Oral Candida Species Research Articles

Evaluation of the effectiveness of current disinfection methods in complete denture patients.

Candida adherence to the denture base is an important cause of denture stomatitis in elderly and handicapped patients where effective patient- and physician-based disinfection methods are required. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effectiveness of chemical and physicochemical methods and their combinations against common oral Candida species on denture base acrylic resin. Patients were divided into six groups according to disinfection methods. For chemical disinfection, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, and glutaraldehyde were used by the patients. Microwave and ozone therapy were applied by physicians for physicochemical disinfection. Fungal load count was performed. This procedure was repeated before applying any disinfection procedures, at 1 week and 1 month after the patient started to use the relevant chemical disinfectant and apply physicochemical methods. A multivariate analysis test was used to determine the change in fungal load over time and whether this change led to a difference among the groups (P < .05). The most frequently isolated Candida strain was Candida albicans. The change in fungal load over time was significantly different (P < .001). However, the difference between the groups did not show any significant difference in the paired comparison analyses of the chemical disinfection groups (P >.05). No Candida strains were detected in either physicochemical method at any of the control time points. The study concluded that chemical disinfectants used by patients were effective for but total eradication of Candida adhesion requires the use of additional ozone or microwave therapy.

Efficacy of Tea Tree, Sesame, and Cumin Extracts against Oral Candida Species – An in Vitro Study

Background and Objective: Oral cavity ports have diverse, abundant, and complex microbial communities. Candida is (a genus of yeast) and is the most common cause of oral fungal infection. The standard treatment of oral candidiasis is the use of antifungal agents, which cause different adverse effects. To combat this, herbal drugs can be considered as an alternative to allopathic drugs. The literature has reported that these herbal products are a rich source of antimicrobial agents. The present study determined the antifungal efficacy of tea tree, sesame, and cumin extracts against oral candidiasis in comparison to clotrimazole. Material and Methods: An in vitro study was carried out on 30 patients, wherein saliva and swab samples were collected and subjected to culture on chromagar and incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. The cultured Candida species were subjected to an antifungal susceptibility test. Clotrimazole (Group I: positive control), tea tree extracts (Group II–Group VI), sesame extracts (Group VII–Group XI), and cumin extracts (Group XII–Group XVI) were inoculated in wells and incubated. Zones of inhibitions were measured and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Antifungal efficacy of tea tree (Group II–VI), sesame (Group VII–IX), cumin (Group XII–XIV), and clotrimazole (Group I) were compared and proven to be statistically significant with a P value &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Clotrimazole had a higher antimicrobial activity compared to medicinal plants. The extracts of tea tree, sesame, and cumin had significant antimicrobial activity and they might prove to be promising alternatives as a therapeutic agent for oral candidiasis.

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus reuteri against Candida species

BackgroundCandidiasis is a variety of diseases, including cutaneous, mucosal, and disseminated organ infections caused by members of the genus Candida. The incidence of candidiasis is increasing in immunocompromised patients. Probiotics are microorganisms that have health benefits when used properly. The present study aimed to assess the inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus reuteri against five different Candida species isolated from the oral cavity of Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients. MethodsThe inhibitory effect of L. reuteri versus oral Candida species was studied with broth microdilution (BMD), agar overlay interference, and co-aggregation assays. ResultsBoth cells and cell free supernatant (CFS) of L. reuteri had antifungal effects versus the five oral Candida species. In this study, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) amounts for CFS of L. reuteri ranged from 6.25 to 25 μl/ml and 50 to 200 μl/ml, respectively. C. tropicalis and C. krusei were shown to be the most susceptible to CFS of L. reuteri. At 1010 and 108 colony forming unit (CFU/ml) of L. reuteri, no colonies of Candida species grew, and growth of all studied Candida species were completely inhibited. L. reuteri showed the most significant co-aggregation percentage for C. tropicalis (96%) followed by C. parapsilosis (95%). The ranking of the co-aggregation of L. reuteri with the five Candida species was C. tropicalis > C. parapsilosis > C. glabrata > C. krusei > C. albicans. ConclusionToday, the increasing resistance of antifungal drugs to infectious agents of Candida species has caused concern around the world. Hence, the role of probiotic, especially lactobacilli such as L. reuteri may be a suitable solution to inhibit candidiasis.

The antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from HIV/AIDS patients

Background: Candida albicans was found to be dominant in patients with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The antifungals fluconazole, ketoconazole, and nystatin were used as oral candidiasis therapy for HIV/AIDS, each of which has differing susceptibility in oral candidiasis therapy. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility and antifungal resistance to oral C. albicans in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: The subjects followed the universal precaution principles. Oral Candida species were isolated from the saliva of 98 HIV/AIDS subjects. Identification of Candida species was carried out by the mycobiotic agar of API 20 C Aux system. Susceptibility and resistance antifungal tests on the Candida species were performed using a Fungus ATB Kit. Results: Candida albicans was the most dominant species found from 98 subjects (95%). The rest were other Candida species. There are 41 subjects (42%) with a history of oral candidiasis, and 57 subjects (58%) without. The history of those who used antifungals were: nystatin = 60 subjects (61%), fluconazole = 39 subjects (40%), and ketoconazole = two subjects (2%). These antifungals have a susceptibility above 80% against C. albicans, except the nystatin group (79%) (p&gt;0.05; 0.628), but fluconazole has a strong correlation (r=0.820) to susceptibility, susceptibility-dependent dose, and resistance. Conclusion: Candida albicans was dominant in the saliva of HIV/AIDS patients. This fungus was effectively treated by fluconazole, ketoconazole and nystatin. These antifungals had a high susceptibility at ≤ 8 μg/mL to C. albicans.

Association between Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5 Levels and Prevalence of Candida in Saliva of Patients with Down Syndrome.

There are no studies on Candida colonization and micropeptides of saliva in any patient. Therefore, we studied the effects of the salivary antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 on oral fungal colonization; subjects were subdivided into Down syndrome (D) and normal (N) groups by age: N-1 and D-1, age <20 years; N-2 and D-2, age >40 years. Histatin 5 concentration in saliva was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral Candida species were identified using CHROMagar Candida. Candida colonization was significantly enhanced in the D-1 and D-2 groups compared to the N-1 and N-2 groups. There was no predominant difference in salivary histatin 5 concentration between the D-1 and N-1 groups, but it was significantly lower in the D-2 group than in the N-2 group. Only in the N-2 group was there a correlation between the concentration of histatin 5 and total protein, while no correlation was found in the other groups. In elderly patients with Down syndrome, the decrease in histatin 5 shown in this study may lead to oral Candida colony formation. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a deficiency of the antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 could possibly induce oral Candida infection in DS.

Identification, genotyping and invasive enzyme production of oral Candida species from denture induced stomatitis patients and healthy careers

ObjectiveDenture induced stomatitis (DIS) is often associated withCandida infection. This study aimed to identify oral Candida species from DIS patients and healthy careers and to evaluate their invasive enzyme production. MethodsCandida from DIS patients (n = 38) and healthy careers (n = 23) were identified using chromogenic agar and molecular techniques. Phospholipase, esterase and hemolysin activities of C. albicans were evaluated using in vitro assays. ResultsChromogenic agar revealed 29 C. albicans and 09 non-C. albicans Candida among pathogenic isolates. Commensal isolates consisted of 18 C. albicans and 05 non-C. albicans Candida. PCR-RFLP analysis identified C. albicans (76.3 %) as the commonest pathogenic species followed by C. glabrata (13.2 %), C. parapsilosis (5.3 %) and C. tropicalis (5.3 %). Within commensal isolates, C. albicans (78.3 %) was leading followed by C. parapsilosis (13 %), C. glabrata (4.3 %) and C. guilliermondii (4.3 %). Furthermore, ABC genotyping revealed that pathogenic C. albicans genotype A (69 %) was predominant followed by genotypes C (20.7 %) and B (10.3 %). Commensal C. albicans had only the genotype A. Phospholipase, esterase and hemolysin activities of pathogenic C. albicans were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of commensals. ConclusionsC. albicans is the leading Candida species isolated from DIS patients and healthy careers. C. albicans genotype A remains predominant in both pathogenic and commensal isolates while prevalence of genotype C is more than the genotype B among the pathogenic isolates. C. albicans from DIS patients has significantly higher phospholipase, esterase and haemolysin activities compared to commensals which may contribute in pathogenesis.

Isolation and identification of oral Candida species in potentially malignant disorder and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Context:Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers in the world. More than 95% of the carcinomas of the oral cavity are of squamous cell type in nature. Oral Candida is a “yeast-like opportunistic pathogen.” The Candida genus is comprised of over 150 species of asporogenous “yeast-like” fungi.Aim and Objectives:The aim of study is to correlate the association of oral fungal infection in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders. The current study was undertaken to probe the isolation and identification of oral Candida species in potentially malignant disorder and OSCC versus normal oral mucosa.Materials and Methods:Twenty patients for each abovementioned three lesions were randomly selected by using swabs. These swabs were subsequently inoculated in agar medium. Candida grows as white, convex colonies. Samples growing 1–3 colony-forming units (CFUs) were considered normal flora of the oral cavity. The specimens showing moderate to heavy growth were subjected to tests for identification of species of Candida. The chromogenic medium, HiMedia CHROMagar, has chromogenic substances which helps in the quick detection of Candida species, based on the reactions between the extract enzymes of the dissimilar species and the chromogenic substances.Statistical Analysis:Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance test, and post hoc Tukey's test were utilized.Results:According to our study, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis in the culture were found to be in increasing incidence from healthy, OSCC, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). These results clearly indicated that Candida species are increasing in the CFUs (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:Our study showed a higher intensity of Candida in OPMD and squamous cell carcinoma patients with results. The increasing CFU level and hyphae of Candida species in individual biopsy tissue with oral potentially malignant lesions to OSCC suggest that this pathogen plays a role in disease development and could aid in identifying the pathogenic commensal.

BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA ISOLATES FROM ORAL CAVITY AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

Background and aims: Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA) act as diverse impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as unfamiliar reserves and potential sources of infection This study was conducted to inspect the effect of the introduction of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence (biofilm formation) of Candida species. And also to reveal the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida species. &#x0D; Material and methods: The trial group was chosen from orthodontic patients whom were inspected clinically as soon as to get baseline information prior to active treatment. The group included 210 patients; 165 females, and 45 males, (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic, and risk factor data were collected in a standard questionnaire and then each individual was directed to perform an oral rinse with phosphate-buffered saline, which was expectorated and processed proposed for the isolation and identification of Candida species by standard methods. After that, the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole.&#x0D; Results: The most common yeast colonized oral cavity after the introduction of FOA was C. albicans (72.5%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (12.5%), while Candida parapsilosis only was 2.5%. The rate of formation of biofilms was 52.5% for all types of Candida, and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals and C. glabrata (60%) than C. albicans (48.3%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 40% of C. tropicalis and 20% in C. glabrata and 13.8% in C. albicans. &#x0D; Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from the oral cavity after the introduction of FOA, but non-albicans species colonization is raised and FOA might be a factor for biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more– biofilm-producers compared to C. albicans. The isolated species in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with biofilm formation.&#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received 24 July 2020; Revised 13 August; Accepted 4 September, Available online 15 September 2020&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file &#x0D; &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Name: Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees&#x0D; Affiliation: Hajjah University, Yemen&#x0D; E-mail: edress2020@gmail.com&#x0D; &#x0D; Name: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal&#x0D; Affiliation: AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia&#x0D; E-mail: drmmziqbal@gmail.com&#x0D; &#x0D; Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; &#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; ORAL CANDIDA ALBICANS COLONIZATION RATE IN FIXED ORTHODONTICS PATIENTS &#x0D; ORAL C. ALBICANS COLONIZATION AND NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA COLONIZATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, YEMEN &#x0D; PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ORAL NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA CARRIAGE IN DENTURE WEARERS IN SANA'A CITY- YEMEN

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) used in childhood caries management has potent antifungal activity against oral Candida species

BackgroundThe microbiome of Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC), is characterized by an ecosystem comprising bacterial and fungal species, with a predominance of Candida species. Hence, an anti-cariogen effective against both bacteria and fungi would be valuable in the management of S-ECC.Here we evaluate the antifungal effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) against 35-clinical yeast isolates (Ten-each of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and five C. glabrata strains) from dentinal caries-lesions from S-ECC.ResultsDisc-diffusion and time-kill assays as well as MIC50 and MIC90 evaluations against therapeutic concentrations confirmed the broad-spectrum anti-candidal potency of SDF. Ultrastructural images revealed morphologic aberrations of yeast-cell walls on exposure to SDF. All C. krusei and C. glabrata isolates were significantly more sensitive to SDF, relative to the standard antifungal fluconazole. Further, SDF appears to effectively abrogate filamentation of C. albicans even at very low concentrations.ConclusionsOur data, for the first time, elucidate the antifungal potency of SDF, in addition to its known antibacterial activity, in the management of S-ECC.

Antifungal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum against different oral Candida species isolated from HIV/ AIDS patients: an in vitro study

ABSTRACT Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic fungal infection occurring in immunocompromised patients such as HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum on different Candida species isolated from oral cavity of HIV/AIDS patients compared to Fluconazole (FLC). In this study, the antifungal effects of both cells and cell-free supernatants (CFSs) of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum were investigated against different oral Candida species by co-aggregation, agar overlay interference and broth microdilution assays, respectively. Our results showed that the highest co-aggregation ratio of the two tested Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was observed for C. krusei. Both L. acidophilus and L. plantarum at cell concentrations 1010 to 102 cfu/ml were able to inhibit the growth of most of the oral Candida species, except for C. albicans, and to some C. krusei. In this study, MIC and MFC values for CFS of L. acidophilus ranged from 100 to 200 µl/ml and 100 to 200 µl/ml, respectively, and MIC and MFC values for CFS of L. plantarum were 50 to 200 µl/ml and 50 to 200 µl/ml, respectively. The ranges of MIC and MFC for FLC were 256–1024 µg/ml and 512–2048 µg/ml, respectively. C. albicans and C. parapsilosis displayed the highest and least susceptibility to CFSs of two LAB, respectively. Our findings showed that both cells and CFSs of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum had antifungal effects against oral Candida species.

Activity of chitosan antifungal denture adhesive against common Candida species and Candida albicans adherence on denture base acrylic resin

Statement of problemCandida adherence to the denture base is an important cause of denture stomatitis. In addition, infections with drug-resistant Candida have become more prevalent, especially among elderly and immunocompromised patients. Thus, alternative safe antifungal agents for oral applications are needed. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the activity of chitosan, a natural biopolymer, against common oral Candida species and its efficacy in inhibiting C albicans adherence to denture-base acrylic resin. Material and methodsThe minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 5 types of chitosan against 6 species of Candida and 10 C albicans clinical isolates were determined by broth and agar dilution, respectively. N-succinyl chitosan (NSC), low- and high-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWC and HMWC), and oligomer and polymer shrimp-chitosan were examined. NSC and HMWC, as pure gel and as a mixture with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), were applied to acrylic resin disks, incubated with C albicans for 24 hours, and washed, and adherent cells were collected for colony count. The effects of HMWC on human gingival fibroblasts after 1 and 24 hours of treatment were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The retention force of HMWC gel was measured by using a universal testing machine. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the antiadherence activity (α=.05). ResultsHMWC had the highest antifungal activity against most Candida species tested and C albicans clinical isolates. HMWC gel completely inhibited C albicans adherence to denture base acrylic resin (P<.001). CMC denture adhesive significantly increased C albicans adherence (P<.001), but adding 2×MFC HMWC into CMC reduced the adherence, although this was not statistically significant (P=.06). HMWC at 1×MFC and 2×MFC showed no toxic effect on gingival fibroblast viability and proliferation. Moreover, the retention force provided by HMWC gel was sufficient for use as a denture adhesive (>5000 Pa). ConclusionsHigh-molecular-weight, water-soluble chitosan is a biocompatible biopolymer that could inhibit C albicans adherence and that showed properties suitable for development into an antifungal denture adhesive.

Oral candida prevalence and species specificity in leprosy

BackgroundLeprosy represents a chronic progressive debilitating disease. The severe morbidity associated with leprosy predisposes the patients to opportunistic infections. To assess the oral candida prevalence and species specificity in lepromatous leprosy patients. MethodsThe cross-sectional study included 70 lepromatous leprosy patients under a multi-drug regimen for less than 1 year (group 1) and 70 healthy volunteers (group 2). Both group 1 and 2 were matched for potential confounding factors including age, gender, ethnicity, absence of HIV co-infection. Oral swab samples obtained from both groups were subjected to a series of conventional and molecular diagnostic modalities. ResultsYeast growth was statistically higher (0.0006) in group 1 (45.7%) than in group 2 (18.5%). 28 of the 32 yeast growth in group 1 and all 13 yeast growth in group 2 were identified as candida. Among the 28 candida species in group 1, 23 (71.88%) were Candida albicans, 3 (9.37%) were Candida parapsilosis, 1 (3.13%) was Candida lusitaniae and 1 (3.13%) was Candida nivariensis. Among group 2, 11 (84.6%) were Candida albicans, 1 (7.7%) was Candida parapsilosis and 1 was Candida tropicalis. ConclusionOral candida prevalence is higher in leprosy patients than in healthy individuals, indicating a predisposition towards opportunistic infections. The increasing prevalence of the non-candida albicans species in leprosy is a major concern as they have shown to possess inherent resistant towards common anti-fungal agents.

Screening of Antifungal Activities of Five Algal Crude Extracts

In the present study, four species of marine algae were collected during different seasons for one year (September 2013 to August 2014). The collected species belonged to Chlorophyta (Ulva lactuca), Phaeophyta (Sargassum denticulatum, Hormophysa triquetra) and Rhodophyta (Hypnea cornuta) in addition to one blue- green alga from freshwater (Spirulina platensis) was obtained from stock at Hydrobiology Lab, Qanater, Khayria, Qalubia, Egypt. Crude algal extracts were prepared by using different solvents (methanol, ethanol and chloroform) in addition to hot water and cold water extracts. The crude algal extracts were examined for their antifungal efficacy against oral Candida species (Candida albicans, C.tropicalis, C.krusei and C.glabrata) using agar well diffusion method. Results revealed that methanol was the best solvent suited for extraction of bioactive compounds from the tested algae. Chlorophyta (ulva lactuca) exhibited the highest antifungal effect followed by Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta and blue green algae. MIC of the most potent algal (ulva lactuca) methanol extract was 62.5 mg/ml and MFC was 125mg/ml for the same alga with all the tested oral Candida species. (comparison was made between MFC value of Ulva lactuca methanol extract with the anti chlorhexidine (0.1mg/ml)(which is a common antimicrobial agents in commercialized oral rinses). by using (PIDG) .The results shown that the Ulva lactuca methanol extract better than PIDG of chlorhexidine.

Salivary pH and colonization by oral Candida in children and adolescents submitted to haemodialysis.

Fungal infections are a serious problem among haemodialysis patients. The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of oral Candida species among children and adolescents undergoing haemodialysis (HD), to identify the isolated species, and to study the relationship between haemodialysis duration, amounts of colony-forming units, and salivary pH. A matched sample of 52 patients undergoing HD and 52 healthy individuals were selected. The samples were obtained from the dorsum of the tongue, and the colonies were identified through a substrate assimilation test. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from each patient for evaluation of salivary pH. The frequency of oral Candida species was 34.6% (18/52) and 46.20% (24/52) in the HD and control groups (P=0.23), respectively. Candida parapsilosis complex was the most frequently isolated fungi species in the HD group (P=0.03). A HD therapy duration of more than 1year was statistically correlated with a higher number of colony-forming units (P=0.03) but was not statistically related to salivary pH. Candida parapsilosis complex was the most frequently isolated fungal species in the young HD patients, and the duration therapy was associated with higher oral colonization.

Antifungal Property of Piper betle Leaf Oil against Oral Candida Species

Fungal infection is one of the main clinical problems due to the extensive uses of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive therapy. Among all, candida species are the most prevalent. Piper betle Linn., a tropical plant intimately associated with pepper, has been widely used as a traditional herb in many Asian countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of essential oil extracted from fresh leaves of P. betle against four strains of candida species, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis and C. stellatoidia. Inhibitory activity was primarily screened by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique and subsequently the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution technique. Betel oil exhibited a high potential of antifungal property against all strains of yeast with inhibition zones ranged from 32 to 33 mm. in diameter and MIC values of 0.039-0.078 % v/v. Data from this study demonstrates a potential application of betel oil in drug preparations and development for the treatment of candida infection. Further investigations are required to define the antifungal mechanism of this oil as well as clinical trial in the patients.

Antimycotic therapy impact on oral mucosa Candida species composition in HIV-infected patients

the analysis of a specific and strains drift of Candida in HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis and the analysis of Candida sensitivity dynamics to reference antimycotic drugs. The study comprised 49 HIV-infected patients aged 20-69 years. The study revealed candidiasis treatment provides specific and strains drift of Candida. Eradication of fluconazole sensitive C. albicans leads to growth of more resistant strains (C. glabratae, krusei, tropicalis) thus lowering antimycotic therapy efficacy. The efficacy improvement requires selective approach to candidiasis treatment with azol agents.

Differential dendritic cell responses to cell wall mannan of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida dubliniensis.

Mannan (mannosylated glycoproteins) in the outermost layer of the Candida cell wall may be the first molecules that interact with host dendritic cells (DCs) and activate immune responses that determine disease outcomes. However, little is known about how different mannan structures of common oral Candida species affect DC activation. The effects of heat-inactivated (HI) yeast cells and soluble mannan of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida dubliniensis on bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) responses were compared. HI Candida and the mannan exhibited different effects on BMDC activation and functions, which could be due to other carbohydrate compositions in the yeast cell wall. Among Candida mannan, the C. albicans mannan was the weakest stimulus and induced only interferon (IFN)-γ production. This suggests the possibility that C. albicans mannan may skew T helper (Th) responses from protective Th17 toward Th1. In contrast, C. parapsilosis mannan caused strong BMDC activation and high production of several proinflammatory cytokines which possibly promote hyperinflammation. Meanwhile, C. dubliniensis mannan induced moderate BMDC responses, which may correlate with its lower pathogenicity. Therefore, mannan of each Candida species play distinct roles in DC responses and may be involved in the immunopathogenesis and disease severity of oral candidiasis as well as other Candida infection.

Antifungal Susceptibility of Oral Candida Species Isolated from Patients with Thalassemia Major

Background Invasive fungal infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with thalassemias This high mortality rate stems in part from the prevalence of resistance to antifungal agents Candida species remain the most common cause of invasive fungal infection in patients with thalassemia Nevertheless other Candida species become increasingly spreading and need to be identified to a species level Objectives nbsp The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of Candida infection among Thalassemia major patients compared to healthy controls and to identify the resistance patterns among the recovered species Methods A total of oral samples were collected from two groups Group I oral swabs were collected from patients clinically diagnosed with thalassemia major from the out patient clinics of Pediatric department in Ain Shams University Hospital Group II oral swabs were collected from healthy subjects matched in age and sex with the patients rsquo group The swabs were cultured onto both CHROM and Sabaroud rsquo s agar media The recovered colonies on Sabaroud rsquo s agar were identified using Gram stain and Germ tube test while the colonies on CHROM agar were self identified through color produced according to manufacturer instructions For all identified colonies API C AUX was used as a confirmatory test Antifungal Susceptibility testing using Fluconazole mu g Voriconazole mu g Nystatin units was used to identify the resistance strains Results nbsp C albicans were isolated from of cases while were non C albicans C tropicalis and C krusei Susceptibility testing for all identified colonies revealed that of all isolates were resistant to fluoconazole to voriconazole and to nystatin Conclusion The use of CHROM agar media offers multiple advantages without increasing costs in comparison to other procedures CHROM agar media have equal or greater sensitivity of detection superior detection of mixed cultures as a result of better visualization of different species and enable shorter times to report results Antifungal susceptibility tests are now required to optimize antifungal treatment to avoid emergence of new resistant strains

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Candidal Species Isolated in the Oral Cavities of Type II Diabetic Patients

Background : The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and colonisation of Candida species and to study the factors related to candidal colonisation in the oral cavity among type II diabetic patients. Methods : The data of 102 diabetic patients was collected from the Outpatient Diabetic Clinic at the Naresuan University Hospital. Data was collected via a questionnaire and oral examination. The subjects were measured for their fasting blood sugar levels and salivary pH. Candida colonisation was assessed using saliva sampling, and was cultured on CHROMagar Candida plates. Species and colony forming unit/mL were recorded. Results : The results showed that the prevalence of oral Candida species in diabetic patients was 73.5%. The most frequent candidal species in diabetics were Candida albicans (68.6%), followed by C. glabrata (28.4%), C. tropicalis (10.8%), and C. krusei (2.0%) respectively. There was no statistical significance between the fasting plasma glucose levels and oral Candida species colonisation. Logistic regression showed that a decrease of the salivary pH was related to the colonisation of candidal species. Results showed that the use of a dental prosthesis was a related factor to the colonisation of candidal species ( p < 0.05). Conclusions : A high prevalence of candidal species were found in type II diabetic patients. Salivary pH and use of a dental prosthesis are factors that promote candidal infections in type II diabetic patients

Fabrication of denture base materials with antimicrobial properties

Statement of problemAcrylic resin denture base resins are colonized by oral and nonoral bacteria and Candida species. This reservoir of microorganism causes denture stomatitis, which can be implicated in some life-threating infections in older denture wearers. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to incorporate quaternized N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) monomer into a denture base resin and investigate its antimicrobial and mechanical properties. Material and methodsQuaternized ammonium monomer (QAM) was synthesized through the reaction of octyl bromide and DMAEMA. The synthesized QAM was incorporated into a denture base resin system (8 to 12 wt%). The resulting material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The in vitro antimicrobial property was determined by direct contact test against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Release of the QAM was also tested by means of an agar diffusion test. Mechanical properties were measured with a 3-point bend test, and results were analyzed and compared using ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test (α=.05). ResultsSpectroscopy confirmed the formation of quaternized ammonium modified denture base (QAMDB). The decrease in number of viable cells of E coli, S aureus, and C albicans was more than 99% for 12%-QAMDB in comparison with that of the control groups. An overall decline was observed in the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the fabricated resins (P<.05), but no differences were observed for strain at break or fracture work of the specimens (P>.05). ConclusionsDenture base resins containing immobilized QAM provided high antibacterial activity, but the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the denture base resins decreased.