Oral Hygiene Instruction Research Articles

In Vitro Efficacy of Domestic Techniques for Disinfection of Toothbrushes Contaminated With Enterococcus faecalis.

Introduction: Oral hygiene education for patients is fundamental in preventive-promotional dentistry. The disinfection of toothbrushes (TBs) must be integrated into this context due to their proximity to contaminant sources that make them vulnerable to cross infection in homes. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of domestic techniques for disinfection of TBs. Materials and Methods: We performed an in vitro study of 76 TBs contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) ATCC 29212 subjected to different disinfection protocols: G1. Distilled water (DW; negative control; n = 8), G2. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)10% (negative control; n = 8), G3. Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% (positive control; n = 15), G4. 100% white vinegar (WV; n = 15), G5. Microwave (MW) at 700 W (n = 15), and G6. 200 mg/mL of certified alcoholic extract of purple garlic (GARLIC) from Arequipa (Allium sativum L; n = 15). Bacterial count was assessed by colony-forming units (CFU/mL) categorized as contamination: low (<30), medium (30-300), and high (>300). The Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc pairs was used at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Efficacy against Ef showed highly significant differences between groups (p < 0.001) with lower median CFU/mL in G3 and G4 (Me = 0 [IQR (interquartile range) = 0]: low) and G5 (Me = 6000 [IQR = 45,000]: low/medium) versus negative controls (Me = 378,500 and 5,020,000 [IQR = 4,605,000 and 6,760,000]: medium/high; p ≤ 0.019). The counts of the G5 were not statistically different than G3, G4, and G6 (p > 0.06). The G6 (Me = 1,510,000 [IQR = 590,000]: medium) was inferior to G3 and G4 (p < 0.001), but similar to both negative control groups (p > 0.999). Conclusions: Disinfection of TBs with CHX, WV, and MWs produces a significant effective reduction in the count of Ef.

Impact of Duration of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health and Treatment Needs of Patients

Malocclusion is highly prevalent and can also affect the general health of patients. Orthodontic treatment is required to treat malocclusion. This treatment often leads to a deterioration in periodontal and general oral health of patients. Objective: To assess the impact of duration of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health and treatment needs of patients. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was done on a total of 51 individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. The data were collected from July 2021 to June 2023 after obtaining ethical clearance. All participants above the age of 12 years irrespective of their gender were included in the study. Participants who had mixed dentition or other systemic illness were not included. Data were collected using the Community Periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN). Results: The difference in CPITN scores across orthodontic treatment groups with respect to duration (p=0.382) was not significant. All groups irrespective of their treatment duration required Basic oral hygiene instructions (TN1) while Complex treatment (TN3) was only required by patients undergoing treatment for more than a year. Conclusions: Basic oral hygiene instructions (TN1) were the treatment need of all patients from all groups irrespective of their treatment duration. An equal percentage of patients from all three treatment groups required (TN2) while (TN3) was only required by patients undergoing treatment for more than a year.

Demystifying Children's Perception of Oral Hygiene and Prevention of Periodontal Diseases: an Experience Report

Recently, periodontics has been in the limelight when it comes to dentistry. Nonetheless, the population still shows a lack of basic knowledge regarding periodontal health. This shows the need to encourage oral hygiene education, in order to revert this paradigm. The goal of this study was to report the experience of activities to promote periodontal health in children, as well as the materials used, and the results obtained. The activity analyzed was carried out by dentistry students from the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, participants of the Extension Project on Clinical and Surgical Periodontics (PROEPECC). Activities emphasized orientations regarding periodontal health based on the specific knowledge students needed the most, which was ascertained using a questionnaire that was applied in the first extension activity. It also addressed issues such as healthy eating, hygiene methods, and others. Two classrooms from the elementary school Nelita Nóbrega Queiroz (Patos - PB) were chosen, including a total of 60 children from 5 to 7 years old. Based on the early survey, it was necessary to teach periodontics basics, as only one child had any knowledge on the subject. At the end of the activity, the questionnaire was applied again, revealing that 100% of the sample had been well instructed regarding prevention, concepts, and characteristics of periodontal diseases and oral hygiene. The interaction of the students with the children out of the institutional boundaries enabled innovative experiences and collective practices. For the children involved, it measured their ability to improve their knowledge, especially when it comes to promoting periodontal health, goals reached in the current project.

Effect of oral hygiene education to mothers on stomatitis induced by chemical therapy in cancer children: A quasi-experimental study

Effect of oral hygiene education to mothers on stomatitis induced by chemical therapy in cancer children: A quasi-experimental study

Oral Hygiene Habits and Dental Caries Status in Thalassaemic Patients of Larkana: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Thalassemia, a prevalent blood disorder in Larkana, poses significant challenges to oral health. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the dental caries status and oral hygiene habits in thalassemia patients, addressing a crucial aspect of their overall health management. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the status of dental caries and oral hygiene habits among thalassemia patients in Larkana. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fatmid Foundation Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Thalassaemia Centre, Larkana, from October 2020 to May 2022. Oral examinations were performed using a mouth mirror and a blunt ball-ended probe with a 0.5 mm end diameter. Dental caries were diagnosed following World Health Organization criteria, and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) was employed for oral hygiene assessment. Data collection included demographic details and oral hygiene practices, analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Results: The study comprised 52% male and 48% female participants, with a mean age of 11.61±4.561 years. Dental caries were observed in 73% of the patients. The Oral Hygiene Index score (p = .112) and DMFT Score (p = .837) revealed no significant gender differences. Conclusion: The study concludes that thalassemia patients in Larkana exhibit poor oral hygiene, with a high prevalence of dental caries. These findings underscore the need for targeted oral hygiene education and caries prevention strategies in this patient population.

Oral Candida Colonization Among Adults in Morocco: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Candida is a commensal microorganism of the oral cavity and part of the normal microbial flora. Oral carriage of Candida can be influenced by several factors and may lead to the development of oral candidiasis. Oral swabs were collected from 46 onsultants at the stomatology department and then sent to the mycology laboratory for identification of isolates. The specimens were cultured on CandiSelect medium plates as well as on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates containing chloramphenicol. 38% of cultures were positive. Candida albicans was the most encountered specie (87.5% of positive cultures). Oral Candida colonization was more frequent in the following categories of patients: immunocompromised subjects, patients with malignancy, those undergoing chemotherapy, type 2 diabetics patients, smokers, and patients brushing their teeth irregularly (less than twice a day or occasionally). All of these associations were statistically significant. (p &lt;0,05). The diagnosis of oral Candida carriage prior to the presentation of clinical symptoms could prevent patients at risk of serious complications. The promotion of oral health and hygiene education could help stop the spread of yeast colonization.

Association between maternal oral bacteria with early childhood caries development in their children

Objective: The objective of this prospective study was to investigate the association between maternal oral bacteria and the development of early childhood caries (ECC) in their children over a two-year period. Methods: A cohort of mothers and their children was recruited during the prenatal period. Maternal oral samples were collected to assess the presence and abundance of specific cariogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The children were followed up at regular intervals from birth until two years of age. Oral examinations were conducted to assess the presence and severity of ECC. Statistical analyses was performed to determine the association between maternal oral bacteria and ECC development in their children. Results: The study included 98 mother-child pairs, with an average follow-up period of 24 months. The results demonstrated a significant association between maternal oral bacteria and ECC development in their children. Maternal colonization of cariogenic bacteria, particularly S. mutans, was found to be a strong predictor of ECC development in their offspring, even after adjusting for confounding factors such as maternal oral hygiene, socioeconomic status, and child's diet. Higher levels of S. mutans in maternal oral samples were associated with an increased risk of ECC in children at two years of age. Conclusion: This prospective study provides evidence for an association between maternal oral bacteria and the development of early childhood caries in their children over a two-year period. Maternal colonization of cariogenic bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans, was found to be a significant risk factor for ECC development. These findings highlight the importance of maternal oral health and the need for preventive measures targeting maternal oral bacteria to reduce the transmission and subsequent development of ECC in children. Early interventions, including oral hygiene education and preventive strategies, should be implemented to promote maternal oral health and improve oral health outcomes in children.

Perceptions, knowledge, and practices related to oral health in a group of pregnant women: A qualitative study.

It is well known that the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease is increasing in pregnant women. Dental care is mostly sufficient to prevent oral diseases and perform timely interventions. However, few pregnant women go to the dental office during this period due to a lack of knowledge. The perceptions, knowledge, and oral health practices of pregnant women have been scarcely explored and should be taken into account to propose positive interventions in this population. To identify and explore the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of oral health in a group of pregnant women in Colombia. Twenty-four semistructured interviews were conducted in different areas of Colombia. The interviews were conducted via telephone, and the calls were recorded with the consent of the participants. The recordings were transcribed in Word® and checked for typing and transcription errors. The transcripts were analyzed using a hybrid approach combining inductive and deductive coding. The information was organized and encoded using NVivo12 ®software. We followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist. Pregnant women reported having good oral health. One barrier mentioned for occupation (Job) was pregnancy. The appearance of the oral cavity has not negatively affected the relationships of pregnant women. The pregnant women had good oral hygiene habits but did not receive dental check-ups. Knowledge in this group was limited and diverse. The information given by health professionals should be standardized, and some beliefs should be demystified. In general, few pregnant women were aware of bleeding gums during pregnancy. Empower pregnant women to take care of themselves through regular dental check-ups with the aim of preventing and treating oral diseases. Oral hygiene education and healthy nutritional habits should be intensified during this stage. The participation in the study included a semistructured interview by telephone with the prior consent of the pregnant woman authorizing her involvement and the recording of the interview.

PRATIQUES D’HYGIENE BUCCODENTAIRE DES ELEVES SENEGALAIS : ETUDE TRANSVERSALE DANS LE LYCEE DE NOTTO-DIOBASS DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DE THIES

objective: Oral diseases remain a concern among schoolchildren. Promoting good oral health practices can significantly contribute to their prevention. The objective of the study is to describe the oral hygiene practices in rural areas among schoolchildren of the Notto-Diobass High School. method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 302 school children selected by lottery. A questionnaire in the form of a tree-item Lickert scale with four score was used to collect data on the type of oral hygiene practice, its frequency and the times of its implementation. An oral hygiene practice score was defined as the study variable. Its distribution was analyzed by t-test and ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. results: The average Oral Hygiene Practice (OHP) score was 5.8±1.8; more than half of the school children (52.3%) used brushing as a means of oral hygiene and 41.1% had a mixed hygiene practice (brushing and stick). The frequency of OHP was once/day for 51.3% of the pupils and twice/day for 39.7% of the students. More than third of the schoolchildren (38.6%) had it in the morning and in the evening at bedtime. The mean OHP score is significant different according to the schoolchildren’ study series (p=0.022) and their social conditions of their households (p=0.005). Conclusion: The study revealed an oral hygiene practice that involves almost all schoolchildren but is not adequately carried out, particularly regarding the frequency and timing of OHP and is associated with social determinism. These results recommend the need to improve oral hygiene awareness and education in schools through dedicated programs.

Potential Chair-side Test for Gingival Inflammation Screening of Patients With and Without Comorbidities

Objectives: To evaluate a diagnostic kit prototype for salivary total protein (TP), as a complementary clinical examination, for the diagnosis and monitoring of gingival inflammation during periodontal treatment. Materials and Methods: Patients (n=57) were divided into six groups: systemically and Periodontally Healthy (H), Systemically Healthy with Periodontal Disease (PD), Periodontal Health and Diabetes (D), Periodontal Disease and Diabetes (PDD), Periodontal Health and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Periodontal Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis (PDRA). Collection of non-stimulated saliva, oral hygiene instructions and basic periodontal treatment were performed. Clinical parameters, gingival index (GI), visible plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL), were evaluated at days 0 and 45. Results: Most groups showed clinical improvements with significant changes in H, PD and PDRA for PI, PD and PDRA for PPD and PD for BOP (p&lt;0.05). Total protein reduction was significant only in the PD group (p&lt;0.05). Correlations analysis between salivary TP with BOP or with GI, showed that the salivary test can detect the GI variation (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The salivary test has the potential to customize the therapeutic approach, as a complementary clinical examination, serving as a visual indicator for the patient to perceive the clinical signs of their evolution throughout the treatment, and to validate the improvement of the clinical parameters in a practical and accessible quantitative way. Clinical Relevance: The use of saliva for disease monitoring has been consolidated as a versatile diagnostic tool, the results demonstrated its usage to monitor gingival inflammation, a potential visual test to present to patients, and a much less invasive method than the conventional Gingival Index.

Periodontitis: causes, conditions of occurrence and prevention

OBJECTIVE. Analyze the causes and conditions for chronic generalized periodontitis, study means of preventive health care through individual oral hygiene.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study analyzed the scientific literature, devoted to casual factors and conditions of developing chronic generalized periodontitis, its influence on the health of the body and as well as the role of oral hygiene in preventing its onset and progression. Articles in leading domestic dental peer-reviewed publications along with data sources from Pubmed over the past 5 years were analyzed.&#x0D; RESULTS. The literature analysis found that majority of authors acknowledge microbial biofilm microbiota of the oral cavity as the leading etiological factor of periodontitis; such factors as poor oral hygiene, endogenous and exogenous erythrocyte sorption overload, the impact of physical environmental factors – external electromagnetic fields and vibrations affect the progression of the disease. Meanwhile, measures of professional oral hygiene и normalization of individual oral hygiene allows to significantly reduce the risk of emerging and progressing chronic generalized periodontitis.&#x0D; DISCUSSION. By category visits patients, suffering from CGP, were distributed as follows: 61,6 ± 0,7 % people – retirees of Russian Defense Ministry, 16,5 ± 0,5 % people – family members of military men and retired of RDM, 16,3 ± 0,5 % – military men, attached to the dentistry clinic of RDM military units and institutions, 5,7 ± 0,3 % – RMD cadets. Means of individual oral hygiene, relevant for the prevention of periodontitis, include about 15 items. Part of them are classified as traditional, and the proper application of some of them requires additional training, including in the framework of special medical training during hygiene education work and health promotion. The authors came to a conclusion about the expediency of increasing the number of dentists to intensify the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases among military men through professionally monitored oral hygiene.&#x0D; CONCLUSION. The high prevalence and intensity of dental system diseases among military men shows the relevance of regular sanitation of their oral cavity. Systematic implementation of individual oral hygiene measures decreases the number of bacteria in the mouth, prevents the development of severe overall body response to inflammation, contributes to a significant reduction in the number of exacerbation of concomitant somatic diseases that improves overall health and people’s quality of life. Professionally monitored oral hygiene, oral hygiene education and motivation for applying modern hygiene products are considered as the basis of oral disease prevention.

Factors Related to Dentists’ Practice of Giving Oral Hygiene Instructions to their Patients

Factors Related to Dentists’ Practice of Giving Oral Hygiene Instructions to their Patients

Assessment of Oral Health in a Child Cohort of a Rural Zone of Ethiopia.

Health conditions in a developing state such as Ethiopia are precarious; in addition to the extreme spread of infectious diseases such as AIDS, oral health is also affected by the scarce knowledge and possibility of treatment. This analysis considered 77 children aged 7 to 11 from a primary school in Guraghe in Ethiopia. The presence of plaque, calculus, and caries was evaluated. For each caries, the affected tooth and the site of onset were considered. Plaque was detected in 39% of the children, calculus in 22%, and dental caries in 48% of the patients. The cavities were found to be equally distributed between the two arches, with a prevalence of location in the deciduous teeth and in the occlusal area. The implementation of home oral hygiene education and the training of health professionals who successfully promote oral health is necessary.

Developing a Traditional Oral Health Education Folktale for Primary School Pupils in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Worldwide oral diseases are a major public health problem among children. Oral health education directed at major aetiological factors such as diet, oral hygiene and dental clinic attendance has helped to reduce the burden of oral diseases in children. Folklore, which includes folktales, puppet shows, dramas, folk music, and dance, appears to be a promising tool that could gain and engage young people's interest. Traditional folktale in school-based health education in Nigeria has not yet undergone much research or evaluation.&#x0D; AIM: This paper aims to report how a local traditional folktale for oral health education among primary school pupils was developed with a view to providing information on how the folktale can be developed in other languages as well as how other oral health education folktales can be developed.&#x0D; METHOD: Oral health professionals, linguist and theater arts experts from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, developed a traditional folktale represented on a graphically designed banner (comic strips) for use as an oral health education tool for primary school pupils. Developing the tool involved certain processes which were validated and evaluated at every step. These processes included developing oral health messages on adequate dietary and oral hygiene practices as well as good dental clinic attendance. The messages were used to develop a folktale using improvisation circle method.&#x0D; RESULTS: A banner of 6 feet by 4 feet containing graphically designed illustrations (comic strips) of the traditional folktale was developed. The message of which was basically diet, oral hygiene and dental clinic attendance instructions aimed at improving the attitude and practice of primary school pupils in Ibadan to oral health. The folktale was primarily developed in English language, the official language in Nigeria, then translated to Yoruba, the indigenous language of the people of Ibadan. Many skills such as team-building, effective communication and leadership were developed from the many phases and meetings required in the development of the folktale.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The early years are the formative years. Hence developing a tool to improve the oral health education of children using traditional folktale is a valuable and culturally advantageous project which has substantial future potentials.

Evaluation of the Change in Halitosis with the Improvement in Oral Health in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

This study aimed to assess the effects of hygiene education on periodontal health and mouth/nasal halitosis in patients with cleft. 39 patients with cleft who were accepted for orthodontic treatment divided into two groups as with (Group1; n = 24) and without braces (Group2; n = 15). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and Tongue coating Index (TCI) values were recorded. The BANA test microbiological kit, was used to determine the amount of anaerobic bacteria. Values of volatile sulfur components (VSC) for the measurement of oral and nasal halitosis were measured with a Halimeter device. After the initial measurements, oral hygiene instructions were given to eliminate the plaque production on teeth, periodontal structure, tongue and palate. All measurements were repeated 4 weeks after the hygiene instructions. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. In both groups, the PI, GI, values were significantly decreased (P < .05). Tongue coating area, thickness and TCI were significantly reduced (P < .05). Oral halitosis values decreased significantly (P < .05). The PI values decreased significantly more in the Group 1 (P < .05). Non significant difference was detected in nasal halitosis in both groups. In unilateral cleft lip and palate cases cases (n = 23), no significant difference was found in nasal halitosis values between the cleft and the healthy sides (P > 0.05). In patients with clet cases, periodontal health was improved and oral halitosis was reduced by the given hygiene education; brushing the teeth, especially the tongue and palate. However, hygiene education did not have a significant effect on nasal halitosis. Key Words: Cleft lip and palate, Halitosis, BANA test, Periodontal index.

Tumor necrosis alpha (tnf-α) levels in the human gingival sulcus: rates and factors affecting its levels in healthy subjects

Background and objective: ​​ Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) provides an exceptional window for investigation of the periodontal condition in which levels of inflammatory mediators, which, as a consequence of the increased local destruction of connective tissue structural elements, are ideal markers of disease activity can be appreciated in the GCF. This study aimed to investigate the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the human gingival sulcus of healthy subjects and the influence of host factors such as age, sex, and tooth type used on pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: Eighty-seven patients, 54 (62.1%) female and 33 (37.9%) males (aged 12–34 years; mean 19.58±4.4 years), participated in this study. Each subject underwent a session on professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling was conducted (baseline). GCF was collected from the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the Canine, the First premolar and the Second premolar in this study. The concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) present in the GCF was evaluated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), following manufacturers' recommendations. Differences in mean TNF-α concentrations (pg/ml) of the teeth selected for sample collection for each individual with variables that included age, sex, and tooth type for GCF samples, were determined. Results: In total, the mean ± SD of central incisor TNF-α was 31.88 ± 4.99 pg/ml, and ranged from 20.22 to 40.47 pg/ml; the variance in all individual values ​​was significantly distributed on the normal curve with t-test of 59 and p &lt; 0.001. For males the TNF-α concentration (mean ± SD) of central incisor was 39.25 ± 7.26 pg/ml Vs. 40.98 ± 9.24 pg/ml for females. For the lateral incisor, Canine, First premolar and Second premolar: total, males and females; the mean ± SD of TNF-α level were roughly similar to that of the central incisor. A lower level of TNF-α was in &lt;16 years (37.54 ± 9.5 pg/ml). These findings differ from those of the 16-25 years age group and 26-34 age group in which a significantly higher value was recorded (p=0.035). Conclusion: This study provides the upper limit of normal values ​​for TNF-α levels for people aged 12-34 years in the GCF. These upper limits of normal values ​​will guide dentists in Yemen when considering the diagnosis of periodontal disease, as well as its role during orthodontic tooth movement as they play an important role in the activities of Osteocytes, and will provide useful baseline data for future studies of interventions against periodontal disease; and the movement of teeth by orthodontic appliances, in Yemen. Also, this data can also be applied to neighboring Yemeni cities and neighboring countries.

The "Oral Hygiene Challenge" session as an approach to improve the quality of oral hygiene instructions.

The "Oral Hygiene Challenge" session as an approach to improve the quality of oral hygiene instructions.

Evaluation of the Effect of Maternal Education on Toddler Dental Plaque Removal Based on a Health Belief Model.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of an educational intervention, guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), on promoting preventive behaviors among mothers to combat early childhood caries (ECC) in toddlers aged 12 to 18 months. Materials and Methods: This single-blind interventional study evaluated 92 toddlers between 12 to 18 months and their mothers, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data regarding demographic and nutritional factors were collected using a questionnaire. The dental status of children was evaluated by clinical examination and measuring the plaque index (PI) of maxillary central incisors and the dmfs index. A pamphlet designed according to the HBM was used for oral hygiene instruction in both the intervention and control groups. All of the mothers in the intervention group received a music file to listen to when brushing their children's teeth. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxson tests. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: No significant correlation was noted between the daily frequency of sugary substance intake and primary PI in the intervention or control group with/without dental plaque (P>0.05). In the intervention group, PI significantly decreased after the intervention compared to baseline (P<0.001). However, there was no significant change in PI after the intervention in the control group compared with baseline (P=0.1). Conclusion: The findings indicate that a combination of educational intervention and incentives, such as using age-appropriate music for toddlers, can significantly enhance mothers' effectiveness in removing dental plaque.

Type 1 diabetes, glycemic traits, and risk of dental caries: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Regarding past epidemiological studies, there has been disagreement over whether type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is one of the risk factors for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the causative links between genetic susceptibility to T1DM, glycemic traits, and the risk of dental caries using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. Methods: Summary-level data were collected on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1DM, fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FI), and dental caries. MR was performed using the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, replication cohort, and multivariable MR conditioning on potential mediators. Results: The risk of dental caries increased as a result of genetic susceptibility to T1DM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.044; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.015-1.074; p = 0.003], with consistent findings in the replication cohort. The relationship between T1DM and dental caries was stable when adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in multivariable MR. However, no significant correlations between the risk of dental caries and FG, HbA1c, or FI were found. Conclusion: These results indicate that T1DM has causal involvement in the genesis of dental caries. Therefore, periodic reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions must be added to the management and early multidisciplinary intervention of T1DM patients, especially among adolescents and teenagers, who are more susceptible to T1DM.

A case of early-onset periodontitis with vitamin D deficiency: A case report and literature review.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with multifactorial etiology. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, has protective effects on inflammatory response in various systemic conditions. The clinical features of vitamin D deficiency include growth failure, hypotonia, pathologic fractures, rachitic rosary, tetany and so on. Here we present a case of 12-year-old girl affected by early-onset periodontitis accompanied with vitamin D deficiency. A 12-year-old girl with gingival redness, bleeding associated with tooth brushing, and mandibular anterior teeth movement, with difficulty in mastication for the past 2 months. There is no relevant family history or special systemic disease history. The serological microelement test showed vitamin D levels were significantly lower than normal range. Immunological test showed abnormal CD4+/CD8+(CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+) ratio as well. Based on the clinical and serological findings, this patient was ultimately diagnosed with early-onset periodontitis accompanied with vitamin D deficiency. The main treatments for this patient were 3-fold: periodontal therapy, vitamin D supplement and oral hygiene instructions. Following 1-year therapy, periodontal conditions recovered and became stable. And serological vitamin D levels returned to normal range. The case of interest serves as an important reminder to clinicians, that the early-onset periodontitis may be associated with micronutrients abnormalities, and early-diagnosis and treatment could avoid the body heathy disorders.