Oral Passage Research Articles

Nematode controlling effects and safety tests of Duddingtonia flagrans biological preparation in sheep

Duddingtonia flagrans is a nematode-trapping fungus that is widely used to control parasitic nematodes in livestock. After oral ingestion and passage through the digestive tract of animals, this microorganism captures nematodes in feces. Although many researchers have examined the safety of this fungus for humans, animals, and the environment, few reports have discussed the safety of nematode-trapping D. flagrans biologics for animals. In this study, D. flagrans safety was tested, while adverse effects and toxicities were examined in sheep. First, the nematode killing effects in naturally parasitized sheep after administration of lyophilized D. flagrans preparations were tested.lyophilized D. flagrans preparations were administered to sheep at various doses, followed by key blood factor monitoring and an examination of major tissues, organ lesions, and pathology. Lastly, lyophilized D. flagrans preparations were administered to sheep at various doses, followed by key blood factor monitoring and an examination of major tissues, organ lesions, and pathology. the nematode killing effects of naturally parasitized sheep after administration were tested. The results demonstrated that treatment with D. flagrans isolates significantly reduced developing larvae numbers in feces, with an efficiency of 92.99%. Lyophilized preparations had no observable effects on physiological parameters in sheep, thus indicating a wide safety range in target animals, with potentially minimal risks in veterinary clinical practice. Overall, D. flagrans freeze-dried biologics effectively helped to controlled parasitic infections, which are safe in animals like sheep, and thus may provide a practical platform for nematode-trapping fungi in veterinary clinical settings.

Intravenous Lidocaine for Gut Function Recovery in Colonic Surgery

Despite the recovery advantages of minimally invasive surgical techniques, delayed return of gut function after colectomy is a common barrier to timely discharge from hospital. To evaluate the effect of 2% perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on return of gut function after elective minimally invasive colon resection. The ALLEGRO trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted in 27 UK hospitals. A total of 590 adults scheduled for elective minimally invasive colon resection for benign or malignant disease were randomized 1:1 to 2% intravenous lidocaine or saline placebo. Enrollment occurred from August 13, 2018, to April 11, 2023, with a pause in recruitment from March 20, 2020, through July 6, 2020; final follow-up was on August 10, 2023. The intervention patients received 2% intravenous lidocaine administered as 1.5-mg/kg bolus at induction of anesthesia followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h for 6 or 12 hours. Control patients received 0.9% saline placebo for 6 or 12 hours. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with return of gut function at 72 hours after surgery, defined by the GI-3 composite end point of tolerating diet (ingestion of food and drink without significant nausea or vomiting for 3 consecutive meals) and passage of flatus or stool. There were 11 secondary outcomes, including time to GI-3 recovery, time to GI-2 recovery (tolerance of oral diet and passage of stool), prolonged postoperative ileus, postoperative nausea and vomiting score, Overall Benefit of Analgesia Score, postoperative opioid consumption, Quality of Recovery-15, quality of life (EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level), enhanced recovery protocol adherence, time to meeting medically defined criteria for discharge, and time to patient self-assessed readiness for discharge. The trial enrolled 590 patients (295 intervention, 295 control); after 33 postrandomization exclusions, 557 patients were included (279 intervention, 278 control; 249 female patients [44.7%]; mean [SD] age, 66 [10.9] years); 532 (96%) received the randomized treatment. Return of gut function as defined by the GI-3 composite outcome was achieved at 72 hours by 160 patients (57.3%) in the intravenous lidocaine group vs 164 patients (59.0%) in the placebo group (adjusted absolute difference, -1.9% [95% CI, -8.0% to 4.2%]; relative risk, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.88 to 1.07]). There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in any of the 11 secondary end points. Among patients undergoing elective minimally invasive colon resection, perioperative administration of 2% intravenous lidocaine did not improve return of gut function at 72 hours. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN52352431.

Assessment of Vocal Characteristics Associated With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Using Machine-Learning Techniques Based on Long-Term Average Spectrum of Voice

Objectives and BackgroundRhinosinal structures play a significant role in human speech production, particularly the production of nasal voices. Pathologies within these structures can affect vocal characteristics, facilitating the detection of rhinosinal diseases through acoustic analyses of voice samples. Material and MethodsVoice samples of a phonemically balanced passage, oral passage, and nasal sentences in Taiwan Mandarin from 77 healthy participants and 39 patients with radiologically confirmed CRS were obtained. The power spectra of vocal signals were averaged to obtain each speaker's long-term average spectra (LTAS). These LTAS power values were then used to train machine learning models, including supportive vector machine, multi-layer perceptions (MLP), decision trees, random forests (RF), gradient boosting decision trees, and convolutional neural networks to detect chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). ResultsThe energy of LTAS from 90 to 300 Hz of the CRS patients was notably lower than the healthy participants (p < 0.05, independent sample t-test). Conversely, the power within the frequency range of 420–3630 Hz was significantly greater in CRS patients than in the healthy participants (p <0.05, independent sample t-test). MLP and RF models were most effective, achieving an accuracy of approximately 0.9. These models demonstrate potential as non-invasive screening tools for CRS, requiring minimal instrumentation and enabling automated analysis. ConclusionsThe findings of this study present an opportunity for remote screening and early detection of CRS. Further testing on other rhinosinal diseases with larger-scale datasets for model training is imperative for broader applications. Nonetheless, the current results demonstrate that these models and methodologies are effective for detecting rhinosinusitis.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of methanol extract of Trema orientalis (Linn) blume in albino wistar rats

BackgroundThe safety potential of the methanol extract of Trema orientalis (TOM) leaf was evaluated in albino Wistar rats using biochemical, haematological, and histological indices in both acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. MethodsThe animals were managed following the National Institute of Health (NIH) stipulated protocols for handling laboratory animals. The weight of each animal was recorded upon arrival and monitored throughout the study. The animals were allowed to acclimatize for 14 days, after which they were reweighed and randomly distributed into four groups of three female rats (n=12) for acute toxicity studies. Group A was given distilled water, and Groups B, C, and D were given a single dose of 2000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg bw TOM extract, respectively. On day 15, each animal was anaesthetized and then euthanized. For the sub-chronic toxicity study, animals were randomly distributed into five groups of eight female rats (n=40). They were dosed daily for 28 days. Group A (Negative control group) was given distilled water. Groups B, C, and D had 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg bw TOM extract and Group E (Vehicle control group) were given 0.25 % of sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC). Five animals were anaesthetized and then euthanized on day 29, while three animals were kept for recovery evaluation for another two weeks without further administration of the extract. Ten organs were excised from each animal and weighed. The liver and kidney were processed for histopathological studies, while the blood samples were collected for biochemical and haematological assays. ResultsFrom acute toxicity studies, the LD50 value of TOM extract was estimated to exceed 5000 mg/kg bw via oral passage. From Sub-chronic toxicity studies, biochemical results showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, ALP, and ALT in a dose-dependent manner. Histology of the liver and kidney tissues of all the animals except the kidney of the 800 mg/kg group had no visible lesions; this sets the safety dose for TOM at above 400 mg/kg but below 800 mg/kg. Recovery animals had significantly (p < 0.05) increased total protein, total bilirubin, and ALP and decreased albumin and direct bilirubin levels. ConclusionThis study reports the safety dose of TOM, a reputable medicinal plant extract. This is the first study reporting that the LD50 value of TOM extract exceeds 5000 mg/kg bw via oral passage.

Role of Probiotic Microorganisms in the Brain Plasticity Development

Probiotics are defined as beneficial microorganisms that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis mechanisms within the host system, especially in humans. Other than homeostasis, it is also used to improve a host system's cognition, immune functions, and antioxidant levels. Over the past decades, probiotic microorganisms have been used most commonly as traditional fermented foods in our country and some parts of southeast asia. These fermented food products majorly consist of Lactobacillus species, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. plantarum. The present study explored the potential role of three different lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. Plantarum) in forming brain plasticity changes (BPC) with the help of a cue-based learning paradigm (CBLP). Two staged behavioral studies were conducted for all behavioral analysis groups (BAG) before (without probiotic infusions - WiPI) and after probiotic infusions (with probiotic infusions - WPI) in RBLP. Behavioral responses of the WiPI &amp; WPI phases showed the effect of a stress-free habituated environment in developing BPC and strengthening of BPC by oral infusions of probiotic microorganisms (PM). WiPI and WPI behavioral analysis were used in this study to validate BPC in a laboratory-controlled environment. Infusion of probiotic microorganisms through oral passage may have a more significant impact on the synthesis, production, and transmission of neurotransmitter precursor compounds (NPC) from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Increased transmission of the NPC strengthens the formed plasticity changes, which results in the formation of cognitive memory functions. Thus, the present study proved that probiotic microorganisms may play a major role in cognition development through the BPC.

Planting The Seed

Cultural preservation is an evolving phenomenon that has historically been undertaken through the written or oral passage of knowledge from one generation to the next. Some archives emerge so individuals can understand their social, cultural, and personal histories, while others emerge to preserve non-human-related specimens to prepare for worst-case scenarios. This paper discusses the notion of the “doomsday” archive and connects it to concepts of archival practice by exploring the history and efficacy of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and the various ways humans have used archival principles to mitigate harm in the face of global catastrophes.

Enhancing reading literacy in Grade 2 pupils: An evaluation of the enhanced Marungko approach

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the enhanced Marungko approach for beginning readers in English on the reading literacy of Grade 2 pupils at Banicain Elementary School. The research focused on 81 Grade 2 pupils during the academic year 2022 - 2023 and investigated the level of reading literacy of pupils in English before and after the implementation of the enhanced Marungko approach, as well as the actual use of the approach. Mean scores, standard deviations, and paired T-tests were used as statistical tools for analysis. The results showed that the students had a basic level of competency in oral passage reading, reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and dictation before the improved Marungko approach was put into practice. After the treatment, the post test scores indicated a significant gain and that the learners maintained a consistent level of orientation to print. It is recommended to extend the implementation of the enhanced Marungko approach to first-grade levels to further enhance reading literacy among students. Teachers working with beginning readers are encouraged to recommend the use of the enhanced Marungko approach to other schools.

Effectiveness of Contextualized Marungko Approach-Based Supplementary Reading Material

Acquiring solid reading skills is significant in education as it is the cornerstone for academic success and lifelong learning. This sequential explanatory mixed-methods study investigates the effectiveness of a contextualized Marungko approach-based supplementary reading material in improving the reading performance of Grade 1 pupils. In the pre-experimental phase the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) tool was utilized to measure the reading skills of the twenty four (24) Grade 1 pupils in terms of identifying letter sounds, identifying initial sounds, reading familiar words, reading invented words, and reading oral passages before and after the implementation of the contextualized Marungko approach-based supplementary reading material. Findings revealed a significant improvement in the early reading skills of Grade 1 pupils after using the supplementary reading material. This indicated that the reading material effectively enhanced the Grade 1 pupils’ reading performance. The responses of the five (5) participants in the qualitative phase, which were examined following Braun and Clark (2013) analysis, yielded two (2) themes. It is recommended that educational institutions and policymakers should consider incorporating the Marungko Approach into their reading instruction programs to enhance alphabet knowledge, phonemic awareness, word recognition, decoding, and oral reading fluency.

Development of innovative chalcone derivates targeting neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer disease

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disturb that has reached global epidemic proportions. As a complex multifactorial disease affecting different cells in CNS, and with no effective treatment, developing new neuroprotective agents is critical (Therriault, J. et al, 2022). Based on that, a series of innovative molecules based on chalcones of natural origin was developed. Their cytotoxicity and neuroprotective effects were evaluated in silico and in vitro experimental platforms. Flavonoid derivatives are known for their anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant potential in AD (DAS, S. et al, 2017), however, there are few studies relating the action of the flavonoids' precursors called chalconoids (GOMES, M.N. et al., 2017).MethodThe research was carried out in two stages. The first stage was performed in silico, where virtual platforms were used to determine and predict the drug‐like characteristics of compounds and their ability to permeate by the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). The second stage evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity in healthy cell lines (Vero and C6) and the neuroprotective effect against glutamatergic and oxidative insults in astroglial cells. In addition, the in vitro evaluation of cell viability was carried out using colorimetric methods (SRB and MTT). The neuroprotector effect was evaluated after pre‐exposure of cells to molecules under study.ResultRegarding the tested compounds, nineteen in the series presented adequate drug‐like properties and low or no cytotoxicity. Among them, three showed significant neuroprotective potential against both insults (oxidative stress and glutamatergic excitotoxicity) in astroglial cells, keeping the cell viability between 70% and 80%. In addition, these compounds have a high potential to cross the BBB and will proceed to the in vivo pre‐clinical studies phase.ConclusionThe designed chalconoids showed low cytotoxic potential and chemical characteristics compatible with oral use and passage through BBB. These results suggest chalcone derivatives as promising multi‐target agents preventing AD.

Hazards Associated With Nanotechnology in Clinical Dentistry.

Nanotechnology has transformed the field of dentistry with immense potential to provide comprehensive oral health care using nanomaterials, advanced clinical tools, and devices. New materials with superior properties can be developed using nanotechnology by making use of their atomic or molecular properties. Although there are numerous ways in which nanomaterials impact our health, the primary causeis that they comprise chemicals that may have an inadvertent reaction in the body. Moreover, they are used on a daily basis, increasing human contact with them. It is observed to be smaller in size than the physiological barrier in our bodies, making it much simpler for them to pass through and enter the body and they are being used more frequently. It is observed to be smaller in size than the physiological barrier in our bodies, making it much simpler for them to pass through and enter the body and being used more frequently. Although there are numerous ways in which nanomaterials impact our health, the primary causeis they comprise chemicals that may have an inadvertent reaction in the body. The review discusses various types of toxicity, including the cytotoxicity of composites, carbon nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (SNPs), and quantum dots. It also covers genotoxicity, the effect of nanoparticles on salivary secretion, oral and gastrointestinal mucosa passage of nanoparticles, the tooth surface microenvironment, and interactions with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). It is concluded that there is scarce information regarding the presence of chemicals that are released from nanoparticles used in dental materials. Nanotechnology is at an infant stage, although it has progressed by leaps and bounds, hailing a new age that provides better treatment modalities in various branches of dentistry. Although the development and application of nanodentistry are of considerable interest, knowledge regarding the possible toxicity of such materials must be meticulously evaluated, and potential benefits must be weighed against the risks to identify potential gaps in the safety assessment. Further research is needed on workplace exposure to nanoparticles in dentistry.

Relationship between daily variations of methane emissions and eructation peaks in dairy cows measured with an automated head-chamber system

Enteric methane (CH4) is primarily produced by methanogens during microbial fermentation in the rumen and is subsequently eructated through the oral and nasal passages of ruminants. As such, the present study hypothesized that the rates and daily amounts of CH4 emission may be closely associated with CH4 eructation peaks. To test this hypothesis, 12 dairy cows (6 lactating and 6 non-lactating) were selected as experimental animals with contrasting daily enteric CH4 emissions. The experiment was conducted in two phases, with six non-lactating dairy cows in phase 1 and six lactating dairy cows in phase 2. For each phase, CH4 eructation peaks were monitored every 2 h interval to calculate diurnal CH4 emissions, with 12 time points scattered in four consecutive days by an automated head-chamber (AHC) system. The measurements were repeated, and total period of measurements lasted for 16 consecutive day. The results showed that compared with non-lactating dairy cows, lactating dairy cows exhibited greater diurnal CH4 emissions and rates of CH4 emission, together with higher peak frequency (P = 0.002), peak height (P < 0.001) and peak area integral (P < 0.001). Moreover, the rates of CH4 emission was not constant and exhibited a fast increments after feeding, and had a positive correlation (R2 ≥ 0.54, P < 0.001) with peak height of CH4 eructation. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the varied rates of CH4 emission among dairy cows can be caused by altering peak frequency and peak area integral of CH4 eructation, while a diurnal change in rates of CH4 emission is associated with peak area integral through altering the peak height of CH4 eructation.

A comparative study of the vocal parameters between hypofunctional and hyperfunctional dysphonia using perceptual and cepstral spectral index of dysphonia measures

Background: The main goal of the present study was to obtain the cepstral spectral index of dysphonia (CSID) scores for normophonic, hypo-functional dysphonic and hyper-functional dysphonic Indian population along with correlation of CSID and GRBAS scores for normophonic, hypo-functional dysphonic and hyper-functional dysphonic population using sustained production of vowel and oral passage of Bengali language. Methods: A total of 60 participants between 20-50 years were selected for the study. The participants were divided into three groups viz., 30 normal subjects, 15 subjects with hypofunctional dysphonia and 15 subjects with hyperfunctional dysphonia. The subjects were screened for speech and hearing defects. Recordings of sustained vowels and passage were done and then fed to measure CSID through PRAAT and software developed by C-DAC. Statistical analyses were done for the analyzed data using SPSS. Results: Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were found in CSID scores across hypofunctional dysphonia group and hyperfunctional dysphonia group when compared to normophonia group. There were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) between hypofunctional and hyperfunctional dysphonia group in CSID score. A significantly strong correlation of CSID scores with the ‘G’ rating of GRBAS scores (p&lt;0.01) were found for both hypofunctional dysphonia and hyperfunctional dysphonia groups. ROC analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity of CSID scores in two dysphonia groups with respect to normophonia group. Conclusions: The current study revealed significant differences obtained in CSID scores across normophonia, hypofunctional dysphonia and hyperfunctional dysphonia groups suggesting it as assessment tool to determine the presence of dysphonia.

Food-grade titanium dioxide translocates across the buccal mucosa in pigs and induces genotoxicity in an in vitro model of human oral epithelium

The whitening and opacifying agent titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used worldwide in various foodstuffs, toothpastes and pharmaceutical tablets. Its use as a food additive (E171 in EU) has raised concerns for human health. Although the buccal mucosa is the first area exposed, oral transmucosal passage of TiO2 particles has not been documented. Here we analyzed E171 particle translocation in vivo through the pig buccal mucosa and in vitro on human buccal TR146 cells, and the effects on proliferating and differentiated TR146 cells. In the buccal floor of pigs, isolated TiO2 particles and small aggregates were observed 30 min after sublingual deposition, and were recovered in the submandibular lymph nodes at 4 h. In TR146 cells, kinetic analyses showed high absorption capacities of TiO2 particles. The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress were investigated in TR146 cells exposed to E171 in comparison with two TiO2 size standards of 115 and 21 nm in diameter. All TiO2 samples were reported cytotoxic in proliferating cells but not following differentiation. Genotoxicity and slight oxidative stress were reported for the E171 and 115 nm TiO2 particles. These data highlight the buccal mucosa as an absorption route for the systemic passage of food-grade TiO2 particles. The greater toxicity on proliferating cells suggest potential impairement of oral epithelium renewal. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that buccal exposure should be considered during toxicokinetic studies and for risk assessment of TiO2 in human when used as food additive, including in toothpastes and pharmaceutical formulations.

Nematode predatory ability of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans affected by in vitro sequential exposure to ovine gastrointestinal tract

Duddingtonia flagrans is a nematophagous fungus employed as a biocontrol agent of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. After oral ingestion and passage through the digestive tract of animals, this microorganism captures the nematodes in the feces. The drastic conditions of ruminant digestive tract could affect fungi chlamydospores and therefore biocontrol activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of four ruminant digestive segments on the concentration and nematode predatory ability of a Colombian native strain of D. flagrans. The sequential four-step methodology proposed evaluated conditions of the oral cavity, rumen, abomasum, and small intestine such as pH (2, 6, 8), enzymes (pepsin, pancreatin), temperature (39 °C), and anaerobiosis comparing short (7 h) and long (51 h) exposure times. The results showed that the nematode predatory ability of the fungi is affected by sequential exposure to gastrointestinal segments and this effect depends on the exposure time to those conditions. After short exposure (7 h) through the four ruminant digestive segments, the fungi had a nematode predatory ability of 62%, in contrast, after long exposure (51 h) the nematode predatory ability was lost (0%). Moreover, the number of broken chlamydospores was higher in the long-exposure assay.

Uncovering the gastrointestinal passage, intestinal epithelial cellular uptake, and AGO2 loading of milk miRNAs in neonates using xenomiRs as tracers

BackgroundHuman breast milk has a high microRNA (miRNA) content. It remains unknown whether and how milk miRNAs might affect intestinal gene regulation and homeostasis of the developing microbiome after initiating enteral nutrition. However, this requires that relevant milk miRNA amounts survive the gastrointestinal (GI) passage, are taken up by cells, and become available to the RNA interference machinery. It seems important to dissect the fate of these miRNAs after oral ingestion and GI passage. ObjectivesOur goal was to analyze the potential transmissibility of milk miRNAs via the gastrointestinal system in neonate humans and a porcine model in vivo to contribute to the discussion of whether milk miRNAs could influence gene regulation in neonates and thus might vertically transmit developmental relevant signals. MethodsWe performed cross-species profiling of miRNAs via deep sequencing and utilized dietary xenobiotic taxon-specific milk miRNA (xenomiRs) as tracers in human and porcine neonates, followed by functional studies in primary human fetal intestinal epithelial cells using adenovirus-type 5-mediated miRNA gene transfer. ResultsMammals share many milk miRNAs yet exhibit taxon-specific miRNA fingerprints. We traced bovine-specific miRNAs from formula nutrition in human preterm stool and 9 d after the onset of enteral feeding in intestinal cells (ICs) of preterm piglets. Thereafter, several xenomiRs accumulated in the ICs. Moreover, a few hours after introducing enteral feeding in preterm piglets with supplemented reporter miRNAs (cel-miR-39-5p/-3p), we observed their enrichment in blood serum and in argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 (AGO2)-immunocomplexes from intestinal biopsies. ConclusionsMilk-derived miRNAs survived GI passage in human and porcine neonates. Bovine-specific miRNAs accumulated in ICs of preterm piglets after enteral feeding with bovine colostrum/formula. In piglets, colostrum supplementation with cel-miR-39-5p/-3p resulted in increased blood concentrations of cel-miR-39-3p and argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 (AGO2) loading in ICs. This suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of miRNA signaling from milk through the neonatal digestive tract.

Development of Phonemically Balanced Passage, Oral Passage, and Nasal Passage in the Punjabi Language.

The primary aim of the study was to develop phonemically balanced passage, Oral passage and Nasal passage in Punjabi language. Development of the passage: The words in the passage were chosen to represent the way sounds are distributed in spoken Punjabi language, and the relative phonemic distribution of each word inside each paragraph matched how frequently each sound occurs in Punjabi. The paragraph was constructed using words that were rated as extremely familiar and familiar. The developed passages were given to five speech-language pathologists for the purpose of content validation. 100 people with normal hearing between the ages of 18 and 25 were enrolled in the study (50 female and 50 male). Each subject's nasalence was measured using a Nasometer. The individuals were given passages written in Punjabi to read, and their nasalence scores for each text were recorded. The nasalance mean for Punjabi phonemically balanced passage was 36.41 ± 4.61% and 38.57 ± 4.22% in male and female subjects. The Punjabi oral passage mean were 27.36 ± 4.14% and 28.46 ± 4.01% in male and female subjects. The means for Punjabi nasal passage were 46.15 ± 4.09% in male subjects and 47.04 ± 4.91% in the female subjects. The Intraclass correlation coefficient for Female and male subjects for the Punjabi Phonemically balanced passage, Punjabi oral passage, Punjabi nasal passage were 0.904, 0.945; 0.807, 0.909, and 0.956, 0.913 respectively. The developed passages have good test retest reliability and their normative scores can be used for assessment of different resonance disorders.

Early Enteral Feeding Versus Delayed Enteral Nutrition: Effects On Morbidity After Intestinal Surgery; A Prospective Study

Routine practice after bowel anastomoses has been to keep patient nil per oral till the return of bowel sound with a belief that this will prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting and protect the anastomotic site where, however this trend had been changed to encourage enteral feeding as early as possible as various studies has shown early enteral feeding to be beneficial in terms of nutritional, immunological aspect and for faster postoperative recovery of patient.&#x0D; Objective; To study and compare the effects of early enteral feeding with those of conventional management in postoperative patients undergoing intestinal primary suturing or direct repair.&#x0D; Patients and methods ; A prospective interventional study conducted for 135 patients with an age range between 15 – 67 years old who admitted to the general surgery Department in AlKindy Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq for the period between 1st of March 2019 and 1st October 2021. The patients were randomly assigned to schedule with starting oral feeding on the first day after surgery, referred to as early feeding group and those with delayed oral feeding till first passage of flatus and bowel movement, referred to as regular feeding group and compared overall prevalence of postoperative complication, length of hospital stay and outcome of surgery in these two groups.&#x0D; Result; There was less post operative complication in early feeding group as compaired with regular feeding group patients. Twenty percent patients developed post operative vomiting in early feeding group and sixteen percent patients in regular feeding group. Post operative fever occurred in five percent patients in early feeding group while sixteen percent patients in regular feeding group sufferd from postoperative fever. Abdominal distension noted in five percent patients in early feeding group while sixteen percent patients in regular feeding group. The average length of hospital stay in patient belong to early feeding group was 2-5 day while patient in regular feeding group stayed in hospital for average 3-8 days. &#x0D; Conclusion; There is more benefit from early oral feeding than delay oral feeding strategy in incidence of postoperative morbidity and period of hospital stay after intestinal surgery.

LB1148: An Enteral Protease Inhibitor Significantly Accelerated the Return of Bowel Function after Bowel Resection

Introduction: Return of bowel function is a clinically accepted determinant of recovery after gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Postoperative ileus presents significant clinical challenges that may prolong hospital stay, contribute to readmission, and increase morbidity and expense. The aim of this study was to determine if a novel enteral formulation of tranexamic acid, LB1148, could accelerate return of GI function in patients undergoing bowel resection surgery. Methods: We conducted a phase II multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of LB1148 for the restoration of postoperative bowel function in patients undergoing elective bowel resection. The study included both open and laparoscopic surgical approaches with anastomosis and or stoma creation. Primary outcome was recovery of bowel function as measured by time from end of surgery to oral food tolerance and passage of stool. Results: A total of 120 patients completed the study. Treatment groups were well balanced for patient demographics and included a broad range of baseline surgery characteristics, approaches, and methodologies. Median time to return of bowel function was 2.77 days vs 3.83 days in patients receiving LB1148 and placebo, respectively (hazard ratio=1.8; p = 0.0008). Key GI functional data will be presented based on laparoscopy and laparotomy with surgical characteristics including, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, and rectosigmoid surgery. The most common drug-related adverse events were GI disorders (LB1148 4.7% vs placebo 3.2%). No drug-related serious adverse events occurred in the trial. Conclusion: For patients undergoing elective bowel resection surgery, LB1148 was safe and well-tolerated and significantly accelerated the return of bowel function.

P12-56 Human TR146 cells and pig buccal mucosa to assess oral transmucosal passage and buccal toxicity of food-grade titanium dioxide

P12-56 Human TR146 cells and pig buccal mucosa to assess oral transmucosal passage and buccal toxicity of food-grade titanium dioxide

Increased nasality of connected speech in patients underwent modified Lothrop procedure for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: Cross-sectional and prospective study.

The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) is performed to create a large frontal neostium in patients who had failed previous frontal sinus surgeries. EMLP causes obvious changes in the volume and anatomy of the sinuses, which may cause a more significant change in nasality. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in nasalance in patients who underwent EMLP by comparing their preoperative nasalance to the established normative values and postoperative nasalance. This was a prospective study. Twenty-one patients diagnosed with refractory frontal sinusitis who were indicated to undergo EMLP were enrolled. One hundred one healthy participants were enrolled as norm references. The Nasometer II Model 6400 (KayPENTAX) was used to analyze the nasalance scores. Nasalance scores were tested before surgery and 1 and 3 months after the surgery. The normative references of nasalance were (mean ± SD) 14.6% ± 6.7%, 39.4% ± 8.4%, and 55.8% ± 8.3% for the oral passage, oral-nasal passage, and nasal sentences, respectively. The mean nasalance scores pre-EMLP and 1 and 3 months post-EMLP were 23.2% ± 9.6%, 29.0% ± 9.3%, and 29.9% ± 0.4% for the oral passage; 48.7% ± 10.7%, 54.7% ± 7.7%, and 56.4% ± 7.2% for the oral-nasal passage; and 62.7% ± 10.9%, 69.8% ± 6.7%, and 70.7% ± 6.4% for the nasal sentences, respectively. Compared with the normative references, pre-EMLP nasalance was higher for all the three speech stimuli (t-test, p < 0.05). Post-EMLP nasalance also significantly increased for all the three stimuli at the 1- and 3-month follow-up visits (Paired t-test, p < 0.05). EMLP has a short-term impact on resonance; however, long-term follow-up is required for further study.