous antibiotic, and an oral suspension and oral topical paste of non-absorbable antibiotics during the stay in the BU. Main variable of interestIncidence of HAIs during the stay in the BU. Secondary outcomes: incidence of specific types of infections by site (bacteremia, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection) and microorganism (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, fungi), and safety endpoints. ResultsWe analyzed 72 patients: 27 did not receive SDD, and 45 received SDD. The number of patients who developed HAIs were 21 (77.8%) and 21 (46.7%) in the non-SDD and the SDD groups, respectively (p=0.009). The number of hospital-acquired infectious episodes were 2.52 (1.21–3.82) and 1.13 (0.54–1.73), respectively (p=0.029). ConclusionsSDD was associated with a reduced incidence of bacterial HAIs and a decrease in the number of infectious episodes per patient.

Voltammetric Assessment of Acetaminophen in Infants Oral Suspension at a CuONPs-MWCNTs Tailored Platinum Disk Electrode

Voltammetric Assessment of Acetaminophen in Infants Oral Suspension at a CuONPs-MWCNTs Tailored Platinum Disk Electrode

Trends in amorphous solid dispersion drug products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 2012 and 2023

Forty-eight (48) drug products (DPs) containing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 12-year period between 2012 and 2023. These DPs comprise 36 unique amorphous drugs. Ten (10) therapeutic categories are represented, with most DPs containing antiviral and antineoplastic agents. The most common ASD polymers are copovidone (49%) and hypromellose acetate succinate (30%), while spray drying (54%) and hot melt extrusion (35%) are the most utilized manufacturing processes to prepare the ASD drug product intermediate (DPI). Tablet dosage forms are the most common, with several capsule products available. Line extensions of several DPs based on flexible oral solids and powders for oral suspension have been approved which provide patient-centric dosing to pediatric and other patient populations. The trends in the use of common excipients and film coating types are discussed. Eighteen (18) DPs are fixed-dose combinations, and some contain a mixture of amorphous and crystalline drugs. The DPs have dose/unit of amorphous drug ranging from <5 mg up to 300 mg, with the majority being ≤100 mg/unit. This review details several aspects of DPI and DP formulation and manufacturing of ASDs, as well as trends related to therapeutic category, dose, and patient-centricity.

Greenness Assessment and Development of an Innovative HPLC Method for the Determination of Rifaximin and Sodium Benzoate in Oral Suspension

Greenness Assessment and Development of an Innovative HPLC Method for the Determination of Rifaximin and Sodium Benzoate in Oral Suspension

Sensitive Voltammetric Detection of Acetaminophen on CuONPs-MWCNTs Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with Enhancement Effect of Anionic Surfactant

In the present work, a voltammetric method using differential pulse voltammetric technique for the assessment of antipyretic and analgesic drug, acetaminophen was developed. The CuO nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) fabricated with the suspension of CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used. The modified electrode showed improved anodic peak current by introducing an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate in phosphate buffer solution. The consequence of pH of supporting electrolyte, amount of nanoparticles suspension and surfactant concentration was investigated at a physiological pH of 7.4. Using differential pulse voltammetry, the fabricated electrode showed linear dynamic range from 9 to 160 nM of acetaminophen concentration. From the calibration plot, the computed detection limit was 5.06 nM and quantification limit was 16.88 nM. The developed method was checked for its reproducibility and assay during a day and intraday as well. The developed process was fruitfully applied to detect acetaminophen in pediatric oral suspensions administered to infants.