Health Of Oral Cavity Research Articles

Oral Health and "Modern" Digestive Diseases: Pathophysiologic and Etiologic Factors.

In the contemporary era of medicine, exploring the complexity of the human body and its intricate interactions has become a central concern for health researchers. The main purpose of this article is to summarize the current understanding of relevant pathophysiological factors such as chronic inflammation, dysbiosis (microbial imbalance), and metabolic disorders, as well as etiological factors including dietary habits, lifestyle choices, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and genetic predispositions, as well as to emphasize potential avenues for upcoming studies and their medical significance. Additionally, this article aims to assess the potential impact of integrated treatment approaches on patient outcomes, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between gastroenterologists, dentists, and other healthcare professionals to develop comprehensive care plans that address both oral and digestive health issues simultaneously. Among the branches with a significant impact on general well-being are oral cavity health and digestive diseases, which have been the subject of intensive research in recent decades. In this context, analysis of the current state of knowledge on oral cavity disorders in relation to "modern" digestive diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) becomes essential for a deeper understanding of the interconnections between oral and digestive health. The temporal overlap or succession, whether preceding or following, of oral manifestations and digestive disorders should be taken seriously by both gastroenterologists and dentists to facilitate early diagnosis and explain to patients the correlation between these two body systems. In summary, this article underscores the importance of understanding the intricate relationship between oral and digestive health, advocating for interdisciplinary approaches to improve patient outcomes and guide future research.

СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ПРИАРКТИЧЕСКИХ СТРАНАХ

The structures of dental education in near-Arctic countries and regions at all levels are considered and the place of the pedagogical component is increased in them. It was noted that the actively functioning structures of additional vocational education (DPO) in 8 countries of the Arctic Council (Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Norway, the Russian Federation, the USA, Finland, Sweden) determine the dynamics of the assimilation by practicing dentists and maxillofacial surgeons of the use of the latest high-tech technologies, and in recent decades also a complex of humanities, primarily psychology and sociology. This increases the role of the pedagogical component in the system of their professional training of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons; the experience of organizing training processes in this direction is also in demand by the structures of domestic dental education. Its parameters are characterized taking into account the specifics of the Arctic zone, including ensuring the health of teeth and oral cavity of representatives of small indigenous peoples; problems of staffing of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons and improvement of their qualification level are analyzed. Due to the coordination of educational and research activities, the postgraduate education system is characterized by the transfer of the latest skills and techniques in dental education.

The profile of oral microbiome in Chinese elderly population associated with aging and systemic health status

ObjectiveThe health of oral cavity is considered as an important indicator of aging. Oral microbiota is highly associated with the oral health, while the variation of oral microbiome in elderly population and characteristic microbes associated with aging remain unclear.Subjects and methodsIn this study, 130 elderly subjects were recruited and divided into 3 groups according to their age: Stage I group (65 ≤ years < 70), Stage II group (70 ≤ years < 75), and Stage III group (75 ≤ years < 80). Their physiological indices were analyzed with using Illumina MiSeq platform and the oral microbiome was determined by high-throughput sequencing.ResultsAlong with aging, the level of fasting blood glucose, systolic pressure and monocytes are significantly increased. No significant difference was detected on the whole structure of the oral microbiome among groups. While using Metastats and Spearman’s correlation analysis, specific bacteria were identified as potential age- or health index-related bacterial genera including Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Porphyromonas, Aminobacter, Collinsella, Clostridium and Acinetobacter.ConclusionOur study revealed that the composition structure of salivary microbiota in elderly population was relatively stable while specific bacteria were correlated with age and health status, which is promising to be served as health indicators of the elderly after further exploration.

THE RELEVANCE OF INTEGRAVASF IN SOCIAL DENTISTRY IN PROMOTING HEALTH IN THE SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEY

The IntegraVasf Social Project is relevant in promoting oral health in the São Francisco River Valley, highlighting the health area. This analysis is based on a study focused on dentistry. The social actions carried out totaled 160 patient anamnesis records between 2020 and 2023 in Juazeiro- BA and Petrolina- PE. The research reveals the prevalence of young patients, but with a significant number of children and elderly people, from whom data was collected on treatments carried out, treatments that need to be carried out and referrals for emergency cases. In view of this, the importance that integravasf plays in reducing factors that affect oral health in society, especially in vulnerable communities, is clear. The focus on promoting adequate oral health for the population that faces obstacles in accessing this sector due to socioeconomic problems. The role of integravasf is fundamental in the propagation, prevention and recovery of oral cavity health, making it accessible to everyone. This study contributes to understanding the oral health situation in the communities served, reinforcing the importance that the IntegraVasf project plays.

DESCRIPTION OF TOOTH-BRUSHING BEHAVIOR BEFORE AND AFTER COUNSELING WITH ROLLING TECHNIQUE IN SDN MELONG ASIH CIMAHI

Correct and routine brushing behavior is very influential on oral cavity health. The knowledge possessed by the individual will determine his health behavior so that someone with good knowledge will know the right attitude and behavior when exposed to disease. Brushing your teeth properly and regularly is very influential on the health of the oral cavity, so there needs to be counseling on how to brush your teeth properly and correctly. This study aimed to determine the picture of brushing behavior before and after counseling with Rolling Technique in Grade 3 Students of SDN Melong Asih 5. This study used an analytical descriptive study design by conducting counseling followed by dental and oral hygiene examination with the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) index method. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the OHI-S index in grade 3 students of SD Melong Asih 5 has decreased after counseling with poster media and dental pantum props that showed promising results; the rolling technique is quite effective in reducing the OHI-S index in SD Melong Asih 5 Cimahi students.

Communicating Risks and Food Procedures through a Visual Poster for Caregivers of Patients with Dysphagia in Inpatient Care: Usability and Impact.

Food-related procedures are a part of rehabilitation interventions for dysphagia. However, studies show that professional-caregiver communication is often lacking in dysphagia, risking caregivers' knowledge, understanding, and practice of those procedures, with negative consequences for patient safety and rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate caregivers' perspectives about the utility of a poster designed to communicate dysphagia-related risks and food procedures for caregivers of patients in inpatient care. The impact of caregivers' exposure to the poster on patients' dysphagia-related health was additionally explored. The poster was placed by the beds of a randomly assigned group of patients (n = 21). Their caregivers responded to a questionnaire about the poster's utility. In addition, to explore whether the caregiver exposure to the poster could already have some effect on patient dysphagia-related health, patient risk of aspiration, food swallowing capacity, nutritional status, and oral cavity health were assessed before and one month after placement of the poster, and the poster-exposed group was compared with a (randomly-assigned) non-exposed group (n = 21). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and generalized linear models based on analyses of covariance. All caregivers across various education levels reported noticing, reading, and understanding the poster (100%). Nearly all reported that the poster added new information to their knowledge (17 out of 21). In the additional analysis, the patients in the poster-exposed group showed greater improvements in the health outcomes, compared with the non-exposed group, although the effects were statistically non-significant within this study's one-month period. A poster with pictorial information was effective in increasing awareness about dysphagia-specific information among caregivers of patients in inpatient care and can be used as an augmentative means of information, with potential benefits for patient safety and rehabilitation.

Injectable decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes salivary gland regeneration via endogenous stem cell recruitment and suppression of fibrogenesis.

Saliva is key to the maintenance of oral homeostasis. However, several forms of salivary gland (SG) disorders, followed by hyposalivation, often result in dental caries, oral infection, and decreased taste, which dramatically affect the quality of patient's life. Functional biomaterials hold great potential for tissue regeneration in damaged or dysfunctional SGs and maintaining the good health of oral cavity. Herein, we prepared an injectable hydrogel derived from decellularized porcine submandibular glands (pDSG-gel), the material and biological properties of the hydrogel were systematically investigated. First, good biocompatibility and bioactivities of the pDSG-gel were validated in 2D and 3D cultures of primary submandibular gland mesenchymal stem cells (SGMSCs). Especially, the pDSG-gel effectively facilitated SGMSCs migration and recruitment through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggested by transcriptomic analysis and immunoblotting. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the pDSG revealed that many extracellular matrix components and secreted factors were preserved, which may contribute to stem cell homing. The recruitment of endogenous SG cells was confirmed in vivo, upon in situ injection of the pDSG-gel into the defective SGs in rats. Acinar and ductal-like structures were evident in the injury sites after pDSG-gel treatment, suggesting the reconstruction of functional SG units. Meanwhile, histological characterizations showed that the administration of the pDSG-gel also significantly suppressed fibrogenesis within the injured SG tissues. Taken together, this tissue-specific hydrogel provides a pro-regenerative microenvironment for endogenous SG regeneration and holds great promise as a powerful and bioactive material for future treatments of SG diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been acknowledged as one of the most promising biomaterials that recapitalizes the microenvironment in native tissues. Hydrogel derived from the dECM allows in situ administration for tissue repair. Herein, a tissue-specific dECM hydrogel derived from porcine salivary glands (pDSG-gel) was successfully prepared and developed for functional reconstruction of defective salivary gland (SG) tissues. The pDSG-gel effectively accelerated endogenous SG stem cells migration and their recruitment for acinar- and ductal-like regeneration, which was attributed to the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, the introduction of the pDSG-gel resulted in highly suppressed fibrogenesis in the defective tissues. These outcomes indicated that the pDSG-gel holds great potential in clinical translation toward SG regeneration through cell-free treatments.

A literature review on periodontitis and systemic diseases

Periodontitis is found to be one of the most common infectious disease that is inflammatory in nature occurring in the oral cavity. A normal human being oral cavity contains variety of bacterias, that have the tendency to spread to different sites of the body that too particularly in the patients those are immunocompromised and ultimately results in the various systemic diseases. Maintenance of health of oral cavity is very much required and is a necessity as it is known as oral cavity is the mirror image of the systemic health of the individual.

A scientometric study of tobacco and alcohol use as risk factors for oral cavity health

Background/purposeTobacco and alcohol are the well-known carcinogenic agents of oral cavity health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the scientometric characteristics of alcohol and tobacco use and oral health. Materials and methodsThe papers on alcohol and tobacco use and oral cavity were published since 1885 and 1895, respectively. All the eligible papers were retrieved on March 20, 2023 from the Scopus database. ResultsThere are 2529 and 1545 papers on tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking and oral cavity in the Scopus database, respectively. Based on the frequency of keywords in all included papers, both smoking and drinking are involved in mouth neoplasms, oral cancer, leukoplakia, and periodontal diseases. In the papers on tobacco and alcohol use and oral cavity, the same research keywords confirm tobacco and alcohol use associate with oral cancer risk possibly through influencing genetics and gene and protein expression. For the distinctive keywords, nicotine, smoking cessation, and electronic cigarette are unique keywords of tobacco use. Acetaldehyde, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alcohol metabolism are unique ones of alcohol use. ConclusionThis study for the first time reports the scientometric characteristics of tobacco and alcohol use and oral health, which might aid healthcare authorities to promote tobacco and alcohol control measures focused on the necessities of their population.

Investigating the role of Candida albicans as a universal substrate for oral bacteria using a transcriptomic approach: implications for interkingdom biofilm control?

Candida albicans is frequently identified as a colonizer of the oral cavity in health and has recently been termed a "keystone" commensal due to its role on the bacterial communities. However, the role that C. albicans plays in such interactions is not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between C. albicans and bacteria associated with oral symbiosis and dysbiosis. To do this, we evaluated the ability of C. albicans to support the growth of the aerobic commensal Streptococcus gordonii and the anaerobic pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the biofilm environment. RNA-Sequencing with the Illumina platform was then utilized to identify C. albicans gene expression and functional pathways involved during such interactions in dual-species and a 4-species biofilm model. Results indicated that C. albicans was capable of supporting growth of all three bacteria, with a significant increase in colony counts of each bacteria in the dual-species biofilm (p < 0.05). We identified specific functional enrichment of pathways in our 4-species community as well as transcriptional profiles unique to the F. nucleatum and S. gordonii dual-species biofilms, indicating a species-specific effect on C. albicans. Candida-related hemin acquisition and heat shock protein mediated processes were unique to the organism following co-culture with anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, respectively, suggestive that such pathways may be feasible options for therapeutic targeting to interfere with these fungal-bacterial interactions. Targeted antifungal therapy may be considered as an option for biofilm destabilization and treatment of complex communities. Moving forward, we propose that further studies must continue to investigate the role of this fungal organism in the context of the interkingdom nature of oral diseases.

Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.

Oral cavity health and remedy options to stimulate epithelization of oral mucosa

Oral mucosa is an inner lining of oral cavity, which maintains different functions including protection of epithelial integrity. Pathology of oral mucosa can develop in response to the action of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, and various traumatic factors; it can be a result of systemic pathology of a patient as well. Pain and discomfort usually accompanies such conditions leading to decrease of patient wellbeing. The basis of the pharmacological regulation of the regeneration process is the stimulation of wound healing.&#x0D; The aim is to summarize and discuss the spectrum of remedy options that are used to stimulate epithelization of oral mucosa. The overall goal of the paper is to provide full and comprehensive information for dentists and their patients about medicament variety, ways of theirs application and dosage.&#x0D; Methods. Relevant literature from MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and in open access journals which are published by Elsevier was selected using the following key words «oral mucosa», «epithelization», and «remedy» were used in various combinations by the year of 2023. In total there were found 48 papers. To the selected scientific papers we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to choose the relevant ones.&#x0D; Conclusions. A significant number of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory processes in the oral cavity are available nowadays on dental market. Numerous studies substantiates the effectiveness of their use in dentistry. Therefore, when choosing pharmacological drugs, preference is given to drugs with a complex effect, which locally affect various links of the pathogenetic mechanism of the occurrence of diseases and do not disturb human wellbeing.

Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Oral Health

Normally, the body can produce vitamin D at sun exposure. Vitamin D plays a key role in bone and tooth mineralization, and when levels are unregulated it can lead to the “rachitic tooth”, which is a defective and hypomineralized organ highly susceptible to fracture and decay. The conditions like recurrent aphthous stomatitis, atrophic glossitis or a painful, burning tongue which is characterized by inflammation and defoliation of the tongue, are possibly caused by nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin B and iron deficiencies. The deficiency has been linked to a variety of diseases, including in the oral cavity. Inadequate sun exposure may accelerate the onset of these diseases since the synthesis of vitamin D is interrupted. Vitamin D not only benefits the overall health of oral cavity but is also associated with tooth mineralization. It can help to fight against inflammation and stimulate the production of antimicrobial peptides for immune response. Thus, in this paper, we will briefly discuss the origin of various oral diseases caused by insufficient level of vitamin D in the body and shed light on the potential benefits of safe sun exposure to maintain both oral and body health. Lack of vitamin D can lead to dental caries, and weak or brittle teeth that easily break, chip, and crack. Their inadequacy leads to absorption impairment, increased bleeding tendency, bone resorption, looseness, and premature tooth loss. Inadequacy of those essential minerals is associated with delayed tooth eruption and with enamel or dentin hypoplasia.

SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL-A REVIEW

Early perseverance of disease plays the important part of treatment planning and prognosis which reduces the severity of disease progression. This scrutiny explains the saliva as a fascinating diagnostic tool for routine examination of identifying the oral and systemic disease in its early stage. On upper hand, saliva includes uncluttering and non-invasive method with trouble free method of collecting the sample with low-cost storage. Whole saliva may be used for diagnosis of systemic and oral disease because it contains serum constituents which serve as accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis of disease. Saliva samples are easy to store and ship as it doesn't clot similar to blood. Saliva present in the oral cavity not only maintains the health of oral cavity but plays an important role in diagnosis of communicable and non-communicable disease. No need for trained medical staff, Multiple samples can be obtained easily, Collection and screening can be done at home Minimal risks of cross-contamination, more economical sampling, shipping and storage compared to serum, requires less manipulation during diagnostic procedures compared to serum, Commercial availability of screening assays. All these characteristics make saliva an appealing diagnostic candidate for the detection and monitoring of several biomarkers in infants, children, adults and uncooperative patients.

Oral Health and Wellbeing of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Abstract Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease that significantly impacts everyday life. To date, little is known about oral cavity health in patients with IPF. Aim The study aimed to evaluate the condition of the oral cavity in patients with IPF and to assess their quality of life concerning oral cavity health. Methods The study was a cross-sectional one, collecting clinical data of patients with IPF and control subjects without pulmonary disorders. Data collection included baseline characteristics, oral cavity inspection results, and 12 answers provided in the GOHAI questionnaire. Periodontal status was investigated, and PD, CAL, BoP, API, CPITN and OHI were analyzed. Saliva secretion, halitosis, and oral lesions were also assessed. Results A total of 85 subjects – 40 patients with IPF and 45 controls – were enrolled in the study. In patients with IPF, both lower PD [0.54 (0.36–0.96) vs. 1.1 (0.6–1.44); p=0.001] and CAL [0.54 (0.3–1.26) vs. 1.43 (1.04–1.91); p=0.006] were found, and those patients also had lower saliva secretion [1.08 (0.33) vs. 1.28 (0.39); p=0.01]. Patients with IPF received periodontal treatment less frequently [2 (2.24%) vs. 15 (17.6%); p=0.001], and dental instruction was shown to them less often compared to the controls [13 (32.5) vs. 26 (57.78); p=0.02]. Moreover, IPF patients had significantly higher GOHAI scores [50.68 (5.24) vs. 44.37 (5.94); p&lt;0.001] compared to the control subjects. Conclusions Our study findings prompt the need for regular dental consultations and careful observation of dental prophylaxis in patients with IPF. The differences noted in the quality of life assessed using a GOHAI questionnaire need a further validation in larger cohort studies.

Вплив хронічних захворювань слизової оболонки порожнини рота на якість життя пацієнтів

Actuality. Oral health (dental health) is an important factor that affects the quality of human life. Deterioration of oral cavity health adversely affects speech, chewing and swallowing, and social activities. According to the literature, the prevalence of diseases of the oral mucosa ranges from 10.8 to 61.6% in various populations with clinically significant morbidity and high prevalence among young people. Purpose: analysis of the impact of oral mucosal diseases on patients' quality of life using the COMDQ questionnaire. Materials and methods. 90 patients aged 18–62 years with lichen planus, chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis, leukoplakia and other chronic diseases of the oral mucosa participated in the study. Patients' quality of life was assessed using the COMDQ questionnaire on chronic diseases of the oral mucosa.Statistical analysis was performed using the MedStat program and Microsoft Excel; using the Student's test, statistically significant differences between indicators were determined; the Shapiro- Wilk test was used to check the distribution of the variation series for normality. Spearman's coefficient was used to assess the relationship between indicators. Results. The mean age of the patients was 36.5±26. The mean scores for the COMDQ were 1.3±0.7 for «pain and functional limitations», 1.5±0.7 for «medication and treatment», 2.3±0.9 for «society and emotional state» and 2.3±0.6 for «patient support». Conclusion. The COMDQ questionnaire is a short and informative tool for determining the quality of life of patients with chronic oral mucosal disease. Key words: chronic oral mucosal disease, quality of life, COMDQ questionnaire, indicators, correlations.

Condition of the Oral Cavity in Patients After Heart Transplantation: A Preliminary Report.

BACKGROUND The constant impairment of the immune system caused by lifelong use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients after heart transplantation has a significant impact on oral cavity health. The aim of this study was to analyze the health of the oral cavity in patients after heart transplantation, with particular regard to occurring pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 patients after heart transplantation. The research scheme was divided into 2 parts. The first part consisted of a survey on general health and oral hygiene habits. The second part of the examination consisted of an analysis of the health of the oral cavity: the mucosa, periodontium, and hard dental tissues. Particular attention was paid to PET (test for the presence of pathogens causing periodontitis/periimplantitis) and CAT (diagnostic test for the presence of Candida in the oral cavity), which are real-time PCR tests used to detect pathogens causing periodontitis and microorganisms present in oral candidiasis. RESULTS The conducted research and in-depth analysis of the results showed that the oral health condition in patients after heart transplantation is not satisfactory, regardless of the time that has elapsed since the surgery, sex, age, hygiene habits, or the type of immunosuppression used. The oral cavity of patients after heart transplantation is colonized with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS The cooperation of the dentist with the attending physician at each stage of the treatment should play an unquestionable role.

Impacts of Pesticides on Oral Cavity Health and Ecosystems: A Review.

Pesticides are chemical substances used to control, prevent, or destroy agricultural, domestic, and livestock pests. These compounds produce adverse changes in health, and they have been associated with the development of multiple chronic diseases. This study aimed to present a detailed review of the effect of pesticides on the oral cavity and the oral microbiome. In the oral cavity, pesticides alter and/or modify tissues and the microbiome, thereby triggering imbalance in the ecosystem, generating an inflammatory response, and activating hydrolytic enzymes. In particular, the imbalance in the oral microbiome creates a dysbiosis that modifies the number, composition, and/or functions of the constituent microorganisms and the local response of the host. Pesticide exposure alters epithelial cells, and oral microbiota, and disrupts the homeostasis of the oral environment. The presence of pesticides in the oral cavity predisposes the appearance of pathologies such as caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and odontogenic infections. In this study, we analyzed the effect of organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, bipyridyls, and triazineson oral cavity health and ecosystems.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DECOCTION OF RED BETEL LEAVES (PIPER CROCANTUM) AGAINST THE REDUCED SYMPTOMS OF FLUOR ALBUS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS

Background: Fluor albus is excessive fluid from vagina that is not menstruation. To reduce the symptoms of fluor albus, non-pharmacological treatment from the decoction water of red betel leaves (Piper crocantum) was used in the present study. These red betel leaves (Piper crocantum) contain alkaloids that the green betel leaves do not have, and the alkaloids play a role as an antimicrobial agent. Besides, the red betel leaves have antiseptic power that is twice higher than the green betel leaves. The red betel leaves (Piper crocantum) also contain carvakrol which is anti-fungal and disinfectant, and it that can be used as an antiseptic medicine to maintain oral cavity health, cure fluor albus disease, and alleviate bad odor. Purpose: The present study aims to discover the effectiveness of the decoction of red betel leaves in reducing the fluor albus symptoms. Method: This study uses quasi-experimental research design with one group undertaking pre- and post-tests. It involved 20 adolescent girls of Al-Adzkia Sentul Boarding School in which the sample was taken using purposive sampling techniques. Further, a closed ended questionnaire is used to collect data, then analyzed using paired t-test. Result: The results showed a meaningful difference before being given treatment for 13.40. After treatment the value became 8.27 with a p-value &lt; of α (0.005). Conclusion: The results this study indicated a decrease in symptoms of vaginal discharge after the use of red betel leaf decoction and recommended it to be used as a form of non-pharmacological therapy or traditional medicine in reducing fluor albus symptoms in adolescent girls.

Correlation and mechanism between cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and oral streptococcus count in patients with primary microvascular angina pectoris.

Although primary microvascular angina (PMVA) can be diagnosed clinically, the etiology and pathophysiology of PMVA remain unclear. The effects of conventional clinical medications (aspirin, statins, and nitrates) are unsatisfactory, and PMVA can lead to serious cardiovascular events. The present study was designed to analyze the correlation between the load perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) results and the Streptococcus sanguinis(S sanguinis) count and the correlations between the S sanguinis count in oral cavity subgingival plaque and changes in the plasma levels of platelet alpha-granule membrane glycoprotein 140 (GMP-140), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with PMVA after increased anti-infective treatment of the oral cavity. This study also discusses the pathogenesis of PMVA from this perspective. The differences in the S sanguinis count in oral cavity subgingival plaque and oral health status between healthy people and PMVA patients will be compared, and the correlation between the oral cavity health status and disease in PMVA patients will be analyzed. The present randomized controlled trial with a parallel control group will be conducted in 68 PMVA patients diagnosed by the in-patient cardiology department. The selected patients will be randomly divided into 2 groups, one receiving routine drug treatment and the other a combination of anti-infective treatments. The normal control group will comprise 30 healthy people with no infectious oral cavity disease matched by age and sex. We will conduct CMR, and the presence of S sanguinis in subgingival plaques will be used to determine the bacterial count in PMVA patients. Blood samples will also be collected to determine the levels of GMP-140, FPA, vWF, and Hcy. S sanguinis in the subgingival plaque of PMVA patients will be further analyzed after increasing the oral cavity anti-infective treatment; the resulting changes and their correlations with changes in GMP-140, FPA, vWF, and Hcy levels will be assessed. Additionally, the differences in the S sanguinis count and the oral cavity health status of oral cavity dental plaque between healthy people and PMVA patients will be determined, and the correlation between the oral cavity conditions and PMVA will be analyzed. The relationship between the perfusion CMR results and the oral cavity S sanguinis count of PMVA patients, and the potential pathogenesis, will be explored. We will use the SPSS19.0 statistical software package to analyze the data. The measurements will be expressed as means±standard deviation. Student t test will be used for intergroup comparisons, a relative number description will be used for the count data, and the chi-square test will be used for intergroup comparisons. Multivariate logistic regression will be performed to identify associations. A P value < .05 will be considered significant. In this study, the correlation between the perfusion CMR results and the S sanguinis count in oral cavity subgingival plaque of PMVA patients will be analyzed. Changes in the levels of GMP-140, FPA, vWF, and Hcy of PMVA patients after receiving increased oral cavity anti-infective treatment will be explored, and the difference in the S sanguinis count in oral cavity subgingival plaque and the oral cavity health status between healthy people and PMVA patients will be compared. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=45091).