Level Of Oral Hygiene Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИРРИГАТОРА НА ВЫРАЖЕННОСТЬ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В ТКАНЯХ ПАРОДОНТА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ НА АНТИКОАГУЛЯНТНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ

Introduction. Anticoagulant therapy is prescribed for surgical interventions in the heart and blood vessels, atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism and thrombophlebitis of various etiologies, myocardial infarction, new coronavirus infection. This group of patients is characterized by a decrease in physical and social activity, and motivation to care about their own health. As a result, poor oral hygiene can cause gum bleeding, which is often mistaken for a side effect of the anticoagulant being taken. Without proper attention, the process risks moving into severe stages of the development of periodontitis, which has a direct impact on the course of cardiovascular diseases. Maintaining a level of personal oral hygiene is especially important. An additional tool, in addition to a toothbrush and toothpaste, is an irrigator - a device that creates a pulsating stream of water, which under pressure washes and removes food debris and soft plaque. Aim. To evaluate the effect of the irrigator on the severity of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues in patients on anticoagulant therapy. Methodology. 30 patients were examined (15 using warfarin, 15 using new oral anticoagulants) according to the following criteria: complaints of bleeding gums, degree of gum bleeding according to Mullemann, hygiene index, objective periodontal index (OPI – patent No. 265521 of 2018). Signs were assessed by statistical methods before professional oral hygiene and after 1.5 months of using irrigators OMIO-350, OMIO-450, OMIO-560 to maintain personal hygiene and prevention. Results and its discussion. After using the irrigator, complaints of bleeding gums remained in 4 patients out of 16 examined. The average hygiene index decreased by 48.7%, the objective periodontal index decreased by 42.9%. In most patients, bleeding disappeared or decreased in intensity. Conclusions. The positive effect of irrigators, as an additional means of personal hygiene, on periodontal tissue and improvement of oral health in patients has been proven.

Enhanced control of periodontitis by an artificial intelligence-enabled multimodal-sensing toothbrush and targeted mHealth micromessages: A randomized trial.

Treatment of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease driven by biofilm dysbiosis, remains challenging due to patients' poor performance and adherence to the necessary oral hygiene procedures. Novel, artificial intelligence-enabled multimodal-sensing toothbrushes (AI-MST) can guide patients' oral hygiene practices in real-time and transmit valuable data to clinicians, thus enabling effective remote monitoring and guidance. The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of such a system as an adjunct to clinical practice guideline-conform treatment. This was a single-centre, double-blind, standard-of-care controlled, randomized, parallel-group, superiority trial. Male and female adults with generalized Stage II/III periodontitis were recruited at the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, China. Subjects received a standard-of-care oral hygiene regimen or a technology-enabled, theory-based digital intervention consisting of an AI-MST and targeted doctor's guidance by remote micromessaging. Additionally, both groups received guideline-conform periodontal treatment. The primary outcome was the resolution of inflamed periodontal pockets (≥4 mm with bleeding on probing) at 6 months. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis included all subjects who received the allocated treatment and at least one follow-up. One hundred patients were randomized and treated (50 tests/controls) between 1 February and 30 November 2022. Forty-eight tests (19 females) and 47 controls (16 females) were analysed in the ITT population. At 6 months, the proportion of inflamed periodontal pockets decreased from 80.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.5-84.8) to 52.3% (47.7-57.0) in the control group, and from 81.4% (77.1-85.6) to 44.4% (39.9-48.9) in the test group. The inter-group difference was 7.9% (1.6-14.6, p < .05). Test subjects achieved better levels of oral hygiene (p < .001). No significant adverse events were observed. The tested digital health intervention significantly improved the outcome of periodontal therapy by enhancing the adherence and performance of self-performed oral hygiene. The model breaks the traditional model of oral health care and has the potential to improve efficiency and reduce costs (NCT05137392).

The impact of conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and tobacco heating systems on the oral mucosa

Relevance. Over the past few years, the popularity of nicotine-containing substances and tobacco heating systems has continued to grow, while the demand for conventional tobacco leaf cigarettes has been falling. Electronic cigarettes consist of a heating system and a liquid with various flavorings. During the operation of the heating stick, the liquid is converted into an aerosol, which the user needs to inhale. First of all, the hot steam comes into contact with the oral cavity. The aerosol components settle on the oral mucosa, the approximal surfaces of the teeth, penetrating the body with a saliva current, expose the oral cavity to prolonged exposure, causing various changes in the oral cavity and causing discomfort to the smoker. This problem is urgent and based on the above, it is necessary to study all possible effects of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems on the human body.Purpose. To assess the impact of nicotine-containing products and smokeless tobacco on the oral mucosa.Materials and methods. A cohort of 98 patients, aged 20 to 60, was recruited for the study. Participants were divided into four groups: Group 1 consisted of conventional cigarette smokers; Group 2, users of vapes; Group 3, users of IQOS; and Group 4 included patients who used all three device types interchangeably.Results. The investigation identified a direct correlation between the participant's age, the device used, and their level of oral hygiene. The poorest oral hygiene was seen in Group 4, where individuals used a combination of conventional cigarettes, vapes, and IQOS. Although a majority acknowledged the harmful effects of tobacco products, only 33 participants were aware of the negative impacts associated with vapes and IQOS.Conclusion. The lack of regulation and awareness of the health risks associated with IQOS and vaping pose substantial challenges for healthcare, indicating a need for more research into these issues.

Determining Oral Health Status and Lifestyle related Behaviors on the Example of 149 Children Aged 7 to 12 Years Old Living in Tbilisi

The level of oral hygiene in school-aged children in different countries is primarily low. Behavioral factors are the most important contributors to this low level of hygiene. It is also important to note that identifying the specific behaviors that significantly reduce disease burden is critical. The research was provided in Tbilisi, in public schools, to evaluate Oral health indicators (OHI, DMF, def), mean value of intensity of caries in school-aged children (7 to 12 years old), the role of behavioral factors in relation to oral hygiene and carbohydrate nutrition, and the popularity and relevance of preventive measures were determined. A cross-sectional study was conducted, where 149 children aged 7 to 12 were selected by simple random sampling from Tbilisi public schools. Evaluation of DEF, def, and S-OHI indices was carried out. Based on the oral health questionnaire, children’s oral care and carbohydrate nutrition behaviors were assessed, as well as attitudes toward preventive interventions. SPSS version 23 software for statistical data processing was used for statistical analysis. On the example of 149 children in the 7-12-year-old population of Tbilisi, the simplified hygiene index is evaluated by the criterion average (1.56). Urban distribution affects the hygiene index, which is statistically significant (P=0.009). Caries intensity and hygiene index in primary and permanent dentition do not depend on gender - statistical certainty is not fixed. Caries intensity is “medium” for both permanent (3.2) and primary dentition (3.9), and the mean value of caries intensity for the whole population is 6.31, which is rated as “high.” The popularity and relevance of preventive measures are low. Lifestyle behaviors related to both oral hygiene and carbohydrate-rich diets are not consistent with the recommendations provided by the FDI to reduce caries burden.

Experience in implementing a corporate program for prevention of dental health among working population

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the corporate program for the prevention of dental health among employees of an industrial enterprise. Material and methods. The program included 2 stages: informational (round tables, brochure) and dental (dental consultation). The participants are employees of one workshop of an industrial enterprise. 150 (50% men, average age 38.5±0.8 years) took part in the information stage, 20 employees (45% men, average age 41.1±2.8 years) took part in the dental stage. The effectiveness of the program was assessed by awareness, the CFE index, and the Green — Vermillion hygiene index. Results. The awareness of employees about the causes of hypersensitivity of teeth and the rules for cleaning them increased by 1.3 times, the need to use specialized toothpastes by 2.1 times, the use of mouthwashes and a change in nutrition by 14.3 times. Awareness of doctors providing care for increased tooth abrasion has increased: dental therapists 1.3 times, orthopedic dentists 3 times, general practitioners 3.7 times and periodontists 10.4 times. The differences are significant (p=0.001-0.041). The CFE index has not changed. The Green — Vermillion index decreased from 1.9±0.2 (from a score of "unsatisfactory") to 0.5 (p&lt;0.001), which corresponds to a good level of oral hygiene. Conclusion. The introduction of a corporate program to strengthen dental health at an industrial enterprise has led to increased awareness among employees about the causes and methods of preventing increased tooth abrasion, and improving the level of oral hygiene.

Factores socioeconómicos relacionados al conocimiento en higiene oral en padres de escolares

The aim of this investigation was to determine socioeconomic factors related to knowledge level of oral hygiene in parents from I. E. CAP FAP José Abelardo Quiñones, Piura 2022. The study was basic, observational, correlational, and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 260 parents from I. E. CAP FAP José Abelardo Quiñones, Piura. There was applied a 9-question survey to identify the socioeconomic factors and an 18-question questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge level of oral hygiene. A Chi-square correspondence test was applied with a significance of 5%. The knowledge level in Oral Hygiene was low in 96.2% of the population and regular in 3.8%. Regarding the Socioeconomic Factors, it prevailed the female sex (96.2%), 30-44 years old (85.4%), secondary education level (92.7%), average monthly income less than a minimum wage (66, 5%), with 0-3 children (85.4%), with water and drainage (93.8%), with cell phone (99.2%), with internet access (100%), without health insurance (92.7%). It is concluded that the socioeconomic factors related to knowledge level of oral hygiene in parents form I. E. CAP FAP José Abelardo Quiñones, Piura 2022 were education level and health insurance.

Dental health status of children with diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

ObjectiveThe impact of diabetes on oral diseases remains debatable. We aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries, gingival health status and knowledge, and oral hygiene level and practice in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. MethodsThe teeth of Sixty children with diabetes (33 males and 27 females; age 11.3 ± 2.2 [7–14] years) were examined for dental caries following the modified World Health Organization criteria. Data on age, sex, medical history, gingival health status and knowledge, and oral hygiene level and practice were collected from parents. ResultsIn this study, 53 % of the children had dental caries with decayed, missing, and filled primary and permanent teeth scores of 5.6 ± 3.8 and 3.6 ± 3.2, respectively, with similar scores for male and female children. Children with and without caries had similar oral hygiene practices and oral health knowledge but differed in the rates of good or fair oral hygiene status (89.2 vs. 56.6 %; P = 0.024) and normal gingival health status or mild gingivitis (96.5 vs. 81.3 %; P = 0.010). ConclusionsWe found that the oral hygiene status and rate of gingivitis differed in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus with or without dental caries.

Options for processing enamel before manufacturing an adhesive splinting structure

Relevance. The durability of a splint depends on a number of factors: the level of oral hygiene, the degree of tooth mobility, the presence of occlusal trauma, and the strength of adhesion of the splint-dental interface. In turn, the issues of adhesion are inextricably linked to the anatomical features of the structure of hard tissue, particularly enamel. The correct execution of the cleaning, removal of the aprismatic layer and acid etching steps in the fabrication of an extracoronal splint determines the quality of adhesion at the tire-tooth interface.The aim of the study is to study the enamel surface structure in preparation for extracoronal splinting of teeth.Material and research methods. The 40 teeth were divided into 4 groups depending on the chosen method of preparation for fixation of the reinforcement structure in the extracoronal splint: brushing with paste, treatment with air-abrasive and ultrasonic methods, preparation with a fine-dispersed diamond boron.Results of the study. The preparation of enamel surface with fine diamond boron with particle size of 20 µm and acid etching with 37 % orthophosphoric acid determined a uniform character of microstructure, in the full volume the etched areas of enamel prisms amounted to 98.55±0.51 % of the total surface area of the treated enamel.Conclusion. The preparation of the enamel surface with a fine diamond boron removes the aprismatic layer, ensuring the longevity of the fabricated splint by creating a high-quality "hybrid" layer at the splint-dental interface.

Is Periodontal and Peri- Implant Disease Associated with Fixed Partial Denture Use? A 25-year Prospective Case Series.

The association of the periodontium with the fixed prosthesis is the basis of prosthetic rehabilitation. This prospective case series aimed to evaluate periodontal health through the relation between periodontal/peri-implant disease progression and the use of fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) on either teeth or implants were evaluated at up to 25-year follow-up and compared with the baseline. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier test (p⟨0.05). The prospective evaluation showed that the patients maintained adequate periodontal health. Failure (severe periodontal stages) occurred in 12.5% of patients. The survival rate for 107 teeth/implants was 80.48%. The comparisons for clinical parameters revealed no statistically significant difference (p⟩ 0.05). At T1, the measurements for anterior and posterior regions, respectively, were PD =2.7mm and 3.1mm; CAL= 3.3mm and 3.6mm; GI=0.5 (both regions); and PI=0.79 and 0.62. Periodontal/peri-implant disease progression did not relate to the use of prostheses. Patients with more frequent follow-up appointments and lower GI and PI showed periodontal health for longer periods. Patients with different oral hygiene levels present different periodontal disease progression. Periodic hygiene control and motivation are vital factors for extensive oral rehabilitation success.

Disclosure orthodontic and TMD-new study.

Cooperative analysis of participants and controls. Wiley Online Library, National Institute of Health, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar. Human clinical trials age 18-30 years old, a case-control study included 291 individuals, 192 TMDs and 99 controls. All patients underwent assessment based on a questionnaire and a clinical examination according to Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Patients who underwent orthodontic treatment were compared to those who did not, regarding their trauma history, bruxism, aggressive teeth brushing, level of oral hygiene, pain scores, muscle tenderness scores and subjective sleep quality. Medical and/or dental emergencies, subjects with a history of drug, alcohol or medication abuse, fibromyalgia, being pregnant or lactating, having a coexisting mental, psychiatric, or physical disability, cancerous or significant medical problems and the consumption of drugs and/or medications that affect the nervous system including narcotics, TCA (tricyclic antidepressants), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxants and medication overuse headache. To identify differences between groups, categorical independent variables were analysed using the chi-square test or likelihood ratio, while numeric independent variables were analysed using independent t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A two-tailed level of statistical significance (α) was established at 0.05. Analysis of multicollinearity was performed following the univariate analyses to examine the collinearity among the independent variables and select independent variables with minimal correlation. Among the highly correlated variables, only one was selected for inclusion in the multivariate model, with the specific variable chosen based on contextual considerations. The research comprised a total of 291 individuals, consisting of two distinct groups: the TMD group (192 participants, 66%) and the control group (99 participants, 34%). Within the TMD group, further subcategorization was conducted, including MMP (masticatory muscle pain) with 44 individuals (15%); TMJD with 26 individuals (9%); and TMP (both MMP and TMJ) with 122 individuals (42%). Using a "holistic" and a "collinearity statistical approach and the utilization of a multivariate model" the conclusion is that TMD is not associated with orthodontics.

Periodontal disease prevalence and oral hygiene status of adults with cystic fibrosis: A case-control study.

To investigate the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis, and the oral hygiene status of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the Republic of Ireland. A case-control study in the form of a clinical examination of 92 adults with a diagnosis of CF was carried out in the adult CF unit in Cork University Hospital. A 40-item questionnaire was used to capture socio-demographic variables and medical and dental information. Two calibrated examiners carried out a periodontal assessment on participants, using the WHO-recommended CPI-modified index, and oral hygiene status was measured using the Greene-Vermillion index. The results were compared with a population-based control group of similar socio-demographic profile. Oral hygiene levels (plaque and calculus) were significantly worse in people with CF, with a median plaque index of 0.83 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.333-1.542) in the CF group compared with 0.5 (IQR 0.167-0.667) in the non-CF group. Calculus index in the CF group was 0.33 (IQR 0.17-0.83) compared with 0.33 (IQR 0.125-0.33) in the non-CF group. However, periodontal disease levels were significantly lower in the CF group. Gingivitis (bleeding on probing ≥ 10% sites) was seen in 67.4% of the CF group, compared with 83.7% of the non-CF group, OR 0.365 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.181-0.736), relative risk (RR) 0.779 (95% CI 0.655-0.928). Mild periodontitis (periodontal probing depth [PPD] < 5 mm) was seen in 15.2% of the CF group, compared with 31.5% of the non-CF group, OR 0.390 (CI 0.190-0.800), RR 0.483 (95% CI 0.273-0.852). Severe periodontitis (PPD ≥ 6 mm) was seen in 0% of the CF group, compared with 9.8% of the non-CF group. There was a tendency, albeit non-significant, towards reduced periodontitis in PWCF who regularly took antibiotics, particularly azithromycin. In this study, adults with CF had poor oral hygiene practices, with high levels of plaque and calculus. Despite this finding, adults with CF had lower levels of clinical gingivitis and periodontitis than seen in a non-CF control group. Further study is required to examine the causes of this phenomenon.

Enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dental caries in mothers and caregivers of children through a neuroeducational strategy

BackgroundKnowledge, attitudes, and practices related to oral health among parents play a crucial role in shaping oral hygiene and preventing early childhood caries. This study was intended to determine the effect of a neuroeducational strategy in improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to early childhood caries among mothers or caregivers of children.MethodsA quasi-experimental study was conducted, implementing an educational strategy involving 33 mothers or female caregivers of children who met specific selection criteria. The strategy consisted of three key elements derived from neuroeducation: (1) experiment, (2) surprise and play, and (3) learn. Based on the participants’ attendance at the sessions, they were categorized into two groups: those who underwent in-person intervention (G1) and those who received a combined in-person and virtual intervention (G2). The impact of the strategy was evaluated by comparing the participants’ knowledge and attitudes, as well as their children’s plaque index, before and after the intervention (immediate and 6-month impact).ResultsThe participants exhibited a favorable and statistically significant effect on the median number of correct answers related to knowledge (G1 immediate effect (IE): p = 0.03, 6-month effect (ME): p = 0.002; G2 IE p = 0.002, ME: p = 0.001), and in the children’s plaque index (G1 IE: p = 0.003, ME: p = 0.003; G2 IE: p = 0.033, ME: p = 0.003). Furthermore, there was an increase in the number of participants with a high level of knowledge (G1 IE: 41.5%; ME: 75%; G2 IE: 45.5%, ME: 42.9%), and of children with a good level of oral hygiene (G1 IE: 50%; ME: 73.0%; G2 IE: 27.3%, ME: 84.6%). Finally, qualitative interviews revealed a lasting clarity in concepts and sustained knowledge and attitudes at the six-month mark. However, a slightly diminished understanding of the relationship between bacteria, sugar, and caries was observed in G2 group, and some loss of association in the G1 group, at six months.ConclusionThe implementation of this strategy resulted in significant and lasting impacts on knowledge, attitudes, and practices, especially in the G1 group. Nevertheless, there is a need for further reinforcement of the association between bacteria, sugar, and caries.

Regenerativna parodontalna terapija - II deo

Introduction: The periodontal diseases lead to the morphological and functional disintegration of the tooth-supporting apparatus, and a basic concept of surgical periodontal therapy is the elimination of periodontal pockets with the bone remodelling and creating the physiological architecture at a more apical level, thereby achieving better conditions for dental plaque control. The progenitor cell population in the periodontal ligament is served for the reconstruction of lost epithelial attachment. Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is a procedure that allows for the repair of a periodontal defect by cells capable of creating new connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone, and the aim is a minimization of postoperative gingival recession. The objectives of GTR are the creation of a new epithelial attachment, an increase in the bone level, and the minimization of postoperative gingival recession. Aim: Presentation of modern approaches, materials, prognostic factors as well as complications of periodontal therapy that are focused on attachment regeneration and complete reconstruction of periodontal tissue. Conclusion: The difference in terms of outcomes of regenerative periodontal therapy relates to the degree of patient's cooperation with the therapist, the level of oral hygiene, the selection of an appropriate bone defect, as well as the methods of surgery. The high level of dental plaque control, elimination of pathogenic microflora and intensive antimicrobial periodontal therapy improve the outcome of periodontal regenerative therapy.

Evaluation of the level of oral hygiene and the condition of periodontal tissues in dental interns

Evaluation of the level of oral hygiene and the condition of periodontal tissues in dental interns

The Morphology of Peri-Implantitis Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study on Periapical Radiographs.

The aims of this study were to assess the morphologic features of peri-implant defects, as measured on 2D intraoral radiographs, and to investigate the possible correlation between such morphology and other parameters related to the position and characteristics of the implant or the implant-supported prosthesis. Implants with peri-implantitis were included in this retrospective study. Data collected were related both to the patients and to the position/characteristics of the implants and the implant-supported prosthesis. Measurements of the morphologic defects were performed by two operators on digitalized intraoral periapical radiographs. Results and Conclusion. In total, 73 implants in 27 patients were included. The measurements of the periapical radiograph suggested that the most common defect conformation was crateriform, with both intraosseous and horizontal components. An inverse correlation was found between the extension of the peri-implant lesion and the time between the radiographic assessment and the implant placement. The total lesion area was strongly correlated to oral hygiene levels. No correlations between lesion extension and smoking, diabetes, history of periodontal were found. In conclusion, the results from this 2D radiographic study showed the prevalence of crateriform peri-implant defects, with a hygiene-correlated extension, perceptible on the mesial and distal aspects; 3D imaging could be used when available for further research and clinical investigation.

Topical Application of Fluoride in Children with Special Needs at RUBELA Panjangrejo Pundong Bantul

Abstract. Children with special needs should get proper dental health care. Children with special needs have a low level of oral hygiene. Dental and oral hygiene can be achieved if parents have sufficient knowledge about dental and oral health. This level of knowledge is then applied to help children clean their teeth. Community service is carried out for children with special needs in the form of dental health education to parents and actions in the form of topical application of fluoride to children. The results of the service show that there is an increase in the knowledge of parents before and after counseling is carried out. Meanwhile, the results of the plaque index assessment in children are high. Children with special needs require directions from their parents to be able to clean their teeth properly.

The opportunities for normalizing oral microbiota in infants with challenging deciduous teeth eruption

Relevance. The eruption of deciduous teeth is a distinct physiological process marked by local and systemic manifestations, along with alterations in oral microbiota in children.Research objective. A comparative clinical study evaluating the efficacy of different medications in managing localized symptoms during challenging deciduous teeth eruption, alongside an assessment of a homeopathic medicine's influence on oral microbiota in children (in vitro).Material and methods. The study encompassed 120 infants ranging from 5 months to 2 years old, randomized into three groups (40 individuals per group), all experiencing challenging deciduous teeth eruption. The research groups were assigned the following interventions: a homeopathic medicine, a dental gel containing an antiseptic and analgesic properties, and a dental gel infused with plant extracts. Clinical assessments of the children were performed using the E.M. Kuzmina index (2000), while concurrent evaluations of the oral microbiota were also conducted.Results. After the course of the medicinal homeopathic preparation, the condition of the gums, as per the E.M. Kuzmina index, indicated good oral hygiene, in contrast to medicinal preparations containing synthetic and plant-based antiseptics and anesthetics, which resulted in a satisfactory level of oral hygiene. Microbiological research indicated that the utilization of the investigated samples of the homeopathic medicine facilitated the creation of conditions fostering indirect competition of the stabilizing oral micro versus the pathogenic group of microorganisms.Conclusion. The clinical effectiveness of the homeopathic medicine for challenging deciduous teeth eruption was notably higher. A more substantial positive trend was observed in relation to the oral microbiota in children following the twice-daily application of the homeopathic medicine solution.

Mechanical plaque removal in step-1 of care.

Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Firstly, patients should be informed about the direct connection between bacteria in dental plaque and oral diseases. It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. This journey begins by selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. These aids are particularly beneficial for eliminating dental plaque from hard-to-reach areas. Moreover, tongue brushing or tongue scraping can effectively reduce breath odor and tongue coating. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Evidence-based recommendations are derived from comprehensive systematic evaluation of various oral hygiene aids.

Relationship Between Halitosis Level and Oral Hygiene in High School Student

Halitosis, known as bad breath, is a condition in which many patients complain about that cause unpleasant odor that comes from the mouth, which can affect the quality of life both psychologically and social life. Knowledge of maintaining oral health plays an important role in oral health conditions. This research to discover whether there is correlation between halitosis and the level of oral hygiene in high school students at Letjen S.Parman school in Medan. Researcher used a descriptive observational method which then analyzed the data using SPSS bivariate analysis with Pearson measuring to analyze the correlation between halitosis and oral hygiene. Shapiro-Wilk test found sig.value amounting to 0.180 on the questionnaire score and 0.068 on the OHIS, both results are greater than 0.05 indicates the datas are normally distributed. Then bivariate analysis was carried out and the Pearson results obtained showed Sig (2 tailed) value of 0.421, where the significance value was Sig.(2 tailed) 0.004&lt;0.05, so can be affirmed that there is a relation between halitosis and the level of oral hygiene. H1 is accepted, which defines that there is an association between halitosis and the level oral hygiene of high school teenagers at Letjen S. Parman Medan school.

Dental markers of endogenous intoxication in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective — to determine some dental markers of endogenous intoxication in the treatment of patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).&#x0D; Materials and methods. Examinations involved 44 patients with verified NAFLD diagnosis (the main group). The control group consisted of 20 somatically healthy subjects, representative in terms of gender and age. Clinical dental examinations were carried out twice, before and after the treatment, with an interval of 10 days. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the discipline of oral hygiene care. The level of oral hygiene was studied using the Greene–Vermillion index. The level of endotoxin in venous blood and oral fluid was assessed by immunoenzymatic method. The degree of endogenous intoxication was evaluated based on the structural and optical properties of a drop of oral fluid on a glass slide using an electron microscope. An analysis of correlations between non‑invasive and invasive techniques has been carried out.&#x0D; Results. More than half of the patients in the main group (61.3%) cleaned their teeth once a day. The value of the Greene–Vermillion oral hygiene index was equal to 2.3 points, which indicated an unsatisfactory state of hygienic care. In patients of the main group, the level of endotoxemia was equal to 0.9 EU/ml, and the level of LPS in oral fluid was 33.5 U/ml, which exceeded similar parameters in the control group by 2 and 1.6 times, respectively. In the micro preparations of oral fluid facies, 71.0% of patients in the main group had markers of endogenous intoxication (EI) of 3rd grade, 20.4% — EI of 2nd grade, and only 9.0% had EI of 1st grade. After 10 days, according to the re‑questioning data, 72.7% of patients in the main group followed full hygienic care of the oral cavity, and the Greene–Vermillion index decreased to 1.6 points, which was assessed as a satisfactory condition. In the micro preparations of facies of oral fluid, markers of EI of the 2nd grade were observed in 56.8% of the main group and markers of EI of 1st grade in 22.7% of subjects. The number of patients with EI markers of the 3rd grade decreased in 3.5 times compared to the first visit.&#x0D; Conclusions. Proper hygienic care of the oral cavity of patients with NAFLD results in the reduction of endogenous intoxication degree.